Neon

Elevated ²⁰Ne abundances are also found in diamonds, further suggesting a solar neon reservoir in the Earth. The terms "Middle Eastern" and "Westerner" follow the same pattern as "oriental", yet are subject to less controversy. The ²⁰Ne-enriched components are attributed to exotic primordial rare gas components in the Earth, possibly representing solar neon. However, traditionally, Europe has considered itself to be the West (not the center), while the areas around Israel, Turkey, Greece and Egypt, have been considered to be near the center of the world. The neon isotopic content of these mantle-derived samples represent a non-atmospheric source of neon. Some consider the term "oriental" to be an example of Eurocentrism, since they see it is as a term used to describe people and regions that are to the East only in relation to Europe. Similar to xenon, neon content observed in samples of volcanic gases are enriched in ²⁰Ne, as well as nucleogenic ²¹Ne, relative to ²²Ne content. In Europe the term is used to describe such things as the East's cuisine and goods, ancient culture, and religions, at times to denote an exotic quality.

This suggests that neon will be a useful tool in determining cosmic exposure ages of surficial rocks and meteorites. Its use is much less controversial in Europe and Hawaii (despite Hawaii's location, which is east of the Orient), as well as in Asia where, especially in Southeast Asian countries, the word is in comparatively widespread usage. By analyzing all three isotopes, the cosmogenic component can be resolved from magmatic neon and nucleogenic neon. Major objections to the use of Oriental are chiefly limited to North America. This isotope is generated by spallation reactions on magnesium, sodium, silicon, and aluminium. The main criticism of the term is that it is overly vague, referring to a category of peoples with widely divergent cultural and ethnic backgrounds and no clear division between which groups belong to the term and which do not. Isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial rocks has demonstrated the cosmogenic production of ²¹Ne. Some Asian Americans see parallels between the word "oriental" and "nigger", though many see it as simply old-fashioned and functionless, as many African Americans see the word "Negro".

The net result yields a trend towards lower ²⁰Ne/²²Ne and higher ²¹Ne/²²Ne ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as granites. Furthermore, it is claimed that some courses in "Oriental studies" were riddled with inaccurate information that was used to justify colonization of these countries. The alpha particles are derived from uranium-series decay chains, while the neutrons are mostly produced by secondary reactions from alpha particles. Many of these people saw the East as backwards, while the West was seen as logical, rational and more modern. The principal nuclear reactions which generate neon isotopes are neutron emission, alpha decay reactions on ²⁴Mg and ²⁵Mg, which produce ²¹Ne and ²²Ne, respectively. Some people think the term "Oriental" is derogatory, largely because of its connection to imperial 19th century Europeans and Americans who are thought to have held a patronising attitude towards the region. In contrast, ²⁰Ne is not known to be nucleogenic and the causes of its variation in the Earth have been hotly debated. A bottle of HP Sauce says on the label that it contains a mixture of oriental spices, for example.

²¹Ne and ²²Ne are nucleogenic and their variations are well understood. Asian countries such as India, Afghanistan, and Sri Lanka are no longer generally considered by some people to be part of the Orient. Neon has three stable isotopes: ²⁰Ne (90.48%), ²¹Ne (0.27%) and ²²Ne (9.25%). The term "Oriental" refers to people, goods and culture from those areas. In addition, neon forms an unstable hydrate. In popular usage, the Orient is most often used in reference to the countries of East Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, and sometimes the rest of Southeast Asia. The ions, Ne⁺, (NeAr)⁺, (NeH)⁺, and (HeNe⁺), have been observed from optical and mass spectrometric research. Remnants of the older conception of the Orient still exist in the English language in such collocations as "Oriental rug" and "Oriental harem".

Argon, in contrast, is heavier than air and so remains within Earth's atmosphere. As awareness of the countries of Eastern Asia grew in Western European and American consciousness in the late 19th century, the term came to refer primarily to China, Japan, and the surrounding nations. Neon, like water vapor, is lighter than air; unlike water vapor, which condenses into a liquid below the stratosphere and is thus trapped in Earth's atmosphere, neon may slowly leak out into space, which explains its scarcity on Earth. This particularly included Persia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Egypt. Neon is a rare gas that is found in the Earth's atmosphere at 1 part in 65,000 and is produced by supercooling air and fractionally distilling it from the resulting cryogenic liquid. Traditionally, the Orient referred primarily to the cultures and countries of what are now considered Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Western Asia. Neon is usually found in the form of a gas with molecules consisting of a single neon atom. Oriental is also used as an adjective akin to "eastern": for example, the Philippine island Mindoro is divided into two provinces whose titles include the words "oriental" and "occidental" respectively.

Neon (Greek neos meaning "new") was discovered by Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers in 1898. For example, Mizrahi Jews (native to the Middle East) are often referred to as Oriental Jews and the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies focuses on the Middle East, East Asia and Africa. Other uses:. "Oriental" is sometimes used by certain regions in the West as a term to describe people, cultures and goods from the Orient. The word "neon" is also used generically for these types of lights when in reality many other gases are used to produce different colors of light.
. The reddish-orange color that neon emits in neon lights is widely used to make advertising signs. The opposite term "Occident" - derived from the Latin word occidens, referring to the west - was once used to describe the western world, but has fallen into disuse.

Neon has the most intense discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the rare gases. The term is derived from the Latin word oriens, referring to where the sun rises in the east. In most applications it is a less expensive refrigerant than helium. . Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, glows reddish-orange in a vacuum discharge tube and has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity of liquid helium and three times that of liquid hydrogen (on a per unit volume basis). The Orient (orient literally means "sunrise east") is a term traditionally used to refer to Near, Middle and Far Eastern countries. .

A colorless nearly inert noble gas, neon gives a distinct reddish glow when used in vacuum discharge tubes and neon lamps and is found in air in trace amounts. Neon is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. Los Alamos National Laboratory – Neon. Liquefied neon is commercially used as an economical cryogenic refrigerant.

Neon and helium are used to make a type of gas laser. television tubes. wave meter tubes. lightning arrestors.

high-voltage indicators. vacuum tubes.