Philo Farnsworth

Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor credited with the invention of the cathode ray tube television.

Philo T. Farnsworth with his television tube

Early life

Farnsworth was born in Indian Springs, Utah on August 19, 1906. His family were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His father later moved the family to Rigby, Idaho, where he worked as a sharecropper. Young Philo developed an early interest in electronics after his first telephone conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home.

After a brief stint in the Navy, Farnsworth returned to Idaho to help support his mother. He later moved to the San Francisco Bay area with his bride, Elma “Pem” Gardner-Farnsworth. A local philanthropist managing a community chest agreed to fund Farnsworth’s early television experiments (see below).

In 1926, Farnsworth formed a partnership with George Everson in Salt Lake City to develop Farnsworth’s television ideas. He moved to Los Angeles to carry out research.

In 1927 Farnsworth’s Image Dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line. By 1928 Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. In 1929 the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator; the television system now had no mechanical moving parts. In 1930 Vladimir Zworykin visited the laboratory and was impressed with the performance of the camera tube; the RCA project at the time still used a mechanical scanner. In 1931 David Sarnoff of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth’s patents but was refused; in June of that year Farnsworth joined the Philco company and moved his laboratory to Philadelphia, along with his wife and two children. Philco denied Farnsworth time to travel to Utah to bury his young son Kenny, who died in March 1932; this death put a strain on Farnsworth’s marriage and may have marked the beginning of his struggle with depression. Since RCA controlled key patents and manufacture of radio tubes, Philco was persuaded to sever its relationship with Farnsworth in 1934.

By 1936 Farnsworth’s company was transmitting regular entertainment programs; that year he travelled to England and formed an alliance with John Logie Baird. Baird and Farnsworth competed with EMI for forming the standard UK television system. By 1939 Farnsworth’s company had licenced patents to RCA.

Farnsworth then entered a period of chronic alcohol abuse, depression and dependencies on drugs. By 1949 he had ceased working on television-related projects.

Inventions

Television tube

Farnsworth developed the vacuum tube television display, an idea he conceived at age 14 and developed at age 21. During a patent lawsuit against RCA his high school teacher redrew a drawing Farnsworth had made on the blackboard when he was 14. Farnsworth won the suit and was paid royalties but never became wealthy. The cathode ray tube configuration developed from Farnsworth’s work was used in all television sets and other kinds of displays until the late 20th century when a small portion of televisions were made with alternate technologies such as liquid crystal displays.

Farnsworth developed the Image Dissector, a practical all-electronic image scanning device that made it possible to dispense with the moving parts of mechanical television.

Fusor

The Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, or simply fusor, is an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create nuclear fusion. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma, the fusor injects high temperature ions directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity.

When Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s, the Fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing any fusion reactions at all. Hopes of the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source. However, as with other fusion experiments, development into a power source has proven difficult. Nevertheless the fusor has since become a practical neutron source, and is produced commercially for this role.

Later years

The plaque on Green Street.

It is said that Farnsworth’s genius was on the wane towards the end of his life due to alcoholism. A plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street is located on the 202 Green Street location of his research laboratory in San Francisco.

A statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the U.S. Capitol building.

A movie dramatization of Farnsworth’s life and work is currently under production. The film is being written by West Wing director Aaron Sorkin.

Patents

  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 2089054: Incandescent light source.
  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 2184910: Cold cathode electron discharge tube.
  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 2263032: Cold cathode electron discharge tube.
  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 3258402: Electric discharge device for producing interaction between nuclei.
  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 3386883: Method and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion reactions.
  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 3664920: Electrostatic containment in fusion reactors.
  • P.T. Farnsworth, U.S. Patent 2221374: X-ray projection device.

Quote

There’s nothing on it worthwhile, and we’re not going to watch it in this household, and I don’t want it in your intellectual diet.” —Philo T. Farnsworth to his son Kent, regarding television

Reference

  • David E. Fisher and Marshall J. Fisher, Tube, the Invention of Television Counterpoint, Washington D.C. USA, (1996) ISBN 1887178171

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The film is being written by West Wing director Aaron Sorkin. Pierce appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:. A movie dramatization of Farnsworth’s life and work is currently under production.
. Capitol building. Franklin Pierce College in Rindge, New Hampshire, is named after Pierce, as is the Franklin Pierce School District in Tacoma, Washington, and the Franklin Pierce Law Center in Concord, New Hampshire. A statue of Farnsworth represents Utah in the U.S. Franklin Pierce died in Concord, New Hampshire at 4:40 in the morning of October 8, 1869, from cirrhosis of the liver, and was interred in Minat Inclosure in the Old North Cemetery.

A plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street is located on the 202 Green Street location of his research laboratory in San Francisco. One the few friends to stick by Pierce was his college friend and biographer, Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is said that Farnsworth’s genius was on the wane towards the end of his life due to alcoholism. During the Civil War, Pierce further damaged his reputation by declaring support for the Confederacy, headed by his old cabinet member Davis. Nevertheless the fusor has since become a practical neutron source, and is produced commercially for this role. After losing the Democratic nomination, Pierce reportedly quipped "there's nothing left to do but get drunk" (quoted also as "after the White House what is there to do but drink?") which he apparently did frequently, once running down an elderly woman while driving a carriage drunk. However, as with other fusion experiments, development into a power source has proven difficult. Meanwhile, Pierce lost all credibility he may have had in the North and was not renominated.

Hopes of the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source. The election of Republican Abraham Lincoln would provoke secession in 1861. When Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s, the Fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing any fusion reactions at all. The passage of Kansas-Nebraska caused widespread outrage in the North and spurred the creation of the Republican Party, a sectional, Northern party which was organized as a direct response to the bill. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma, the fusor injects high temperature ions directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity. Pierce, who had acquired a reputation as untrustworthy and easily manipulable, was persuaded to support Douglas' plan in a closed meeting between Pierce, Douglas, and several southern Senators, with Pierce consulting only Jefferson Davis of his cabinet. The Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, or simply fusor, is an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create nuclear fusion. Douglas provided in his bills that the residents of the new territories could decide the slavery question for themselves.

Farnsworth developed the Image Dissector, a practical all-electronic image scanning device that made it possible to dispense with the moving parts of mechanical television. Douglas, to win Southern support for the organization of Nebraska, placed in his bill a provision declaring the Missouri Compromise null and void. The cathode ray tube configuration developed from Farnsworth’s work was used in all television sets and other kinds of displays until the late 20th century when a small portion of televisions were made with alternate technologies such as liquid crystal displays. He purchased the area now comprising southern Arizona and part of southern New Mexico for $10,000,000, commonly known as the Gadsden Purchase. Farnsworth won the suit and was paid royalties but never became wealthy. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, advocate of a southern transcontinental route, had persuaded Pierce to send James Gadsden to Mexico to buy land for a southern railroad. During a patent lawsuit against RCA his high school teacher redrew a drawing Farnsworth had made on the blackboard when he was 14. Douglas, allegedly grew out of his desire to promote a railroad from Chicago, Illinois to California through Nebraska.

Farnsworth developed the vacuum tube television display, an idea he conceived at age 14 and developed at age 21. This measure, the handiwork of Senator Stephen A. By 1949 he had ceased working on television-related projects. But the most controversial event of Pierce's presidency was the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and reopened the question of slavery in the West. Farnsworth then entered a period of chronic alcohol abuse, depression and dependencies on drugs. seize Cuba by force, and permanently discredited the Democratic Party's expansionist policies, which it had so famously rode to victory in 1844. By 1939 Farnsworth’s company had licenced patents to RCA. The release of the Ostend Manifesto, signed by several of Pierce's cabinet members, caused outrage with its suggestion that the U.S.

Baird and Farnsworth competed with EMI for forming the standard UK television system. Pierce aroused sectional apprehension when he pressured Britain to relinquish its special interests along part of the Central American coast, and even more when he tried to persuade Spain to sell Cuba. By 1936 Farnsworth’s company was transmitting regular entertainment programs; that year he travelled to England and formed an alliance with John Logie Baird. Many thought that the diverse group would soon break up, but instead it became the only Cabinet that would remain unchanged through a four-year term. Since RCA controlled key patents and manufacture of radio tubes, Philco was persuaded to sever its relationship with Farnsworth in 1934. Pierce selected for his Cabinet not men of similar beliefs but a broad cross-section of people he personally knew. Philco denied Farnsworth time to travel to Utah to bury his young son Kenny, who died in March 1932; this death put a strain on Farnsworth’s marriage and may have marked the beginning of his struggle with depression. In his inaugural address, he proclaimed an era of peace and prosperity at home and vigor in relations with other nations, saying that the United States might have to acquire additional possessions for the sake of its own security and would not be deterred by "any timid forebodings of evil." For religous reasons he chose to affirm, rather then swear, the presidential oath of office, becoming the first and only president to do so.

