PerfumePerfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne. Bottles of some notable commercial perfumes: (clockwise from top left) Bois De Violette, Serge Lutens, 1992; Angel, Thierry Mugler, 1994; Shalimar, Guerlain, 1925; Beyond Paradise, Estée Lauder, 2003; No. 5, Chanel, 1921 (Pre-1950 bottle); Cabochard, Parfums Grès, 1959 (original bottle); Bellodgia, Caron, 1927; Arpège, Lanvin, 1927 (original bottle); Nombre Noir, Shiseido, 1981; Mitsouko, Guerlain, 1919; Pour Un Homme, Caron, 1934.Description of a perfumeShelves of perfumesIt is impossible to describe a perfume according to its components because the exact formulas are kept secret. Even if the formulas are known, the ingredients are often too numerous to provide a useful classification. On the other hand, it is possible to group perfumes into olfactive families and describe them through the notes that appear as they slowly evaporate. Perfumes can also be classified according to their concentration. Olfactive familiesTraditionally, fragrances can be classified into several olfactive families, by the themes, or accords, of these fragrances.
Fragrance NotesA mixture of alcohol and water is used as the solvent for the aromatics. On application, body heat causes the solvent to quickly disperse, leaving the fragrance to evaporate gradually over several hours. The rate of evaporation (vapor pressure) and the odor strength of the compound partly determine the tenacity of the compound and determine its perfume note classification.
ConcentrationPerfumes oils, or the "juice" of a perfume composition, are diluted with a suitable solvent to make the perfume more usable. This is done because undiluted oils contain volatile components that would be too concentrated for people with sensitive skin or allergies. Although dilutions of the perfume oil can be done using solvents such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil, and wax, the most common solvents for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. The percent of perfume oil by volume in a perfume is listed as follows:
As the percentage of aromatic compounds decreases, the intensity and longevity of the scent decrease. It should be noted that different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. As such, although the oil concentration of a perfume in eau de parfum dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in eau de toilette form, the same trends may not necessarily apply to different perfume compositions much less across different perfume houses. Famous perfumes classified by year of creation
Natural and synthetic aromaticsPlant sourcesPlants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against herbivores as well as to attract pollinators. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have remarkably different odors from each other. Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of petit grain, neroli, and orange oils.
Animal sources
Synthetic sourcesSynthetic aromatics are created through organic synthesis from various chemical compounds that are obtained from petroleum distillates, pine resins, or other relatively cheap organic feedstock. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. For example, linalool and coumarin are both naturally occurring compounds that can be cheaply synthesized from terpenes. Orchid scents are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids. The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few companies. They include:
Each of these companies patent several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually. See Aroma compound Obtaining natural odorantsBefore perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produced through organic synthesis and purified. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. The results of the extraction are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. All these techniques will to a certain extent, distort the odour of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their odour character or renders them odourless.
Fragrant extractsAlthough fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "essential oils", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract. Of these extracts, only absolutes, essential oils, and tinctures are directly used to formulate perfumes.
Composing perfumesPerfume oils usually contain tens to hundreds of ingredients. Included in the perfume are fixatives, which bind the various fragrances together, include balsams, ambergris, and secretions from the scent glands of civets and musk deer (undiluted, these have unpleasant smells but in alcoholic solution they act as preserving agents). The mixture is normally aged for one year. History of perfume and perfumeryEgyptian scene depicting the preparation of Lily perfumePerfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in china and India but little evidence remains. In ancient Egypt a great deal was recorded and we have a relativley clear account of the considerable importance of perfume in their daily lives. It was developed and further refined by the Romans and the Arabs. The world centre of perfumery has moved over the centuries depending upon who has had the economic and political power. Knowledge of perfumery came to Europe as early as the 14th century. During the Renaissance period, perfumes were used primarily by royalty and the wealthy to mask bodily odors resulting from the sanitary practices of the day. In the Islamic culture, perfume usage has been documented as far back as the 6th century and its usage is considered a religious duty. The Prophet Muhammad said, "The taking of a bath on Friday is compulsory for every male Muslim who has attained the age of puberty and (also) the cleaning of his teeth with Siwak (type of twig used as a toothbrush), and the using of perfume if it is available." (Recorded in Sahih Bukhari) Partly due to this patronage, the western perfumery industry was created. By the 18th century, aromatic plants were being grown in the Grasse region of France to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Today, perfume creation is dominated by a handful of very large multi national companies - IFF (USA), Givaudan (Switzerland), Firmenich (Switzerland), Takasago (Japan) and Quest (UK). Perfumers were also known to create poisons; for instance, a French duchess was murdered when a perfume/poison was rubbed into her gloves and was, thus, slowly absorbed into her skin. Health and ethical issuesUse of AromaticsIn some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause allergic reactions of the skin. For instance, acetophenone, limonene, oakmoss etc while present in many perfumes, are also potential allergens. It is important to note that there is no benefit from creating a perfume exclusively from natural materials. There are several reasons for this:
