Pennsylvania
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| State nickname: The Keystone State | |
| Other U.S. States | |
| Capital | Harrisburg |
| Largest city | Philadelphia |
| Governor | Ed Rendell |
| Official languages | None |
| Area | 119,283 kmē (33rd) |
| - Land | 116,074 kmē |
| - Water | 3,208 kmē (2.7%) |
| Population (2000) | |
| - Population | 12,281,054 (6th) |
| - Density | 105.80 /kmē (10th) |
| Admission into Union | |
| - Date | December 12, 1787 |
| - Order | 2nd |
| Time zone | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 |
| Latitude | 39°43'N to 42°N |
| Longitude | 74°43'W to 80°31'W |
| Width | 255 km |
| Length | 455 km |
| Elevation | |
| - Highest | 979 m |
| - Mean | 335 m |
| - Lowest | 0 m |
| Abbreviations | |
| - USPS | PA |
| - ISO 3166-2 | US-PA |
| Web site | www.state.pa.us |
Pennsylvania (the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) is one of four states of the United States of America that is called a commonwealth. It has given its name to the Pennsylvanian time period in geology. Pennsylvania is called the Keystone State.
Although Swedes and Dutch were the first European settlers, the Quaker William Penn named Pennsylvania for the Latin phrase meaning "Penn's woodlands", in honor of his father. Today, two major cities dominate the state - Philadelphia, home of the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, and a thriving metropolitan area, and Pittsburgh, a busy inland river port and major center for educational and technological advance. The Pocono Mountains and the Delaware Water Gap provide popular recreational activities.
Pennsylvania is one of the U.S.'s most historic states. Philadelphia is often called the cradle of the American Nation. It was here that the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were drawn up by the Founding Fathers.
The so-called "Pennsylvania Dutch" region in south-central Pennsylvania is another favorite of sightseers. Pennsylvania Germans, including the Amish and the Mennonites, dominate the area around the cities of Lancaster, York, and Harrisburg, with smaller numbers extending northeast to the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton area and up the Susquehanna River valley. Some of the Old Order Amish have left the area, but many Mennonites remain, particularly in Lancaster County. Some adherents eschew modern conveniences and use horse-drawn farming equipment and carriages, while others are virtually indistinguishable from non-Amish or Mennonites.
(The term "Dutch" is a misnomer, as none of these groups are of Dutch origin; the German adjective for "German", "Deutsch", was misheard as "Dutch" and the name stuck.)
The battleship USS Pennsylvania, damaged at Pearl Harbor, was named in honor of this state, as were several other naval vessels.
Main article: History of Pennsylvania
Before the state existed, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehanna, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee and other Native American tribes.
In 1643, the southeastern portion of the state, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, was settled by Sweden, but control later passed to the Netherlands, and then to England (later Great Britain).
On March 4, 1681, Charles II of England granted a land charter to William Penn for the area that now includes Pennsylvania. Penn then founded a colony there as a place of religious freedom for Quakers, and named it for the Latin phrase meaning "Penn's woods".
A large tract of land north and west of Philadelphia, in Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware Counties, was settled by Welsh Quakers and called the "Welsh Tract". Even today many cities and towns in that area bear the names of Welsh municipalities.
The western portions of Pennsylvania were among disputed territory between the colonial British and French during the French and Indian War. The French established numerous fortifications in the area, including the pivotal Fort Duquesne on top of which the city of Pittsburgh was built.
The colony's reputation of religious freedom also attracted significant populations of German and Scots-Irish settlers who helped to shape colonial Pennsylvania and later went on to populate the neighboring states further west.
In 1704 the "three lower counties" of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex gained a separate legislature, and in 1710 a separate executive council, to form the new colony Delaware.
Pennsylvania and Delaware were two of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution of 1776. Pennsylvania became the second state on December 12, 1787 (five days after Delaware became the first).
Pennsylvania also saw the Battle of Gettysburg, near Gettysburg. Many historians consider this battle the major turning point of the American Civil War. Dead from this battle rest at Gettysburg National Cemetery, site of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. oil (kerosene) industry was born in western Pennsylvania, which supplied the vast majority of U.S. kerosene for years thereafter, and saw the rise and fall of oil boom towns.
During the 20th century Pennsylvania's existing iron industries expanded into a major center of steel production. Shipbuilding and numerous other forms of manufacturing flourished in the eastern part of the state, and coal mining was also extremely important in many regions. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Pennsylvania received very large numbers of immigrants from Europe seeking work; dramatic, sometimes violent confrontations took place between organized labor and the state's industrial concerns.
Pennsylvania was hard-hit by the decline of the steel industry and other heavy U.S. industries during the late 20th century.
Like all American states, the government of Pennsylvania is separated into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary, the powers and duties of which are established by the Pennsylvania Constitution. The capital of Pennsylvania is in Harrisburg.
The head of the executive branch is the Governor, who is currently Democrat Edward G Rendell, a former mayor of Philadelphia. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Auditor General, and State Treasurer. The Governor's cabinet consists of the eighteen appointed heads of Pennsylvania state agencies: the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Adjutant General, Secretary of Education, Insurance Commissioner, Secretary of Banking, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Health, State Police Commissioner, Secretary of Labor and Industry, Secretary of Public Welfare, Secretary of Revenue, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Community Affairs, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Environmental Resources, Secretary of General Services, Secretary of Aging, and the Secretary of Corrections.
Pennsylvania has had a bicameral legislature since 1790. The Pennsylvania General Assembly consists of a Senate with 50 members and a House of Representatives with 203. Notable General Assembly members include Senate Majority Leader David J. Brightbill (R), Senate Minority Leader Robert J. Mellow (D), Speaker of the House of Representatives John M. Perzel and Senate Minority Appropriations Chairman Vincent Fumo (D).
Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts[1] (http://www.courts.state.pa.us/Index/CommonPleas/Judicialdistricts.asp), each of which has district judges (formerly called justices of the peace) who mainly preside over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims. The Philadelphia Municipal Court and the Pittsburgh police magistrate court have similar jurisdiction, limited to those cities. As Philadelphia is coterminous with Philadelphia County, the Pittsburgh police magistrate court is the only true city-level court in the state.