In 1931 David Sarnoff of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth’s patents but was refused; in June of that year Farnsworth joined the Philco company and moved his laboratory to Philadelphia, along with his wife and two children. Grief-stricken, Pierce entered the presidency nervously exhausted. In 1930 Vladimir Zworykin visited the laboratory and was impressed with the performance of the camera tube; the RCA project at the time still used a mechanical scanner. Pierce and his wife survived and were merely shaken up, but they watched as their 11-year-old son Benjamin ("Bennie") was crushed to death in the train disaster. In 1929 the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator; the television system now had no mechanical moving parts. Two months before he took office, shortly after boarding a train in Boston, president-elect Pierce and his family were trapped in a derailed car when it rolled over an embankment near Andover, Massachusetts. By 1928 Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. Pierce served as president from March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1857.

In 1927 Farnsworth’s Image Dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Whigs, with the Northern Whigs deeply opposed, resulting in a split between former Whigs, some of whom joined the anti-immigration American Party (Know-Nothings), others the Constitutional Union Party, and still others the newly formed Republicans. He moved to Los Angeles to carry out research. The election of 1852 would be the last presidential contest in which the Whigs would field a candidate. In 1926, Farnsworth formed a partnership with George Everson in Salt Lake City to develop Farnsworth’s television ideas. Hale, who like Pierce was from New Hampshire, was the nominee of the remnants of the Free Soil Party, garnering 155,825 votes (5 percent of the total). A local philanthropist managing a community chest agreed to fund Farnsworth’s early television experiments (see below). John P.

He later moved to the San Francisco Bay area with his bride, Elma “Pem” Gardner-Farnsworth. Pierce won 27 of the 31 states, including Scott's home state of Virginia. After a brief stint in the Navy, Farnsworth returned to Idaho to help support his mother. The total popular vote was 1,601,274 to 1,386,580, or 50.9 percent to 44.1 percent. Young Philo developed an early interest in electronics after his first telephone conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home. This proved to be true, as Scott lost every state except Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont. His father later moved the family to Rigby, Idaho, where he worked as a sharecropper. Polk in the 1844 election).

His family were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Democrats' slogan was "We Polked you in 1844; we shall Pierce you in 1852!" (a reference to the victory of James K. Farnsworth was born in Indian Springs, Utah on August 19, 1906. Scott's advantage as a known war hero was countered by Pierce's service in the same war. . Pierce's likeable personality, plus his helpful obscurity and lack of strongly held positions, helped him prevail over Scott, whose anti-slavery views hurt him in the South. Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor credited with the invention of the cathode ray tube television. The Whigs' platform was almost indistinguishable from that of the Democrats, reducing the campaign to a contest between the personalities of the two candidates and helping to drive down the turnout rates in the election to their lowest level since 1836.

USA, (1996) ISBN 1887178171. Pierce easily prevailed as Scott—nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers"—ran a blundering campaign. Fisher, Tube, the Invention of Television Counterpoint, Washington D.C. Pierce's opponent was the Whig candidate, General Winfield Scott of Virginia, whom Pierce served under during the Mexican-American War, and his running mate, Senator (and later Governor) William Alexander Graham of North Carolina. Fisher and Marshall J. King of Alabama was chosen as the nominee for Vice President. David E. Senator William R.

Patent 2221374: X-ray projection device. Pierce was nominated unanimously on the 49th ballot on June 5. Farnsworth, U.S. He also had served in the Mexican-American War, which allowed the party to portray him as a war hero. P.T. He had never fully articulated his views on slavery, which allowed him to be acceptable to all factions. Patent 3664920: Electrostatic containment in fusion reactors. On the 35th ballot, Pierce was put forth as a compromise candidate.

Farnsworth, U.S. When the balloting for president began, the four candidates deadlocked, with no candidate reaching even a simple majority, much less the required supermajority of two-thirds. P.T. Prior to the vote to determine the nominee, a party platform was adopted, opposing any further "agitation" over the slavery issue and supporting the Compromise of 1850 in an effort to unite the various Democratic factions. Patent 3386883: Method and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion reactions. Most of those who had left the party with Martin Van Buren to form the Free Soil Party had returned. Farnsworth, U.S. Douglas, William Marcy, James Buchanan and Lewis Cass—for the nomination.

P.T. The convention assembled on June 12 in Baltimore, Maryland, with four competing contenders—Stephen A. Patent 3258402: Electric discharge device for producing interaction between nuclei. The Democratic Party nominated Pierce as a "dark horse" candidate during the Democratic National Convention of 1852. Farnsworth, U.S. Benjamin "Bennie" Pierce (1841–1853) died in a tragic railway accident at the age of 12. P.T. (1836) in infancy and Frank Robert Pierce (1839–1843) at the age of four from epidemic typhus.

Patent 2263032: Cold cathode electron discharge tube. Two died in childhood—Franklin Pierce, Jr. Farnsworth, U.S. They had three children. P.T. Pierce hated life in Washington, D.C., and encouraged Pierce to resign his Senate seat and return to New Hampshire, which he did in 1841. Patent 2184910: Cold cathode electron discharge tube. Mrs.