Natural MuskMusk was traditionally taken from the male musk deer Moschus moschiferus. This requires the killing of the animal in the process. Although the musk pod is produced only by a young male deer in oestrus musk hunters usually did not discriminate between the age and sex of the deers. Due to the high demand of musk and indiscriminate hunting, populations were severely depleted. As a result, the deer is now protected by law and international trade of musk from Moschus moschiferus is prohibited:
Due to its legality, rarity, high price, and ethical reasons, it is the policy of most perfume companies to use synthetic musk in place of natural musk for ethical reasons. Numerous synthetic musks of high quality are readily available. approved safe by IFRA. Celebrity Endorsed PerfumesIn recent years, some celebrities have signed contracts with perfume houses to associate their name with a signature scent, as a lucrative self-promotion campaign. The scents are then heavily marketed; the association with the celebrity's name usually being the selling point of the campaign. Celebrity Scents
Promotional scents associated with fictional characters
This page about Perfume includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Perfume News stories about Perfume External links for Perfume Videos for Perfume Wikis about Perfume Discussion Groups about Perfume Blogs about Perfume Images of Perfume |
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The scents are then heavily marketed; the association with the celebrity's name usually being the selling point of the campaign. Republic of China (Taiwan). In recent years, some celebrities have signed contracts with perfume houses to associate their name with a signature scent, as a lucrative self-promotion campaign. Japan. approved safe by IFRA. North America. Numerous synthetic musks of high quality are readily available. (2) IEEE 1394 removed in SCPH-50000 and later hardware versions, and Infrared remote port added. Due to its legality, rarity, high price, and ethical reasons, it is the policy of most perfume companies to use synthetic musk in place of natural musk for ethical reasons. is around 7 million. This means that these musk deer and their derivatives are banned from international commercial trade." [1]. The true polygons per second figure with full textures, effects etc. The musk deer populations of Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan are included in Appendix I of CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Some criticize these figures for being unrealistic, and not indicative of real-world performance. "Musk deer are protected under national legislation in many countries where they are found. no texturing, lighting, or vertex colors applied). As a result, the deer is now protected by law and international trade of musk from Moschus moschiferus is prohibited:. (1) Polygons per second under ideal circumstances (e.g. Due to the high demand of musk and indiscriminate hunting, populations were severely depleted. The specifications of the PlayStation 2 console are as follows, with hardware revisions:. Although the musk pod is produced only by a young male deer in oestrus musk hunters usually did not discriminate between the age and sex of the deers. Conversely, a court in the United Kingdom ruled [13] in 2004 that commercial possession, sale, installation or use of a modchip was illegal under the EU Copyright Directive. This requires the killing of the animal in the process. However, in Australia, the court has ruled that using a modchip to play legally purchased game from another region is legal, thus making the modchip legal in Australia. Musk was traditionally taken from the male musk deer Moschus moschiferus. If this seal is broken (thus providing evidence that the console has been opened and possibly modified), Sony will refuse to repair the system. There are several reasons for this:. Because of the existence of these hazards, Sony has overlaid a seal onto each of their consoles. It is important to note that there is no benefit from creating a perfume exclusively from natural materials. Many of these chips work on a different voltage than the console, risking damage to the unit. For instance, acetophenone, limonene, oakmoss etc while present in many perfumes, are also potential allergens. The obvious reason is piracy, but the chips also have several other drawbacks as well. In some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause allergic reactions of the skin. The installation of modchips in PlayStation 2 consoles is widely discouraged by Sony and many user groups and technicians. Perfumers were also known to create poisons; for instance, a French duchess was murdered when a perfume/poison was rubbed into her gloves and was, thus, slowly absorbed into her skin. These devices, when installed, bypass the checks and allow the discs to run. Today, perfume creation is dominated by a handful of very large multi national companies - IFF (USA), Givaudan (Switzerland), Firmenich (Switzerland), Takasago (Japan) and Quest (UK). In response to this, a thriving "underground" grey market exists, selling modchips. By the 18th century, aromatic plants were being grown in the Grasse region of France to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. The PlayStation 2, like the original PlayStation, incorporates circuitry to prevent the playing of copied or out-of-region discs. Partly due to this patronage, the western perfumery industry was created. More information: PS2 Settlement. The Prophet Muhammad said, "The taking of a bath on Friday is compulsory for every male Muslim who has attained the age of puberty and (also) the cleaning of his teeth with Siwak (type of twig used as a toothbrush), and the using of perfume if it is available." (Recorded in Sahih Bukhari). The first hearings are set to commence in April and May, 2006. In the Islamic culture, perfume usage has been documented as far back as the 6th century and its usage is considered a religious duty. A second lawsuit is being filed against Sony for all of the above, plus claims that defective hardware is damaging media discs. During the Renaissance period, perfumes were used primarily by royalty and the wealthy to mask bodily odors resulting from the sanitary practices of the day. [12] Sony chose the latter and, until February 2005, they honored their agreement. Knowledge of perfumery came to Europe as early as the 14th century. They had the option of either paying the requested fines in damages, or offering free repair and replacements at their discretion. The world centre of perfumery has moved over the centuries depending upon who has had the economic and political power. As time went on, more and more drives began breaking down and a class action lawsuit was filed against Sony. It was developed and further refined by the Romans and the Arabs. The second fix involved the use of an oscillator. In ancient Egypt a great deal was recorded and we have a relativley clear account of the considerable importance of perfume in their daily lives. This usually didn't matter, as the warranty had already expired by the time such problems began to appear. Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in china and India but little evidence remains. The first problem was relatively easy to remedy, but it required opening the machine's casing and tweaking a cog that controlled the lens' distance from the discs it was supposed to read, thus voiding the warranty. The mixture is normally aged for one year. The earliest drives suffered from a constantly misaligning laser lens but later defects were the result of a shift in voltage to the laser itself. Included in the perfume are fixatives, which bind the various fragrances together, include balsams, ambergris, and secretions from the scent glands of civets and musk deer (undiluted, these have unpleasant smells but in alcoholic solution they act as preserving agents). Owners of early PS2 models purchased from launch until spring 2002 commonly reported faulty optical drives in their consoles. Perfume oils usually contain tens to hundreds of ingredients. Early versions of the Playstation 2 could be networked via an iLink port, though this had little game support and was dropped. Of these extracts, only absolutes, essential oils, and tinctures are directly used to formulate perfumes. Unlike the original Playstation, which required that the user use an official Sony Playstation mouse to play mouse-compatible games, the few Playstation 2 games with mouse support work with standard PC-compatible USB mice. Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "essential oils", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract. Optional hardware include additional controllers ,a DVD remote control, a hard disk, an Ethernet adapter, memory cards, and various cables and interconnects: Multitap, YPbPr, S-Video, RGB SCART and composite video cables, RF modulator, USB camera ("EyeToy"), keyboard, mouse and a Headset. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their odour character or renders them odourless. The fact that the design didn't change pleased some consumers who were already used to the PS1 controller, however, it disappointed others who were hoping for a more ergonomic design (the two analogue sticks being as they are in an awkward-to-use position for the thumbs to operate). All these techniques will to a certain extent, distort the odour of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. The PS2's controller is largely identical to the PlayStation's, with the same basic functionality; however, it includes analog pressure sensitivity on the face and shoulder buttons, is lighter and includes two more levels of vibration. The results of the extraction are either essential oils, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of waxes in the extracted product. Main articles: DualShock, PlayStation 2 Expansion Bay. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. [citation needed] See Aroma compound. The machine's future continues to be uncertain, with North American and European launches considered to be distant if at all. Each of these companies patent several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually. The device was poorly received, with some major features absent from the first revisions of the hardware, and has thus far experienced very weak sales in Japan, in spite of major price drops [11]. They include:. Sony has also made a PVR/DVD burning consumer device that plays PlayStation 2 games called the PSX. The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few companies. It also has a different lens and some compatibility issues documented by Sony for earlier PS2 games. Orchid scents are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids. There is also now a V14 model (SCPH-75001) which contains an integrated EE and GS (disputed — see talk page), and different ASICs compared to previous revisions, some chips having a copyright date of 2005 compared to 2000 or 2001 for earlier models. For example, linalool and coumarin are both naturally occurring compounds that can be cheaply synthesized from terpenes. It is unknown whether or not this will follow the color schemes of the older model. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. A silver edition is available in the United Kingdom and Germany exclusively. For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. The new V12 model was first released in black. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. Currently, most people just use V12 for both models, or V12 for the old model and V13 for the newer one. Synthetic aromatics are created through organic synthesis from various chemical compounds that are obtained from petroleum distillates, pine resins, or other relatively cheap organic feedstock. Two propositions were to name the old model (EE and GS, separate chips) V11.5 and the newer model V12, and to name the old model V12 and the newer model V13. Orange leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of petit grain, neroli, and orange oils. Since the V12 version had already been established for this model, there were some disputes regarding these sub-versions. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of coriander have remarkably different odors from each other. One of them includes the old EE and GS chips, and the other contains the newer unified EE+GS chip, otherwise being identical. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. There are also some disputes on the numbering for this PS2 version, since there are actually two sub-versions of the SCPH-70000. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. It is widely believed that Sony has abandoned support for the hard drive. These aromatics are usually secondary metabolites produced by plants as protection against herbivores as well as to attract pollinators. A product named HD Connect can be soldered into the unit giving hard drive support though. Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. For some consumers this is in fact a limitation, especially for the fans of titles such as Final Fantasy XI, which requires the use of this peripheral, and prevents the use of the official PS2 Linux kit. As such, although the oil concentration of a perfume in eau de parfum dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in eau de toilette form, the same trends may not necessarily apply to different perfume compositions much less across different perfume houses. Although external USB 2.0 enclosures are affordable the lack of internal hard disk has implicated a problem for users with perhaps little knowledge of the software required to enable the external disk functionality. It should be noted that different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Due to its thinner profile, it does not contain the 3.5" expansion bay, and therefore does not support the internal hard disk drive but due to the presence of USB 2.0 ports an external USB Hard disk can still be used, and now uses an external power supply, like the Gamecube. As the percentage of aromatic compounds decreases, the intensity and longevity of the scent decrease. In some markets it also integrates a modem. The percent of perfume oil by volume in a perfume is listed as follows:. Available in November 2004, it is smaller and