The general trial courts in which most criminal and civil cases originate are the Courts of Common Pleas. They also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for certain agency decisions. Each judicial district has at least one, and the Courts of Common Pleas serving the larger Pennsylvania counties have specialized divisions.
The state has two intermediate-level appellate courts: the Superior Court and the Commonwealth Court. The fifteen judges of the Superior Court hear all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. The jurisdiction of the nine-judge Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The Commonwealth Court also functions as a trial court in some civil suits, including cases that involve the state or its officers as parties, and cases regarding statewide elections.
Pennsylvania's entire judicial system is under the supervision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which is also the final appellate court for both the Superior Court and the Commonwealth Court. It also hears appeals directly from the Courts of Common Pleas in certain cases, including felony murder prosecutions, the right to public office, criminal contempt, and any case in which the Court of Common Pleas ruled that a state law was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court has seven justices chosen by public election; the chief justice is the justice with the most seniority.
Pennsylvania's two U.S. senators are Rick Santorum (Republican) and Arlen Specter (Republican). Pennsylvania's 19 representatives in the House are Robert Brady (D, 1st District); Chaka Fattah (D, 2nd District); Phil English (R, 3rd District); Melissa Hart (R, 4th District); John E. Peterson (R, 5th District); Jim Gerlach (R, 6th District); Curt Weldon (R, 7th District); Michael Fitzpatrick (R, 8th District); Bill Shuster (R, 9th District); Don Sherwood (R, 10th District); Paul E. Kanjorski (D, 11th District); John Murtha (D, 12th District); Allyson Schwartz (D, 13th District); Mike Doyle (D, 14th District); Charlie Dent (R, 15th District); Joe Pitts (R, 16th District); Tim Holden (D, 17th District); Tim Murphy (R, 18th District); and Todd Russell Platts (R, 19th District).
Pennsylvania politics is not dominated by any single party. As of 2005, the Republican Party holds both houses of the state legislature, both United States Senate seats and a majority of the state's seats in the U.S. House Of Representatives, but the Democratic Party holds the governor's seat and their candidate has won four of the last five presidential elections. Pennsylvania is considered a swing state in national elections, but usually leans Democratic. Bill Clinton carried the state twice, Al Gore won here in 2000 as did John Kerry in 2004. The state is divided into heavily left leaning areas along the sides. Democrats are the majority in the Philadelphia area, as well as around Allentown and the Poconos in the east and in the southwestern part of the state and the Pittsburgh area in the west and Erie, Pennsylvania in the northwest. The central part of the state tends to be very conservative. James Carville summed up Pennsylvania politics as "Philadelphia on one end Pittsburgh on the other, with Alabama in the middle."
See: List of Pennsylvania counties
Pennsylvania cities and riversPennsylvania's nickname "The Keystone State" is quite apt, as the state forms a geographic bridge both between the Northeastern states and the Southern states, and between the Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. It is bordered on the north and northeast by New York, on the east, across the Delaware River by New Jersey, on the south by Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia, on the west by Ohio, and on the northwest by Lake Erie. The Delaware, Susquehanna, Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio Rivers are the major rivers of the state. The Youghiogheny River and Oil Creek are smaller rivers which have played an important role in the development of the state. The capital is Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is 180 miles (290 km) north to south and 310 miles (500 km) east to west. The total land area is 44,817 square miles (119,283 kmē), 739,200 acres (2,990 kmē) of which are bodies of water. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. The highest point of 3,213 feet (979 m) above sea level is at Mount Davis. Its lowest point is at sea level on the Delaware River. Pennsylvania is in the Eastern time zone.
It sometimes helps to consider the western third of the state a separate large geophysical unit, which is so distinctive that it can often best be described on its own. Several important, complex factors set Western Pennsylvania apart in many respects from the east, such as the initial difficulty of access across the mountains, an orientation to the Mississippi drainage system of rivers, and above all, the complex economics involved in the rise and decline of the American steel industry centered around Pittsburgh. Other factors, such as a markedly different style of agriculture, the rise of the oil industry, timber exploitation and the old wood chemical industry, and even, in linguistics, the local "yinzer" dialect, all make this large area sometimes seem a virtual "state within a state".
Pennsylvania is bisected diagonally by ridges of the Appalachian Mountain chain from southwest to northeast. To the northwest of the folded mountains is the Allegheny Plateau, which continues into southwestern and south central New York. This plateau is so dissected by valleys that it also seems mountainous. The Plateau is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age, which bear abundant fossils, as well as natural gas and petroleum. In 1859 near Titusville Edwin L. Drake drilled the first oil well in the USA into these sediments. Similar rock layers also contain coal to the south and east of the oil and gas deposits. In the metamorphic (folded) belt, anthracite (hard coal) is mined near Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton. These fossil fuels have been an important resource to Pennsylvania. Timber and dairy farming are also sources of livelihood for midstate and western Pennsylvania. Along the shore of Lake Erie in the far northwest are orchards and vinyards.
A sample version of the current Pennsylvania license plate.Pennsylvania's saltwater "shore" line, only 89 miles by official US figures, is the shortest of any US state. However, by a quirk of the official definitions, New Hampshire has the shortest US saltwater "coast" line. (How these two concepts are defined and measured is explained at length in an extended footnote under "Miscellaneous" in the article on New Hampshire.) Definitional niceties notwithstanding, Pennsylvania has one of the largest seaports in the US on its narrow shore, the Port of Philadelphia. In the west the Port of Pittsburgh is also very large and even exceeds Philadelphia in rank by annual tonnage, due to the large volume of bulk coal shipped by barge down the Ohio River. Chester, downstream from Philadelphia, and Erie, the Great Lakes outlet on Lake Erie in the Erie Triangle, are smaller but still important ports.