Farnsworth, U.S. She came from a aristocratic Whig family, and was extremely shy, deeply religious, often ill, and pro-temperance. P.T. Appleton, who was born in 1806 and died in 1863, was Pierce's opposite. Patent 2089054: Incandescent light source. On November 19, 1834, Pierce married Jane Means Appleton, the daughter of a former president of Bowdoin College. Farnsworth, U.S. He was a member of the New Hampshire State constitutional convention in 1850 and served as its president.

P.T. He served in the Mexican-American War as a colonel and brigadier general. He was district attorney for New Hampshire, and declined the appointment as Attorney General of the United States tendered by President James Polk. After his service in the Senate, Pierce resumed the practice of law in Concord. Senate Committee on Pensions during the 26th Congress.

He was chairman of the U.S. He was elected by the New Hampshire General Court as a Democrat to the United States Senate, serving from March 4, 1837, to February 28, 1842, when he resigned. At the time he was only 27 years old, the youngest representative at the time. Pierce was elected as a Democrat to the 23rd and 24th Congresses(March 4, 1833–March 3, 1837).

He served in the House from 1829 to 1833, and as Speaker from 1832 to 1833. Pierce began his political career in 1828, when he was elected to the lower house of the New Hampshire General Court, the New Hampshire House of Representatives. He was admitted to the bar and began a law practice in Concord, New Hampshire, in 1827. After graduation, in 1826 he entered a law school in Northampton, Massachusetts, studying under Governor Levi Woodbury and later Judges Samuel Howe and Edmund Parker in Amherst, New Hampshire.

In his second year of college, his grades were the lowest in his class; he changed his habits and graduated in 1824 third in his class. Hale. Prentiss, and his future political rival John P. Stowe, Sargent S.

He also met Calvin E. There he met writer Nathaniel Hawthorne, with whom he formed a lasting friendship, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Later that year he was transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy to prepare for college and later that year entered Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he participated in literary, political, and debating clubs. Pierce attended school at Hillsborough Center and moved to the Hancock Academy in Hancock at the age of 11; he was transferred to Francestown Academy in spring 1820.

Pierce had six older and two younger siblings, four brothers and three sisters. His mother was Anna Kendrick. Pierce's father was Benjamin Pierce, a frontier farmer who became a Revolutionary War soldier, state militia general, and two-time governor of New Hampshire. The site of his birth is now under Lake Franklin Pierce.

Pierce was born in 1804 in a log cabin near Hillsborough, New Hampshire, part of the Transcendental Generation. . In addition, Pierce was hounded by guilt, temptation, and just plain bad luck.". And yet he was a timid man with a shallow, rigid, old-fashioned mind which could not cope with a changing America.

And he was genuinely religious. He was one of the most popular men in New Hampshire, polite and thoughtful, easy and good at the political game, charming and fine and handsome. To his credit, he loved his wife and reshaped himself so that he could put up with her aristocratic, nervous ways and show her true affection. Kunhardt wrote in The American President what many historians believe about Pierce: that he was "a good man who didn't understand his own shortcomings.

He died in 1869 from cirrhosis. He destroyed his reputation by declaring support for the Confederacy during the Civil War. After losing the Democratic nomination, Pierce continued his lifelong struggle with alcoholism as his marriage to Jane Means Appleton Pierce fell apart. Abandoned by his own party, he was not renominated at the 1856 presidential election, and was replaced by James Buchanan.

Pierce's credibility was further damaged when several of his foreign ministers issued the Ostend Manifesto. Pierce's popularity in the North went down sharply after he came out in favor of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, repealing the Missouri Compromise and reopening the question of the expansion of slavery in the West. history. His good looks and inoffensive personality caused him to make many friends, but he did not do what was necessary to avoid the impending American Civil War, thus giving him his reputation as one of the worst presidents in U.S.

He became the youngest president up until that time. King won in a landslide, beating Winfield Scott by a 50 to 44 percent margin in the popular vote and 254 to 42 in the electoral vote. In the presidential election, Pierce and his running mate William R. Later, he was nominated for president as a "dark horse" candidate on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention.

His private law practice in his home state of New Hampshire was so successful that he turned down several important positions. Later, Pierce took part in the Mexican-American War, becoming a brigadier general. House of Representatives and Senate. He was a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S.

Pierce was a Democrat and the first president to be born in the 19th century. Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804–October 8, 1869) was an American politician and the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. Signed Kansas-Nebraska Act. John Archibald Campbell - 1853.