thinner than the old version and includes a built-in Ethernet port. Although dilutions of the perfume oil can be done using solvents such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil, and wax, the most common solvents for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water. In September 2004 Sony unveiled the third major hardware revision (V12, model number SCPH-70000). This is done because undiluted oils contain volatile components that would be too concentrated for people with sensitive skin or allergies. V10 and V11 have minor changes. Perfumes oils, or the "juice" of a perfume composition, are diluted with a suitable solvent to make the perfume more usable. Assembly of the PS2 moved to China with the V9 (model number SCPH-50000/SCPH-50001), which added the Infrared port for the optional DVD Remote Control, removed the widely unused FireWire port, added the capability to read DVD-RW and +RW discs, and a quieter fan. The rate of evaporation (vapor pressure) and the odor strength of the compound partly determine the tenacity of the compound and determine its perfume note classification. V7 and V8 are also similar. On application, body heat causes the solvent to quickly disperse, leaving the fragrance to evaporate gradually over several hours. V5 introduces minor internal changes and the only difference between V6 (sometimes called V5.1) and V5 is the orientation of the Power/Reset switch board connector, which was reversed to prevent the use of no-solder modchips. A mixture of alcohol and water is used as the solvent for the aromatics. As of V4 everything was unified into one board, except the power supply. Traditionally, fragrances can be classified into several olfactive families, by the themes, or accords, of these fragrances. V3 has a substantially different internal structure from the subsequent revisions, featuring several interconnected printed circuit boards. Perfumes can also be classified according to their concentration. V0 did not have a built-in DVD player and instead relied on an encrypted player that was copied to a memory card from an included CD-ROM (normally, the PS2 will only execute encrypted software from its memory card, but see PS2 Independence Exploit). On the other hand, it is possible to group perfumes into olfactive families and describe them through the notes that appear as they slowly evaporate. These included a PCMCIA slot instead of the Expansion Bay (DEV9) port of newer models. Even if the formulas are known, the ingredients are often too numerous to provide a useful classification. V0 was a Japanese model and was never sold in Europe or the US. It is impossible to describe a perfume according to its components because the exact formulas are kept secret. These are colloquially known amongst PlayStation 2 hardware hackers as V0, V1, V2, etc., up to V14 (as of 2005). . The PlayStation 2 has undergone many revisions, some only of internal construction and others with substantial external changes. The amount and type of solvent mix with the fragrance oil dictates whether a perfume is considered a perfume extract, Eau de parfum, Eau de toilette, or Eau de Cologne. It is also possible to listen to MP3 music and watch DivX movies with homebrew programs running in consoles that have a modchip installed or with network software like GameShark's Media Player. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a lasting and pleasant smell. A port of the NetBSD project is also available for the PS2. Miss Piggy: Moi. This was included in a failed attempt to circumvent a UK tax by defining the console as a "computer" if it contained certain software. Elizabeth Taylor: Passion, White Diamonds. This allows simple programs to be created for the PlayStation 2 by the end-user. Britney Spears: Curious, Fantasy. In Europe and Australia, the PlayStation 2 comes with a free Yabasic interpreter on the bundled demo disk. Sarah Jessica Parker: Lovely. (The kit boots by installing a proprietary interface, the Run-time environment which is on a region-coded DVD, so the European and USA kits each only work with a PS2 from that region). Jennifer Lopez: JLo, Still, Live, Glow, Miami Glow. However as of July 2005, the European version was still available. Beyoncé Knowles: True Star, True Star Gold. Currently, Sony's online store states that the Linux kit is no longer for sale in North America. Paris Hilton: Paris Hilton, Paris Hilton for Men, Just Me, Just Me for Men. Sony released a version of the Linux operating system for the PS2 in a package that also includes a keyboard, mouse, Ethernet adapter and hard disk drive. Alan Cumming: Cumming. DNAS will prevent games from being played online if they are determined to be pirated copies, or if they have been modified. Cher: Uninhibited. The purpose of this system is to prevent piracy and online cheating. David Beckham: Instinct. All newer online PS2 games (since 2003) are protected by the Dynamic Network Authentication System (DNAS). Many synthetics have very beautiful aromas not available in nature. Xbox Live exclusively requires broadband internet. There are many new synthetic aromas that bear no olfactory relationship to any natural material and yet modern perfumery depends on these new odours for the infinite variety of perfumes available today. Most recent PS2 online games have been developed to exclusively only support broadband internet access. Unless the essential oil is distilled from a certified organic origin. However, this comes at a price as any connection can connect to the internet with a PS2, resulting in lag whenever slow connections are present. In the distillation of natural essential oils any biocides (including pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides) that have been applied while the plant is growing may be concentrated into the essential oil making the oil toxic. Instead of having a unified, subscription-based online service like Xbox Live, online multiplayer on the PS2 is split between publishers and run on third-party servers. Synthetic aromatics make possible perfumes at reasonable prices. With the purchase of a separate unit called the Network Adaptor (which is built into the newest system revision), some PS2 games support online multiplayer. Perfume composed only of natural materials is more expensive. Software for all PlayStation consoles contains one of four region codes: for Japan and Asia: NTSC/J, North America: NTSC-U/C, Europe and Oceania: PAL, and China: NTSC/C[10]. Many natural materials and essential oils contain the same chemicals used in perfumes that are classified as allergens, many of them at higher concentrations. The anomalous failure of the above title at its disk swap screen may have given birth to this rumor. These naturals have been replaced by safer synthetic materials. It is a common misconception that disk swapping in a game (for example, for multi-disk games or expansion packs) is not possible on the PS2. Many natural aromatic materials are in fact inherently toxic and are either banned or restricted by IFRA. This problem appears to have been