Pennsylvania has been the site of some of the most horrendous ecological disasters experienced in the USA. In 1889 the South Fork Dam, impounding a recreational mountain lake for sportsmen, burst after a heavy rain and destroyed the downstream factory town of Johnstown, killing over 2,200 inhabitants in the notorious Johnstown Flood (the town was later rebuilt and is a reasonably large community today in the central mountains). In 1961 an exposed seam of coal at Centralia, Pennsylvania caught fire and forced eventually almost the entire community to abandon their settlement; the coal fire is still burning today and is estimated to last 100 years more. Finally, in 1979 the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Incident near the state capital of Harrisburg, while not as destructive to the community, nevertheless cost close to $1 billion to clean up and changed the national public perception of nuclear power to a much less favorable viewpoint.
Pennsylvania's 1999 total gross state product was $383 billion, placing it 6th in the nation and its 2000 Per Capita Personal Income was $29,539, 18th in the nation. Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, poultry, cattle, nursery stock, mushrooms, hogs, and hay. Its industrial outputs are food processing, chemical products, machinery, electric equipment, and tourism.
Pennsylvania has a large, diverse group of manufacturing companies and within this group are some whose products have come to be household words, symbolic of ordinary American life. Among these products are Hershey bars from the Hershey Chocolate Company in Hershey, Pennsylvania; Heinz ketchup and Heinz-57 sauce from the H. J. Heinz Company in Pittsburgh; and Zippo lighters from Zippo Manufacturing in Bradford.
Small companies, such as the Pennsylvania Dutch Candies company, also exist in Pennsylvania.
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania is well know for its quality wood products such as furniture, sheds, gazebos and play sets. Such items are shipped all over the country (and the world) out of Lancaster County. Most of these are produced by Amish and Mennonite craftsmen.
On Lake Erie some freshwater commercial fishing exists, the prinicipal catch being yellow perch.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2003, Pennsylvania's population was estimated at 12,365,455 people. Pennsylvania is a very diverse state. Many Asian Indians, Arabs, Koreans, Hispanics, and Blacks call Pennsylvania home.
The racial makeup of the state is:
The 5 largest ancestry groups in Pennsylvania are German (25.4%), Irish (16.1%), Italian (11.5%), African American (10%), English (7.9%).
5.9% of Pennsylvania's population were reported as under 5, 23.8% under 18, and 15.6% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.7% of the population.
The Quakers at the founding of Penn's colony pursued a policy of religious toleration, which benefited other older groups, such as Lutherans from the New Sweden settlement, and which also attracted relgious refugees from the European continent, such as Amish and Mennonites. Other groups also settled, including the Moravian Bretheren, who founded and named today's large city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the Scots-Irish Presbyterians, who settled on the frontier. This was a fairly diverse group of denominations by Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century standards, and testifies to the benign administration of Penn.
Later, after industrialization, immigrants from the Catholic countries of Europe also were added to this mix. In Philadelphia today is the shrine and burial place of Saint John Neumann, himself a Czech immigrant, who worked for the betterment of the new arrivals and who founded the American parochial school system.
The current religious affiliations of the citizens Pennsylvania are:
The three largest Protestant denominations in Pennsylvania are: Baptist (10% of the total state population), Methodist (9%), Lutheran (9%).
Pennsylvania has only one incorporated town, Bloomsburg, the county seat of Columbia County. All other municipalities are incorparted as cities, villages, boroughs or other similar status. It is technically incorrect to refer to any location in Pennsylvania other than Bloomsburg as a town.
Major cities:
Top and bottom 10 locations by per capita income:
see also: Pennsylvania locations by per capita income
See List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania has given birth to some of the nation's leading popular and rock music groups, including Anti-Flag, Christina Aguilera, Bloodhound Gang, Boyz II Men, Vanessa Carlton, Coolio, Fuel, Hall & Oates, Live, Joan Jett, Pink, Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, Shanice, Will Smith, and others.
Many Pennsylvanians have found success in film, television, and the theater including:
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Many Pennsylvanians have found success in film, television, and the theater including:. Note: The Magic have hired former Magic coach Brian Hill to be head coach again.. Pennsylvania has given birth to some of the nation's leading popular and rock music groups, including Anti-Flag, Christina Aguilera, Bloodhound Gang, Boyz II Men, Vanessa Carlton, Coolio, Fuel, Hall & Oates, Live, Joan Jett, Pink, Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, Shanice, Will Smith, and others. 6--The Fans. See List of colleges and universities in Pennsylvania. The Magic will pick 11th in the 2005 NBA Draft. see also: Pennsylvania locations by per capita income. In addition, the Magic announced the following day that Brian Hill, the coach who led the Magic to the NBA Finals under O'Neal and Hardaway, would return as head coach. Top and bottom 10 locations by per capita income:. On May 23, however, the Magic's plans were disrupted by the abrupt resignation of General Manager and Chief Operating Officer John Weisbrod. Major cities:. However, the promise for the future is great, as the club hopes to build around Howard, Hill, Francis, and Nelson and become a playoff contender with a new coach. It is technically incorrect to refer to any location in Pennsylvania other than Bloomsburg as a town. In the end, the Magic ended a few games out of the playoffs. All other municipalities are incorparted as cities, villages, boroughs or other similar status. Their playoff push was hampered by injuries in the last quarter of the season: a season-ending broken wrist for sixth man Hedo Turkoglu, a shin injury to Grant Hill, a rib cage injury to Nelson, and a three-game suspension to Francis for allegedly kicking a photographer. Pennsylvania has only one incorporated town, Bloomsburg, the county seat of Columbia County. The Magic finished the season with a 36-46 record, disappointing after a strong start. The three largest Protestant denominations in Pennsylvania are: Baptist (10% of the total state population), Methodist (9%), Lutheran (9%). Howard was an unanimous selection. The current religious affiliations of the citizens Pennsylvania are:. Hill was chosen an All-Star starter by NBA fans, and Dwight Howard and Jameer Nelson were named to the All-Rookie first and second teams, respectfully. In Philadelphia today is the shrine and burial place of Saint John Neumann, himself a Czech immigrant, who worked for the betterment of the new arrivals and who founded the American parochial school system. Hill also returned and averaged 19 points a game. Later, after industrialization, immigrants from the Catholic countries of Europe also were added to this mix. In addition, Nelson, after a slow start, developed into a talented player, taking over the starting point guard position. This was a fairly diverse group of denominations by Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century standards, and testifies to the benign administration of Penn. Howard was a consistant rebounder and scorer, becoming the first rookie to start and play all 82 games in a season. Other groups also settled, including the Moravian Bretheren, who founded and named today's large city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and the Scots-Irish Presbyterians, who settled on the frontier. However, Howard showed great promise, becoming one of the few players to average a double-double. The Quakers at the founding of Penn's colony pursued a policy of religious toleration, which benefited other older groups, such as Lutherans from the New Sweden settlement, and which also attracted relgious refugees from the European continent, such as Amish and Mennonites. However, led by the erratic play of Francis, the Magic also lost to league bottom-feeders, such as the expansion Charlotte Bobcats and the Atlanta Hawks. Females made up approximately 51.7% of the population. Throughout the season, bolstered by Hill's return, the Magic played spectacularly, defeating top NBA teams such as the San Antonio Spurs and the Detroit Pistons. 5.9% of Pennsylvania's population were reported as under 5, 23.8% under 18, and 15.6% were 65 or older. The Magic are currently in a search for a new head coach. The 5 largest ancestry groups in Pennsylvania are German (25.4%), Irish (16.1%), Italian (11.5%), African American (10%), English (7.9%). Later on, Christie claimed he had bone spurs and was placed on the injured list after playing only a few games for the Magic. Near the end of the season, with a playoff-push faltering, Weisbrod fired Davis and promoted Chris Jent to become interim head coach. The racial makeup of the state is:. Christie, because of his emotional ties to the Kings, at first refused to play for the Magic. Many Asian Indians, Arabs, Koreans, Hispanics, and Blacks call Pennsylvania home. First, Weisbrod traded Mobley for Doug Christie from the Sacramento Kings. Pennsylvania is a very diverse state. After a promising 13-6 start, the Magic began to fall apart. Census Bureau, as of 2003, Pennsylvania's population was estimated at 12,365,455 people. Nelson, who most scouts speculated to be a top-10 pick, fell to the 20th pick, and the Magic traded a future first-round draft pick to the Denver Nuggets for Nelson. According to the U.S. With the number one draft pick, the Magic selected high-school phenom Dwight Howard and traded for point guard Jameer Nelson. On Lake Erie some freshwater commercial fishing exists, the prinicipal catch being yellow perch. In addition, the Magic also acquired center Tony Battie and free agent Hedo Turkoglu. Most of these are produced by Amish and Mennonite craftsmen. The Magic traded McGrady to the Houston Rockets for Steve Francis, Kelvin Cato, and Cuttino Mobley. Such items are shipped all over the country (and the world) out of Lancaster County. McGrady, discontent with the Magic, wished to move on; Weisbrod accused McGrady of "slacking off" and not attending practices (McGrady later admitted that he did not give 100% percent during the 2003-2004 season). Lancaster County, Pennsylvania is well know for its quality wood products such as furniture, sheds, gazebos and play sets. The most significant trade was that of Tracy McGrady. Small companies, such as the Pennsylvania Dutch Candies company, also exist in Pennsylvania. Though he kept Davis at coach, he shook up the player roster, only keeping a few of the players from last season. Heinz Company in Pittsburgh; and Zippo lighters from Zippo Manufacturing in Bradford. In the offseason, Weisbrod dismantled the team. J. In addition, general manager Gabriel was replaced by John Weisbrod. Among these products are Hershey bars from the Hershey Chocolate Company in Hershey, Pennsylvania; Heinz ketchup and Heinz-57 sauce from the H. In the middle of the 19-game losing streak, coach Doc Rivers was fired, and assistant Johnny Davis was promoted. Pennsylvania has a large, diverse group of manufacturing companies and within this group are some whose products have come to be household words, symbolic of ordinary American life. The Magic finished with a disappointing 21-61 record, the worst in the NBA. Its industrial outputs are food processing, chemical products, machinery, electric equipment, and tourism. After winning its first game, the Magic lost 19 consecutive games, setting a franchise record. Its agricultural outputs are dairy products, poultry, cattle, nursery stock, mushrooms, hogs, and hay. Even with the acquisition of veterans Tyronn Lue and Juwan Howard, the Magic struggled early. Pennsylvania's 1999 total gross state product was $383 billion, placing it 6th in the nation and its 2000 Per Capita Personal Income was $29,539, 18th in the nation. The Magic's 15th season in 2003-2004 proved to be one of its toughest ever. Finally, in 1979 the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Incident near the state capital of Harrisburg, while not as destructive to the community, nevertheless cost close to $1 billion to clean up and changed the national public perception of nuclear power to a much less favorable viewpoint. Despite still not having Hill due to injury, the Magic entered the playoffs for the third straight year. However, after taking a 3-1 lead in the best-of-seven first round series, the Magic faltered and fell to the Detroit Pistons 4-3 in a heartbreaker. In 1961 an exposed seam of coal at Centralia, Pennsylvania caught fire and forced eventually almost the entire community to abandon their settlement; the coal fire is still burning today and is estimated to last 100 years more. In 2002-2003, with the acquisition of Gordon Giricek and Drew Gooden, T-Mac once again led the Magic to a 42-40 record. In 1889 the South Fork Dam, impounding a recreational mountain lake for sportsmen, burst after a heavy rain and destroyed the downstream factory town of Johnstown, killing over 2,200 inhabitants in the notorious Johnstown Flood (the town was later rebuilt and is a reasonably large community today in the central mountains). However, the Magic were defeated 3-1 by the Charlotte Hornets (the team has since relocated, becoming the New Orleans Hornets). Pennsylvania has been the site of some of the most horrendous ecological disasters experienced in the USA. T-Mac, combined with Armstrong, Miller, and 3-point sharpshooter