rectified in the slimline versions of the PS2, where most of the previously unplayable PSone games can now be played. Tinctures are typically thin liquids. A handful of PlayStation titles (notably Metal Gear Solid: Special Missions) fail to run on the PS2 at all (Special Missions fails to recognise Metal Gear Solid at the disk swap screen, for example). Tincture: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in ethanol. While the texture smoothing was universally effective (albeit with odd effects where transparent textures are used), faster disk reading could cause some games to fail to load or play correctly. Pommades are found in the form of an oily and sticky solid. As an added bonus, the PS2 had the ability to enhance PlayStation games by speeding up disc read time and/or adding texture smoothing to improve graphics. Pommade: A fragrant mass of solid fat created from the enfleurage process, in which odorous compounds in raw materials are adsorbed into animal fats. Support for original PlayStation games was also an important selling point for the PS2, letting owners of an older system upgrade to the PlayStation 2 and keep their old software, and giving new users access to older games until a larger library was developed for the new system. Oils extracted through expression are sometimes called expression oils. For example, the PS2 will not boot an ISO image from a USB flash drive, but Gran Turismo 4 can save screenshots to one. Essential oil: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from a source material directly through distillation or expression and obtained in the form of an oily liquid. Note that compatability with USB devices is dependent on the software supporting said USB device. Concretes are typically either waxy or resinous solids. (This is assuming the Nuon, an advanced DVD player graphics coprocessor, is not considered a console.) Even then, the Xbox required separate remote accessory to unlock the DVD function and Sony could continue to pitch the PS2 as DVD capable out of the box. As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction. It was not until late 2001 that the Microsoft Xbox became the second console with (non-standard) USB and DVD support. Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various hydrophobic compounds. When it was released, the PS2 had many advanced features that were not present in other contemporary video game consoles, including its DVD capabilities and USB and IEEE 1394 expansion ports. Concrete: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through solvent extraction using volatile hydrocarbons. The PS2's Dual Shock 2 controller is essentially an upgraded PS1 Dual Shock; analog face, shoulder and D-pad buttons replaced the digital buttons of the original. Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily liquid. The PS2 also supports PS1 memory cards (for PS1 game saves only) and controllers as well. By using a slightly hydrophilic compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules. The ability to play DVD movies allowed consumers to more easily justify the PS2's relatively high price tag (in October 2000, the MSRP was $300) as it removed the need to buy an external DVD player (indeed, it could be said that the success of the DVD format was partly due to the PS2's ability to play DVDs, as the format seemed to appeal more to consumers after the console's launch). Absolute: Fragrant materials that are purified from a pommade or concrete by soaking them in ethanol. It is backwards compatible with older PlayStation (PS1) games, allows for DVD Video playback, and will play PS2 games off cheap CD-ROMs or higher-capacity DVD-ROMs. This technique is not commonly used in the present day industry due to its prohibitive cost and the existence of more efficient and effective extraction methods. The PS2 hardware can read both compact discs and DVDs. Extraction by enfleurage was commonly used when distillation was not possible due to the fact that some fragrant compounds denature through high heat. Critically acclaimed games on the machine are the Grand Theft Auto and the ever-popular Final Fantasy (Square Enix) series, the latest two Metal Gear Solid titles, all three Devil May Cry titles, the SSX series, latest three Ace Combat titles, the Square Enix/Disney collaboration Kingdom Hearts, and first-party Sony Computer Entertainment brands such as the Gran Turismo, SOCOM, Ratchet & Clank and Jak and Daxter series, ICO, Shadow of the Colossus, God of War and the Everquest spin-offs Champions of Norrath and Champions: Return to Arms. Enfleurage: Absorption of aroma materials into wax and then extracting the odorous oil with alcohol. In several cases, Sony made exclusivity deals with publishers in order to pre-empt its competitors. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically feasible. Those PS2 titles helped the PS2 maintain and extend its lead in the video game console market, despite increased competition from the launches of the Microsoft Xbox and Nintendo GameCube. Expression: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the oils are collected. Although the launch titles for the PS2 were unimpressive in 2000, the holiday season of 2001 saw the release of several best-selling and critically acclaimed games. This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil amber and fragrant woods where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odour is desired. The PlayStation brand's strength has lead to strong third-party support for the system. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous pyrolysis, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. [9]. Dry/destructive distillation: The raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water. The PlayStation 2 holds the record of fastest selling video game console ever, 100 million PlayStation 2 units were shipped in only five years and nine months, shattering the previous record of nine years and six months by the PlayStation. This is most commonly used for fresh plant materials such as flowers, leaves, and stems. PS2's opening day console sales eclipsed the previous record of 225,000 made by the Sega Dreamcast in 1999. The water collected from the condensate, which retains some of the fragrant compounds and oils from the raw material is called hydrosol and sometimes sold. To this day, the PS2 holds the record for the most consoles sold in a single day as well as the record for most consoles sold in launch day in America. This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water. With a price of $299.99 per console, Sony made gross sales of roughly $153,000,000. The condensate from distillation are settled in a Florentine flask. When the PlayStation 2 launched in America in October 26, 2000, Sony sold 510,000 units within the first 24 hours. Steam distillation: Steam from boiling water is passed through the raw material, which drives out their volatile fragrant compounds. [8]. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are re-collected through condensation of the distilled vapour.