Pat Garrity, formed the core of the team that season. Chester, downstream from Philadelphia, and Erie, the Great Lakes outlet on Lake Erie in the Erie Triangle, are smaller but still important ports. Led once again by McGrady, nicknamed "T-Mac", Orlando once again posted a winning record, 44-38, in the 2001-2002 season. However, Hill was still severely limited by his ankle injury and did not play for the vast majority of the season. In the west the Port of Pittsburgh is also very large and even exceeds Philadelphia in rank by annual tonnage, due to the large volume of bulk coal shipped by barge down the Ohio River. Miller won the Rookie of the Year that season. (How these two concepts are defined and measured is explained at length in an extended footnote under "Miscellaneous" in the article on New Hampshire.) Definitional niceties notwithstanding, Pennsylvania has one of the largest seaports in the US on its narrow shore, the Port of Philadelphia. With the addition of Mike Miller from the draft, the Magic compiled a 43-39 record, including a nine-game winning streak, that season, and entered the playoffs once again. However, by a quirk of the official definitions, New Hampshire has the shortest US saltwater "coast" line. However, Hill was limited to 4 games because of an ankle injury. McGrady blossomed into a star during this season, becoming one of the NBA's top scorers. Pennsylvania's saltwater "shore" line, only 89 miles by official US figures, is the shortest of any US state. Despite Duncan opting to remain with the San Antonio Spurs, the Magic gained Hill, a perenial All-Star, and McGrady. Along the shore of Lake Erie in the far northwest are orchards and vinyards. In the following offseason, Gabriel, with millions of cleared salary cap space, attempted to lure three of the NBA's most prized free agents: Tim Duncan, Grant Hill, and Tracy McGrady. Timber and dairy farming are also sources of livelihood for midstate and western Pennsylvania. This year was characterized by the slogan "Heart and Hustle", as the team was known for its hard-working style. These fossil fuels have been an important resource to Pennsylvania. At the end of the season Rivers was named Coach of the Year by the NBA. In the metamorphic (folded) belt, anthracite (hard coal) is mined near Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton. With a team with virtually no name players and little experience, Rivers and Armstrong, the team captain, led the Magic to a 41-41 record, barely out of the playoffs. Similar rock layers also contain coal to the south and east of the oil and gas deposits. Gabriel dismantled the previous team and acquired multiple future first round draft picks. Drake drilled the first oil well in the USA into these sediments. In 1999, the Magic, under new General Manager John Gabriel, who was named Executive of the Year, acquired rookie-coach Doc Rivers. In 1859 near Titusville Edwin L. The 76ers, led by Allen Iverson, upset the Magic 3-1 in the first round. The Plateau is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age, which bear abundant fossils, as well as natural gas and petroleum. In the playoffs, though, the Magic were seeded number 3 because of tiebreakers and faced the Philadelphia 76ers. This plateau is so dissected by valleys that it also seems mountainous. In addition, Orlando also acquired brothers Dominique and Gerald Wilkins, who were past their primes but were still regarded as NBA greats. To the northwest of the folded mountains is the Allegheny Plateau, which continues into southwestern and south central New York. Armstrong again led the team emotionally, winning the NBA's Sixth-Man and Most Improved Player awards. Pennsylvania is bisected diagonally by ridges of the Appalachian Mountain chain from southwest to northeast. In 1998-1999, with the acquisition of Matt Harping and Michael Doleac and a healthy Hardaway and Anderson, the Magic tied for the Eastern Conference's best record in the lockout-shortened season, 33-17. Other factors, such as a markedly different style of agriculture, the rise of the oil industry, timber exploitation and the old wood chemical industry, and even, in linguistics, the local "yinzer" dialect, all make this large area sometimes seem a virtual "state within a state". Anderson, combined with newly acquired free agent Bo Outlaw, led the team to a respectable 41-41 record, just out of reach of the NBA playoffs. In addition, Rony Seikaly was traded before the season started to the New Jersey Nets for three role players and a future draft pick. Several important, complex factors set Western Pennsylvania apart in many respects from the east, such as the initial difficulty of access across the mountains, an orientation to the Mississippi drainage system of rivers, and above all, the complex economics involved in the rise and decline of the American steel industry centered around Pittsburgh. However, the season was hampered by injuries, as Hardaway sat out the majority of the season . It sometimes helps to consider the western third of the state a separate large geophysical unit, which is so distinctive that it can often best be described on its own. In addition, Hall of Famer Julius Erving joined the Magic's front office, giving Orlando immense hope for a successful season. Pennsylvania is in the Eastern time zone. The Magic hired Chuck Daly to be head coach for the 1997-1998 season. Its lowest point is at sea level on the Delaware River. In the middle of the season, though, urged by player discontent, management fired coach Brian Hill and named Richie Adubato as interim coach for the rest of the season. The highest point of 3,213 feet (979 m) above sea level is at Mount Davis. In the playoffs, the Magic stunned the favorites Miami Heat in the first round 3-2 after losing the first two games. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. However, the Magic still mananged to compile a 45-37 record, led by Hardaway, Darrell Armstrong, the team's emotional leader, and newly-acquired free agent Rony Seikaly. The total land area is 44,817 square miles (119,283 kmē), 739,200 acres (2,990 kmē) of which are bodies of water. In the offseason, in a huge blow to the Magic franchise, O'Neal left as a free agent to the Los Angeles Lakers. Pennsylvania is 180 miles (290 km) north to south and 310 miles (500 km) east to west. The combination of Jordan and rebounder Dennis Rodman was too much for the Magic, and Orlando was swept 4-0 in the Eastern Conference finals. The capital is Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. In the playoffs, after the Magic defeated the Detroit Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks, Orlando met the Bulls in the Eastern Conference finals. The Youghiogheny River and Oil Creek are smaller rivers which have played an important role in the development of the state. However, the Magic were seeded number two, behind the amazing 72-10 record the Chicago Bulls accumulated under Michael Jordan. The Delaware, Susquehanna, Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio Rivers are the major rivers of the state. In the 1995-1996 season, the Magic again dominated the Eastern Conference and the Atlantic Division with a 60-22 record, led by O'Neal and Hardaway. It is bordered on the north and northeast by New York, on the east, across the Delaware River by New Jersey, on the south by Delaware, Maryland, and West Virginia, on the west by Ohio, and on the northwest by Lake Erie. The Houston Rockets, though, ended Orlando's dream of a championship by sweeping Orlando 4-0 in the Fianls to take the crown. Pennsylvania's nickname "The Keystone State" is quite apt, as the state forms a geographic bridge both between the Northeastern states and the Southern states, and between the Atlantic seaboard and the Midwest. In the playoffs, the Magic defeated the Boston Celtics, Michael Jordan's Chicago Bulls, and the Indiana Pacers, advancing to the NBA Finals. See: List of Pennsylvania counties. However, in the 1994-1995 season, the Magic's sixth season, after acquiring rebounder Horace Grant as a free agent from the Chicago Bulls, Orlando compiled a 57-25 record, best in the East and winning the Atlantic Conference title. James Carville summed up Pennsylvania politics as "Philadelphia on one end Pittsburgh on the other, with Alabama in the middle.". However, the underdog Pacers team swept the Magic 3-0 in the first round, thus ending the Magic's season. The central part of the state tends to be very conservative. The Magic were in the playoffs for the first time, ranked the second seed in the Eastern Conference. Democrats are the majority in the Philadelphia area, as well as around Allentown and the Poconos in the east and in the southwestern part of the state and the Pittsburgh area in the west and Erie, Pennsylvania in the northwest. With the lethal combination of O'Neal and Hardaway, the Magic became a dominant team in the NBA, compiling the first 50 win season in franchise history with a 50-32 record. The state is divided into heavily left leaning areas along the sides. In the draft, the Magic selected Chris Webber, but traded him to the Golden State Warriors for the number three pick, guard Anfernee Hardaway (known as "Penny" Hardaway) and three future first-round draft picks. Bill Clinton carried the state twice, Al Gore won here in 2000 as did John Kerry in 2004. In addition, despite having the NBA's best non-playoff record (and thereby the least chance of gaining the top draft pick), the Magic again landed the number one draft spot. Pennsylvania is considered a swing state in national elections, but usually leans Democratic. In the offseason, Guokas stepped down as head coach, and Brian Hill was promoted to become the Magic's second coach. House Of Representatives, but the Democratic Party holds the governor's seat and their candidate has won four of the last five presidential elections. However, the Magic missed that year's playoffs, because they were tied with the Indiana Pacers for the 8th (and final) playoff spot in the Eastern Conference and because the Pacers owned the tiebreaker. As of 2005, the Republican Party holds both houses of the state legislature, both United States Senate seats and a majority of the state's seats in the U.S. The Magic again were the NBA's most improved franchise, and O'Neal garnered All-Star starter status and the Rookie of the Year award. Pennsylvania politics is not dominated by any single party. O'Neal, a 7-1 center, made an immediate impact on the Magic, leading the club to a 41 - 41 record. Kanjorski (D, 11th District); John Murtha (D, 12th District); Allyson Schwartz (D, 13th District); Mike Doyle (D, 14th District); Charlie Dent (R, 15th District); Joe Pitts (R, 16th District); Tim Holden (D, 17th District); Tim Murphy (R, 18th District); and Todd Russell Platts (R, 19th District). With the first overall pick, the Magic selected big-man Shaquille O'Neal from Louisiana State University. Peterson (R, 5th District); Jim Gerlach (R, 6th District); Curt Weldon (R, 7th District); Michael Fitzpatrick (R, 8th District); Bill Shuster (R, 9th District); Don Sherwood (R, 10th District); Paul E. The club's history was changed dramatically with the 1992 Draft. Pennsylvania's 19 representatives in the House are Robert Brady (D, 1st District); Chaka Fattah (D, 2nd District); Phil English (R, 3rd District); Melissa Hart (R, 4th District); John E. 1992 was a more disappointing season for the Magic, who finished with a 21 - 61 record. Hampered by injuries, the Magic had a then franchise-record 17 game losing streak. senators are Rick Santorum (Republican) and Arlen Specter (Republican). Combined with the fast-paced energy style of Skiles, who was named the NBA's Most Improved Player at the end of the season, the Magic heralded the NBA's most improved record that season. Pennsylvania's two U.S. In the 1990 NBA Draft, the Orlando Magic selected Dennis Scott with the fourth overall pick. Scott, known as a sharpshooter, helped the Magic compile a 31 - 51 record, still under Coach Guokas. The Supreme Court has seven justices chosen by public election; the chief justice is the justice with the most seniority. The Magic's first victory came 2 days later, as the Magic pounded the New York Knicks 118- 110. It also hears appeals directly from the Courts of Common Pleas in certain cases, including felony murder prosecutions, the right to public office, criminal contempt, and any case in which the Court of Common Pleas ruled that a state law was unconstitutional. Despite playing a hard-fought game, the visiting New Jersey Nets won 111- 106. Pennsylvania's entire judicial system is under the supervision of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, which is also the final appellate court for both the Superior Court and the Commonwealth Court. The club's first game was on November 4, 1989, at the Orlando O-Rena. The Commonwealth Court also functions as a trial court in some civil suits, including cases that involve the state or its officers as parties, and cases regarding statewide elections. In the club's first draft in 1989, the Magic chose Nick Anderson with the 11th pick in the first round. The jurisdiction of the nine-judge Commonwealth Court is limited to appeals from final orders of certain state agencies and certain designated cases from the Courts of Common Pleas. The inaugural team compiled a respectable 18-64 record with players including Reggie Theus, Scott Skiles (now current coach of the Chicago Bulls), Terry Catledge, Sam Vincent, Otis Smith, and Jerry Reynolds. It also has original jurisdiction to review warrants for wiretap surveillance. Led by former Philadelphia 76ers general manager Pat Williams, the Magic hired Matt Guokas as the team's first coach. The fifteen judges of the Superior Court hear all appeals from the Courts of Common Pleas not expressly designated to the Commonwealth Court or Supreme Court. The Orlando Magic officially entered the NBA as an expansion franchise in 1989. The state has two intermediate-level appellate courts: the Superior Court and the Commonwealth Court. The Orlando Magic are a National Basketball Association team based in