Distillation: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from plants, such as orange blossoms and roses. [7]. Ethanol extraction is not used to extract fragrace from fresh plant materials since these contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol. [6] Shortages in North America were also extremely severe; one retail chain in the U.S., GameStop, had just 186 PS2 and Xbox units on hand across more than 1700 stores on the day before Christmas. Ethanol extraction: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfluerage. During one week in November, sales in the entire country of Britain totalled 6,000 units — compared to 70,000 a few weeks prior. Due to the low heat of process and the relatively unreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odour of the raw material. This led to further shortages, and the issue was compounded in Britain when a Russian oil tanker became stuck in the Suez Canal, blocking a ship from China carrying PS2s bound for the UK. Supercritical fluid extraction: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employ supercritical CO2. After an apparent manufacturing issue caused some initial slowdown in producing the new unit, Sony reportedly underestimated demand, caused in part by shortages between the time the old units were cleared out and the new units were ready. The product of this process is call a "concrete".
Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this matter as are all aromatics from animal sources. Acording to NPD Group the Xbox outsold PS2 during 5 months of 2004: April, July, August, November and December. Maceration lasts anywhere from hours to months. [5]. Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds. Its operating income slid to $650 million from $1 billion, losing $25 million in Q4 of 2004. Maceration/Solvent extraction: The most commonly used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. During that year, game sales fell to $7.5 billion from $8.2 billion. Symrise. The heavy dependence of Sony on its Computer Entertainment division was shown when dropping PlayStation 2 sales [3] caused the parent's profits to fall 89% [4]. Takasago. Hardware sales remained strong until 2004 saw the console apparently approaching saturation point, causing it to lose the top sales position for a time [2]. Quest International. The Xbox Live system (with it's built in capabilities) is however the most successful of the three. Firmenich. As a result, although Sony and Nintendo both started out late and although both followed a decentralized model of online gaming where the responsibility is up to the developer to provide the servers, Sony's attempt was the more successful between the two. Givaudan-Roure. Sony also advertised heavily, and its online model had the advantage of being supported by Electronic Arts. International Flavors and Fragrances (IFF). Sony rolled a PS2 online adapter in late 2002 to compete with Microsoft, with several online first party online titles released alongside it, such as SOCOM US Navy SEALS in order to show that Sony was supporting this feature actively. Honeycomb: Distilled from the honeycomb of the Honeybee. Although Sony placed little emphasis on online gaming during its first year, that changed upon the launch of the online-capable Xbox. Ambergris is commonly referred as "amber" in perfumery and should not be confused with yellow amber, which is used in jewelry. [1]. Ambergris: Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the Sperm Whale. Shortly afterwards, Sony also slashed PS2 prices greater than expected in order to maintain momentum and hold off its potential rivals. Castoreum: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver. However, the release of several blockbuster games during the 2001 holiday season pushed the PS2 far in front even as the Xbox and GameCube made their impressive debuts. Civet: Also call Civet Musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family Viverridae, related to the Mongoose. Many analysts predicted a close 3-way matchup between the PS2 and its soon-to-be-released competitors Microsoft Xbox and Nintendo GameCube, noting that the PS2's graphics were inferior but that it had the advantage of a head start, and had a wide assortment of games of every genre (Xbox's strength was in its hardware; GameCube was the cheapest of the 3 consoles). Musk: Originally derived from the musk sacs from the Asian musk deer, it has now been replaced by the use of synthetic musks due to its price and various ethical issues. Later, Sony gained steam with new development kits for game developers and more PlayStations for consumers. Lichens: Commonly used lichen includes oakmoss and treemoss thalli. Another major selling point over the Dreamcast was the PlayStation 2's ability to play DVDs, which gained it a presence in electronics stores which did not formerly sell video game consoles. Some of what is called amber and copal in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil conifers. This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation. Pine and fir resins are a particularly valued source of terpenes used in the organic synthesis of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds. Yet, the PS2 initially sold well solely on the basis of the strength of the PlayStation brand and its backwards compatibility, selling over 900,000 units in the first weekend in Japan. Commonly used resins in perfumery include labdanum, frankincense/olibanum, myrrh, Peru balsam, gum benzoin. The PS2 launch seemed unimpressive and gaffe-prone, compared to the well-planned launch of the Sega Dreamcast, which was making a genuine attempt to woo developers and which had better launch titles. Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments. Developers also complained that it was difficult to develop for the system, with little in the way of reference material from Sony for its exotic architecture. Resins: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in incense and perfumery. The PlayStation 2 was such a hot item after its release that it was near impossible to find one on retailer shelves, leaving those wanting a PlayStation 2 to either wait or purchase the console online at sites such as eBay, where the console was being sold by many people for twice and sometimes five times as much as the manufacturer's listed price. The fragrant oil in sassafras root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent, safrole, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds such as helional. Only a few million users had obtained consoles by the end of 2000 due to manufacturing delays. Bark: Commonly used barks includes cinnamon and cascarilla. . Commonly used woods include sandalwood, rosewood, agarwood, birch, cedar, juniper, and pine. The PS2 is part of the sixth generation era, and has become the fastest selling gaming console in history, with over 100 million units shipped by November 2005, beating the previous record holder, the PlayStation, by three years and nine months. Woods: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensible in perfumery. It was released in Europe on November 24, 2000. The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rind; they include citrus such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruit. Its development was announced in March 1999, and it was first released in Japan on March 4, 2000 and in North America and Puerto Rico on October 26, 2000. Notable exceptions include litsea cubeba, vanilla, and juniper berry. The PlayStation 2 (PS2) (Japanese: プレイステーション2) is Sony's second video game console, the successor to the PlayStation and the predecessor to the PlayStation 3. Fruits: Fresh fruits such as apples, strawberries, cherries unfortunately do not yield the expected odors; if you find such fragrance notes in a perfume, they're synthetic. NT$ 5,888 (November 3, 2004, SCPH-70007). Seeds: Commonly used seeds include tonka bean, coriander, caraway, cocoa, nutmeg, mace, cardamom, and anise. NT$ 5,888 (June 1, 2004, SCPH-50007). Roots, rhizomes and bulbs: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include iris rhizomes, vetiver roots, various rhizomes of the ginger family. NT$ 6,480 (January 1, 2004, SCPH-50007). Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include hay and tomato leaf. NT$ 6,980 (October 10, 2003, SCPH-50007). Leaves and Twigs: Commonly used for perfumery are patchouli, sage, violets, rosemary, and citrus leaves. NT$ 6,980 (2003, SCPH-39007). Orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes. NT$ 7,980 (January 1, 2003, SCPH-30007). Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the clove are also commonly used. NT$10,900 (January 24, 2002, SCPH-30007, Launch Price). Includes the flowers of several species of rose and lavender, as well as jasmine, osmanthus, mimosa, tuberose, as well as the blossoms of citrus and ylang-ylang trees. JP¥17,800 (June 2004). Flowers and Blossoms: Undoubtedly the largest source of aromatics. JP¥19,800 (November 13, 2003). 2001 : Nu by Yves Saint-Laurent (Jacques Cavallier). JP¥25,000 (2002). 2001 : Coco Mademoiselle by Chanel (Jacques Polge). JP¥29,800 (November 29, 2001). 1996 : Acqua di Gió Pour Homme by Giorgio Armani (Alberto Morillas). JP¥35,000 (June 29, 2001). 1995 : Le Mâle by Jean-Paul Gaultier (Francis Kurkdjian). JP¥39,800 (March 2000, Launch Price). 1995 : Dolce Vita by Christian Dior (Pierre Bourdon and Maurice Roger). US$149.99 (May 11, 2004). 1995 : CK One by Calvin Klein (Firmenich). US$179.99 (May 13, 2003). 1993 : Jean-Paul Gaultier by Jean-Paul Gaultier (Jacques Cavallier). US$199.99 (May 14, 2002). 1992 : Angel by Thierry Mugler (Olvier Cresp and Yves de Chiris). US$299.99 (October 26, 2000, Launch Price). 1990 : Trésor by Lancôme (Sophia Grosjman). 4.7GB capacity, a few are DVD-9 (8.5 GB). 1987 : Loulou by Cacharel (Jean Guichard). Disc Media: DVD-ROM (CD-ROM compatible) with copy protection. 1985 : Poison by Christian Dior (Jean Guichard). Interface Types: 2 proprietary PlayStation controller ports (250KHz clock for PS1 and 500KHz for PS2 controllers), 2 proprietary Memory Card slots using MagicGate encryption (250KHz for PS1 cards, up to 2MHz for PS2 cards -may be just 1MHz, please, confirmate it-), Expansion Bay (DEV9 or PCMCIA on early models) port for Network Adaptor, Modem and Hard Disk Drive, IEEE 1394 (2), Infrared remote control port (2), and 2 USB 1.1 ports with an OHCI-compatible controller. 1984 : Coco by Chanel (Jacques Polge). Connection to: SPU and CD/DVD controller. 1983 : Paris by Yves Saint-Laurent (Sophia Grosjman). Sub Bus: 32 Bit. 1981 : Nombre Noir by Shiseido (Serge Lutens, Jean-Yves Leroy). CPU Core: Original PlayStation CPU (MIPS R3000A clocked at 33.8688 MHz or 37.5 MHz). 1979 : Anaïs Anaïs by Cacharel (Roger Pellegrino). I/O Processor
1978 : Magie Noire by Lancôme (PFW). Sampling Frequency: 44.1 kHz or 48 kHz (selectable). 1978 : Azzaro Pour Homme by Azzaro (Gérard Anthony, Martin Heiddenreich, Richard Wirtz). Number of voices: 48 hardware channels of ADPCM on SPU2 plus software-mixed channels. 1977 : Opium by Yves Saint-Laurent (Jean-Louis Sieuzac). Sound: "SPU1+SPU2" (SPU1 is actually the CPU)
1966 : Eau sauvage by Christian Dior (Edmond Roudnitska). Maximum Polygon Rate: 75 million polygons per second (1). 1959 : Cabochard by Parfums Grès (Bernard Chant). Pixel Configuration: RGB:Alpha:Z Buffer (24:8, 15:1 for RGB, 16, 24, or 32-bit Z buffer). 1959 : Monsieur by Givenchy. DRAM Bus width: 2560-bit (composed of three independendent buses: 1024-bit write, 1024-bit read, 512-bit read/write). 1956 : Diorissimo by Christian Dior (Edmond Roudnitska). DRAM Bus bandwidth: 47.0GB per second. 1948 : L'Air du temps by Nina Ricci (Francis Fabron). Graphics: "Graphics Synthesizer" clocked at 147 MHz
1930 : Joy by Jean Patou (Henri Alméras). 3D CG Geometric Transformation: 66 million polygons per second (1). 1929 : Soir by Paris by Bourjois (Ernest Beaux). Floating Point Performance: 6.2 GFLOPS (single precission 32-bit floating point). 1927 : Arpège by Lanvin (André Fraysse). Vector Units: VU0 and VU1 (Floating Point Multiply Accumulator × 9, Floating Point Divider × 1), 128 bit. 1925 : Shalimar by Guerlain (Jacques Guerlain). Co-Processor: FPU (Floating Point Multiply Accumulator × 1, Floating Point Divider × 1). 1921 : N°5 by Chanel (Ernest Beaux). Main processor: MIPS R5900 CPU core, 64 bit. 1919 : Tabac Blond by Caron (Ernest Daltroff). Memory Bus Bandwidth: 3.2 GB per second. 1919 : Mitsouko by Guerlain (Jacques Guerlain). System Memory: 32 MB Direct Rambus or RDRAM (note that some computers use this type of RAM). 1917 : Chypre by François Coty (François Coty). CPU: 128 bit "Emotion Engine" clocked at 294 MHz (later versions 299 MHz), 10.5 million transistors
1889 : Jicky by Guerlain (Aimé Guerlain). 1714 : Eau de Cologne by Farina (Johann Maria Farina 1685-1766). Eau de cologne: 2-3% aromatic compounds. Eau de toilette: 5-20% aromatic compounds. Eau de parfum: 10-30% aromatic compounds. Perfume extract: 20%-40% aromatic compounds. Musk, vetiver and scents of plant resins are commonly used as base notes. The compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after the application of the perfume or during the period of perfume dry-down. Compounds of this class are often the fixatives used to hold and boost the strength of the lighter top and heart notes. Base notes bring depth and solidness to a perfume. The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume. Base notes: The scent of a perfume that appears after the departure of the top notes. Top notes and heart notes are sometimes described together as Head notes. Lavender and rose scents are typical heart notes. Not surprisingly, the scent of heart note compounds is usually more mellow and "rounded." Scents from this note class appear anywhere from 2 minutes to 1 hour after the application of a perfume. The heart note compounds form the "heart" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time. Heart notes or Middle notes: The scent of a perfume that emerges after the top notes dissipate. Citrus and ginger scents are common top notes. The scents of this note class are usually described as "fresh," "assertive" or "sharp." The compounds that contribute to top notes are strong in scent, very volatile, and evaporate quickly. Because of this, they are very important in the selling of a perfume. Top notes create the scents that form a person's initial impression of a perfume. Top notes: Scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of primarily citrus fragrances. Citrus: An old fragrance family that until recently consisted mainly of "freshening" Eau de colognes due to the low tenacity of citrus scents. Typically enhanced by camphorous oils and incense resins, which bring to mind Victorian era imagery of the Middle East and Far East. Orientals or ambers: A large fragrance class featuring the scents of vanilla and animal scents together with flowers and woods. Patchouli, with its camphorous smell, is commonly found in perfumes of this fragrance family. Woody: Fragrances that are dominated by the woody scents, typically of sandalwood and cedar. Leather: A family of fragrances which features the scents honey, tobacco, wood, and wood tars in its middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Many men's fragrances belong to this family of fragrances, which is characterized by its sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Fougère: Fragrances built on a base of lavender, coumarin and oakmoss. Aldehydic perfumes have the characteristic "piquant" note produced by materials like Aldehyde C12 MNA. Others include Je Reviens and Arpege. Chanel No 5 was the first aldehydic perfume (created by the royal Russian perfumer Ernest Beaux in 1923). Aldehydic: Fragrances that incorporate the family of chemicals known as aldehydes. This fragrance family is characterized by a scent reminiscent of apricot and custard. Meaning Cyprus in French, the term alludes to where this base was inspired. This family of fragrances is named after a perfume by François Coty by the same name. Chypre: Fragrances build on a similar base consisting of bergamot, jasmine and oakmoss. When only one flower is used, it is called a soliflore (as in Dior's Diorissimo, with jasmine). Floral: Fragrances that are dominated by the scent of one or more types of flowers. |