Orlando, Florida. Each judicial district has at least one, and the Courts of Common Pleas serving the larger Pennsylvania counties have specialized divisions. Magic Fan Message Board (http://magicmadness.us/). They also serve as appellate courts to the district judges and for certain agency decisions. Orlando Magic Fan - News and rumors (http://www.orlandomagicfan.com/). The general trial courts in which most criminal and civil cases originate are the Courts of Common Pleas. AmIAnnoying.com - Orlando Magic (http://www.amiannoying.com/(tvzdgtiwcey31555j0cjsvff)/view.aspx?id=11520&collection=3069). As Philadelphia is coterminous with Philadelphia County, the Pittsburgh police magistrate court is the only true city-level court in the state. Magic Fan Hangout Message Board (http://www.ezekielbearsports.com/bbs/forumdisplay.php?f=25). Pennsylvania is divided into 60 judicial districts[1] (http://www.courts.state.pa.us/Index/CommonPleas/Judicialdistricts.asp), each of which has district judges (formerly called justices of the peace) who mainly preside over minor criminal offenses and small civil claims. The Philadelphia Municipal Court and the Pittsburgh police magistrate court have similar jurisdiction, limited to those cities. Official Summer Pro League web site for the Orlando Magic (http://www.summerproleague.com/). Perzel and Senate Minority Appropriations Chairman Vincent Fumo (D). Orlando Magic official web site (http://www.nba.com/magic/). Mellow (D), Speaker of the House of Representatives John M. Tom Sterner. Notable General Assembly members include Senate Majority Leader David J. Brightbill (R), Senate Minority Leader Robert J. Randy Ayers. The Pennsylvania General Assembly consists of a Senate with 50 members and a House of Representatives with 203. It is expected that at least one more will be hired.. Pennsylvania has had a bicameral legislature since 1790. Assistant Coaches: Note: Brian Hill has recently announced the following two assistant coaches. The Governor's cabinet consists of the eighteen appointed heads of Pennsylvania state agencies: the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Adjutant General, Secretary of Education, Insurance Commissioner, Secretary of Banking, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Health, State Police Commissioner, Secretary of Labor and Industry, Secretary of Public Welfare, Secretary of Revenue, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Community Affairs, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Environmental Resources, Secretary of General Services, Secretary of Aging, and the Secretary of Corrections. Head Coach: Brian Hill. The other elected officials composing the executive branch are the Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Auditor General, and State Treasurer. General Manager: CURRENTLY IN SEARCH FOR GM (John Weisbrod resigned on May 23, 2005). The head of the executive branch is the Governor, who is currently Democrat Edward G Rendell, a former mayor of Philadelphia. Team captain: Grant Hill. The capital of Pennsylvania is in Harrisburg. #15 Hedo Turkoglu (Hidayet Türkoğlu) (Turkey). Like all American states, the government of Pennsylvania is separated into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary, the powers and duties of which are established by the Pennsylvania Constitution. #9 DeShawn Stevenson (Washington Union HS, Fresno, California). industries during the late 20th century. #14 Jameer Nelson (Saint Joseph's). Pennsylvania was hard-hit by the decline of the steel industry and other heavy U.S. #41 Mario Kasun (Croatia). In the late 1800s and early 1900s, Pennsylvania received very large numbers of immigrants from Europe seeking work; dramatic, sometimes violent confrontations took place between organized labor and the state's industrial concerns. #7 Mark Jones (UCF). Shipbuilding and numerous other forms of manufacturing flourished in the eastern part of the state, and coal mining was also extremely important in many regions. #34 Brandon Hunter (Ohio). During the 20th century Pennsylvania's existing iron industries expanded into a major center of steel production. #12 Dwight Howard (Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy, Atlanta, Georgia). kerosene for years thereafter, and saw the rise and fall of oil boom towns. #33 Grant Hill (Duke). oil (kerosene) industry was born in western Pennsylvania, which supplied the vast majority of U.S. #8 Pat Garrity (Notre Dame). In the latter half of the 19th century, the U.S. #3 Steve Francis (Maryland). Dead from this battle rest at Gettysburg National Cemetery, site of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. #55 Andrew DeClercq (Florida). Many historians consider this battle the major turning point of the American Civil War. #1 Doug Christie (Pepperdine). Pennsylvania also saw the Battle of Gettysburg, near Gettysburg. #13 Kelvin Cato (Iowa State). Pennsylvania became the second state on December 12, 1787 (five days after Delaware became the first). #4 Tony Battie (Texas Tech). Pennsylvania and Delaware were two of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution of 1776. #11 Andre Barrett (Seton Hall). In 1704 the "three lower counties" of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex gained a separate legislature, and in 1710 a separate executive council, to form the new colony Delaware. #2 Stacey Augmon (UNLV). The colony's reputation of religious freedom also attracted significant populations of German and Scots-Irish settlers who helped to shape colonial Pennsylvania and later went on to populate the neighboring states further west. Joseph's University. The French established numerous fortifications in the area, including the pivotal Fort Duquesne on top of which the city of Pittsburgh was built. #14 Jameer Nelson; St. The western portions of Pennsylvania were among disputed territory between the colonial British and French during the French and Indian War. #12 Dwight Howard; Drafted from high school. Even today many cities and towns in that area bear the names of Welsh municipalities. #33 Grant Hill; Duke University. A large tract of land north and west of Philadelphia, in Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware Counties, was settled by Welsh Quakers and called the "Welsh Tract". #3 Steve Francis; University of Maryland, College Park. Penn then founded a colony there as a place of religious freedom for Quakers, and named it for the Latin phrase meaning "Penn's woods". Scott Skiles. On March 4, 1681, Charles II of England granted a land charter to William Penn for the area that now includes Pennsylvania. Dennis Scott. In 1643, the southeastern portion of the state, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, was settled by Sweden, but control later passed to the Netherlands, and then to England (later Great Britain). Shaquille O'Neal. Before the state existed, the area was home to the Delaware (also known as Lenni Lenape), Susquehanna, Iroquois, Eriez, Shawnee and other Native American tribes. Tracy McGrady. Main article: History of Pennsylvania. Anfernee Hardaway. The battleship USS Pennsylvania, damaged at Pearl Harbor, was named in honor of this state, as were several other naval vessels. Horace Grant. (The term "Dutch" is a misnomer, as none of these groups are of Dutch origin; the German adjective for "German", "Deutsch", was misheard as "Dutch" and the name stuck.). Darrell Armstrong. Some adherents eschew modern conveniences and use horse-drawn farming equipment and carriages, while others are virtually indistinguishable from non-Amish or Mennonites. Tree Rollins. Some of the Old Order Amish have left the area, but many Mennonites remain, particularly in Lancaster County. Danny Schayes. Pennsylvania Germans, including the Amish and the Mennonites, dominate the area around the cities of Lancaster, York, and Harrisburg, with smaller numbers extending northeast to the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton area and up the Susquehanna River valley. Nick Anderson. The so-called "Pennsylvania Dutch" region in south-central Pennsylvania is another favorite of sightseers. Chuck Daly (coach). It was here that the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were drawn up by the Founding Fathers. Philadelphia is often called the cradle of the American Nation. Pennsylvania is one of the U.S.'s most historic states. The Pocono Mountains and the Delaware Water Gap provide popular recreational activities. Today, two major cities dominate the state - Philadelphia, home of the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, and a thriving metropolitan area, and Pittsburgh, a busy inland river port and major center for educational and technological advance. Although Swedes and Dutch were the first European settlers, the Quaker William Penn named Pennsylvania for the Latin phrase meaning "Penn's woodlands", in honor of his father. Pennsylvania is called the Keystone State. It has given its name to the Pennsylvanian time period in geology. Pennsylvania (the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania) is one of four states of the United States of America that is called a commonwealth. Michael Keaton - Coraopolis. Fritz Weaver - Pittsburgh. Selznick - Pittsburgh. David O. Fred Rogers - Latrobe. Jimmy Stewart - Indiana. Night Shyamalan - Philadelphia (immigrated from India as a child). M. Dennis Miller - Pittsburgh. Jayne Mansfield - Bryn Mawr. Grace Kelly - Philadelphia. Gene Kelly - Pittsburgh. Shirley Jones - Charleroi. Scott Glenn - Pittsburgh. Bill Cosby - Philadelphia. Charles Bronson - Ehrenfeld. Peter Boyle - Philadelphia. Lionel Barrymore - Philadelphia. John Barrymore - Philadelphia. Kevin Bacon - Philadelphia. Murray Abraham - Pittsburgh. F. Deputy Secretary of Education from 2004-2005, and prior to that, Pennsylvania's Secretary of Education from 1995-2001. Hickok, The former U.S. Eugene W. Prior to that, he was a US Representative from Erie between 1982 and 1995. Department of Homeland Security (1945-), was Governor of Pennsylvania between 1995 and 2003. Tom Ridge, The former Secretary of the U.S. He later served as Secretary of State and authored the Marshall Plan. Marshall (1880-1959) of Uniontown, lead the United States Army as Chief of Staff during the Second World War. General of the Army George C. He was a major force behind numerous successful efforts to expand educational opportunities in Pennsylvania. Serving 30 years in the Pennsylvania House (1958-1988), 26 of them as an elected Democratic leader, Irvis became the first 20th Century African-American Speaker in 1977. Fired under pressure after leading a successful boycott of Pittsburgh's department stores for discriminating against African-Americans, Irvis enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh law school, graduated with honors, became Pittsburgh's first black judicial law clerk, then an assistant district attorney, then a state legislator. Leroy Irvis (1918- ) was born near Albany, New York, but came to Pennsylvania to head Pittsburgh's Urban League in the 1940's. K. Angle is one of only two wrestlers in the WWE to have participated in the Olympic's, and is the only one to have won gold medals. Angle won the Gold Medal in freestyle Roman/Greco wrestling at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, before signing with Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Entertainment, where he has won the WWE Championship on four different occasions. Kurt Angle (1968-) was born and raised in Pittsburgh. The Andy Warhol Museum is located in Pittsburgh's North Side, and he is buried in nearby Bethel Park. Pop artist Andy Warhol (1928-1987) was born Andrew Warhola in Pittsburgh. She also wrote several books on the role of women including The Business of Being a Woman (1912) and The Ways of Women (1915). In 1906, she joined with Lincoln Steffens and Ray Stannard Baker to establish the radical American Magazine. She was a pioneering "muckraker" journalist and one of the few female journalists in the country during her time. Ida Tarbell (1857-1944) was born in Erie and was educated at the Sorbonne in Paris. He commanded Union troops during the American Civil War, most notably during the Battle of Gettysburg. Winfield Scott Hancock (1824-1886) was born in Montgomery Square. Rachel Carson (1907-1964) born near Springdale, was a pioneer environmentalist and author of Silent Spring. Constitution, guaranteeing "equal protection of the laws" to all Americans. Congressman and leading "Radical Republican," he helped draft the 14th Amendment to the U.S. As a U.S. He was a key Pennsylvania state legislator in establishing and maintaining Pennsylvania's early system of public education. Thaddeus Stevens (1792-1868) was born and lived in Pennsylvania until his death. Minister to Great Britain and Russia, as Mayor of Philadelphia and in the Senate. He also served as U.S. Polk and is the only Pennsylvanian to hold the office. Dallas (1792-1864) of Philadelphia served as the 11th Vice President of the United States under James K. George M. He was the 15th President of the United States and the only President from that state. James Buchanan (1791-1868) was born and lived in Pennsylvania until his death. He is buried with his wife Deborah in Christ Church Cemetery in Philadelphia. Constitution. He had the distinction of signing both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. He founded the University of Pennsylvania in 1742. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was one of the most important figures in Pennsylvania's history, although he was born in Boston, Massachusetts. State tree: Hemlock. State song: Pennsylvania. State insect: Firefly. State fossil: the trilobite Phacops rana. State flower: Mountain Laurel. State fish: Brook Trout. State dog: Great Dane. State capital: Harrisburg. State bird: Ruffed Grouse. State beverage: Milk. State animal: Whitetail Deer. Non-Religious – 6%. Other Religions – 2%. Other Christian – 1%. Roman Catholic – 33%. Protestant – 53%. 1.2% mixed race. 0.1% American Indian. 1.8% Asian. 3.2% Hispanic. 10.0% Black. 84.1% White. presidential election, 2004, in Pennsylvania. U.S. |