Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali-Haj (born January 17, 1942 as Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.) is an American boxer. He was one of the world's greatest heavyweight boxers, as well as one of the world's most famous individuals, renowned the world over for his boxing and political activism. He is also considered by many to be one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. BeginningsClay, named after his father and Kentucky abolitionist Cassius M. Clay, was born in Louisville, Kentucky. At age 12, he had his bicycle stolen, and reported the fact to a local policeman (and boxing trainer), Joe Martin. Martin suggested that Clay learn to fight; under his guidance, Clay rapidly advanced through the youth ranks. A low achiever academically, Clay won six Kentucky Gold Gloves while at high school and was allowed to graduate despite his poor grades. Presciently, his principal announced during a staff meeting about the issue that Clay would someday be "this school's claim to fame." Clay later joked about his lackluster academic record saying, "I said I was the Greatest, not the smartest." At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he won a gold medal as a light heavyweight boxer. He then turned professional under the tutelage of boxing legend Angelo Dundee and quickly became famous for his unorthodox style, his spectacular results, and his tireless self-promotion (the latter inspired in part by professional wrestler Gorgeous George and singer Little Richard). He made a name for himself as the "Louisville Slugger" by composing poems predicting in which round he would knock out his opponent. He boisterously sang his own praises, with sayings like "I am the greatest" and "I'm young, I'm pretty, I'm fast, and no one can beat me." In Louisville on October 29, 1960 Cassius Clay won his first professional fight. He won a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia. From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 knockouts. He defeated such boxers as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Duke Sabedong, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, and Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout). Among Clay's more impressive victories were against Sonny Banks (who knocked him down earlier in the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had won over 200 previous fights). Cassius became the number one contender for Sonny Liston's title. Liston was greatly feared, and some have said that he was the Mike Tyson of his era. Almost no one gave the young boxer a chance of beating Liston. The date was fixed for February 25, 1964; during the weigh-in, the boisterous Ali declared that he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." [1] (http://www.jamescampion.com/ncnali.html) First Title Fight, Clay versus ListonClay, however, had a plan. Misreading Clay's exuberance as nervousness, Liston was over-confident and unprepared for any result but a quick stoppage. In the opening rounds, Clay's speed, greater even than his idols, Sugar Ray Robinson and Archie Moore, kept him away from Liston's powerful head and body shots, as he used his height and reach advantage to effectively counterpunch with the jab. As early as the third round, Liston began to visibly tire, and Clay took full advantage, landing several heavy punches. By the third, Clay was clearly on top and had opened a large cut under Liston's eye. Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Clay was blinded by a foreign substance. It is unknown whether this was something used to close Liston's cuts or applied to Liston's gloves for a nefarious purpose. Partially sighted, Clay was able to keep out of range, and by the fifth and into the sixth, he was looking for a finish. That came before the seventh, when Liston retired on his stool, later claiming his shoulder had become dislocated. Clay leapt out of his corner, proclaiming himself "King of the World" and demanding the writers eat their words. Clay was duly crowned the heavyweight champion of the world. He would reconfirm his abilities when he knocked out Liston in the first round of their rematch in Lewiston, Maine on May 25, 1965, albeit controversially, as few observers saw the "phantom punch" that floored Liston. That November, Clay met and defeated former champion Floyd Patterson. The referee stopped the fight in Round 12 after Patterson had taken a horrible beating. Clay becomes AliIn between the two matches, he also became famous for other reasons: he joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali, although only a few journalists (most notably Howard Cosell) accepted it. 1966 and early 1967 were a busy time for the champion. In a period of a year he defended his title seven times. No other champion has had that many defenses in only a year. In March 1966, he won a unanimous decision over tough Canadian champion George Chuvalo (who was never knocked down in his career). Ali then traveled to England to face "British Bulldog" Brian London and Henry Cooper (who had knocked him down in their initial 1963 match). Ali won both fights by knockout. He traveled to Germany next to face southpaw Karl Mildenberger (who was the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling). In one of his tougher fights, Ali finally won by knockout in Round 12. In November 1966, Ali returned to the United States to face Cleveland "Big Cat" Williams in the Houston Astrodome. Williams had one of the highest knockout percentages in history and has often been ranked as one of the finest fighters who never won a title. Many felt he would give the champion a tough battle, however Ali easily knocked him out in the third round. In February and March of 1967, Ali faced Ernie Terrell in the Astrodome and Zora Folley at Madison Square Garden. Terrell had refused to acknowledge Ali's name and the champ vowed to punish him for this perceived insolence. Even though the fight went to a decision, Ali delivered a horrible beating and won every round. He kept taunting the challenger throughout the fight and many called his treatment cruel and brutal. Ali's fight with the 35 year old Folley is regarded by many as his finest performance in the ring. He showed what a breathtaking fighter he was by throwing every punch sharply and on target. He knocked out the challenger in Round 7. It was in this same year he refused to serve in the American army during the Vietnam War as a conscientious objector, famously saying that he "got nothing against no Viet Cong" and "No Vietnamese ever called me a nigger." He was stripped of his championship belt and his license to box and sentenced to five years in prison. The sentence was overturned on appeal three years later. Ali's actions in refusing military service and aligning himself with the Nation of Islam made him a lightning rod of controversy, turning the outspoken but popular former champion into one of that era's most recognizable and controversial figures. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leaders Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X and declaring his allegiance to them at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion—if not actual hostility—made Ali a target of outrage and suspicion as well. Ali seemed at times to even provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of racial separatism. In 1970, granted a license to box once more following his Supreme Court victory wherein he was granted his right to refuse military service, he began a comeback. But he suffered a setback when he lost his 1971 title fight, a bruising 15-round encounter with Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden. This fight, known simply as "The Fight," was perhaps one of the most famous and eagerly anticipated bouts of all time, since it featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had reasonable claims to the heavyweight crown. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard left hook in the final round. Ali split two bouts with Ken Norton before beating Frazier on points in their 1974 rematch to earn another title shot. Ali's religious views also changed with time. He began to study the Qur'an and converted to Sunni Islam, rejecting the teachings of the Nation of Islam. The Rumble in the Jungle and Thrilla in ManilaAli on the cover of Sports Illustrated ( Dec 23, 1974)The incumbent, George Foreman, was a large, hard-hitting, undefeated young fighter who had previously demolished Frazier, KO'ing him in the second round of their championship fight. Foreman was the heavy favorite. The fight was held in Zaire and promoted by Don King as "The Rumble in the Jungle." In the October 30, 1974 bout that would cement his reputation as "The Greatest", Ali boxed his best tactical fight. Leading with his "wrong" hand and playing "rope-a-dope" by leaning far back on the ropes (that had supposedly been loosened by Dundee), Ali absorbed everything Foreman could throw at him, whilst only occasionally throwing counter-punches. By the end of the sixth round, Foreman had punched himself out, and Ali was able to attack a little more. Foreman kept advancing, but his blows were much less effective, and near the end of the eighth, Ali's right hand finally sent the exhausted Foreman to the floor. As a result of this fight, he was awarded the 1974 Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year and Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award. In 1975, Ali defeated Joe Frazier once more in the Thrilla In Manila in the Philippines. This fight surpassed their earlier bouts and became one of the most well-known heavyweight fights ever. After 14 grueling rounds, Frazier's trainer Eddie Futch refused to allow Frazier to continue, and Ali left the winner by TKO. Along with the "Rumble", his fights with Frazier are widely considered among the greatest in boxing history. Ring Magazine called this bout 1975's Fight of the Year, the fifth year an Ali fight had earned that distinction. Many felt Ali should have retired after this fight, however he continued to box. 1976 saw him knock out two largely unknown opponents, Belgian stonecutter Jean-Pierre Coopman and English boxer Richard Dunn. On April 30, 1976 Ali faced Jimmy Young in Landover, Maryland and many regard this as his worst fight. Ali was heavy and out of shape, refusing to take the young challenger seriously. Ali was awarded a unanimous decision, but it was widely booed by the crowd. Many who scored the fight at ringside thought Young deserved the decision. Even Ali's loyal trainer Angelo Dundee said this was his worst performance in the ring. In September, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight held at Yankee Stadium. Once again, the champion won a widely debated decision. He would retain his title until a 1978 loss to 1976 Olympic champion Leon Spinks, who was fighting in only his eighth professional fight. He defeated Spinks in a rematch, becoming the heavyweight champion for the record third time. Then on June 27, 1979, he announced his retirement and vacated the title. Ali also fought against a Japanese wrestler, Antonio Inoki, in a shoot match.That retirement was short-lived, however, and on October 2, 1980, he challenged Larry Holmes for the WBC's version of the world Heavyweight title. Looking to set another record, as the first boxer to win the Heavyweight title four times, he lost by technical knockout in round eleven, when Dundee would not let him come out for the round. The Holmes fight, promoted as "The Last Hurrah", was a fight many fans and experts view with disdain because of what many viewed as a "deteriorated version" of Ali. Holmes was Ali's sparring partner when Holmes was a budding fighter; thus, some viewed the result of the fight as a symbolic "passing of the torch." Holmes even admitted later that, although he dominated the fight, he held his punches back a bit out of sheer respect for his idol and former employer. It was revealed after the fight that Ali had an examination at the Mayo Clinic and the results were shocking. He admitted to tingling in his hands and slurring of his speech. The exam revealed he actually had a hole in the membrane of his brain. However, Don King withheld this report and allowed the fight to go on. Despite the apparent finality of his loss to Holmes and his increasingly suspect medical condition, Ali would fight one more time. On December 11, 1981, he fought rising contender and future world champion Trevor Berbick, in what was billed as "The Drama in the Bahamas." Because Ali was widely viewed as a damaged fighter, few American venues expressed much interest in hosting the bout, and few fans expressed much interest in attending or watching it. Compared to the mega-fights Ali fought in widely known venues earlier in his career, the match took place in virtual obscurity in Nassau. Although Ali performed marginally better against Berbick than he had against Holmes fourteen months earlier, he still lost a 10-round unanimous decision to Berbick, who at 27 was twelve years younger. Following this loss, Ali retired permanently in 1981 with a career record of 56 wins, 37 by knockout, against 5 losses. Ali had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. He carried his hands at his sides rather than the orthodox boxing style of carrying the hands high to defend the face. Instead, he relied on his extraordinary reflexes and reach (83 inches) to keep him away from his opponents' blows. Ali punched to the head much more than most boxers—a high-risk strategy since, over the duration of a long fight, punches to the body can be much more effective in tiring an opponent out. In retirementAli was diagnosed with Pugilistic Parkinson's syndrome in 1982, following which his motor functions began a slow decline. Despite this, he remains a hero to millions around the world. In 1985, he was called on to negotiate for the release of kidnapped Americans in Lebanon. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the Olympic flame in Atlanta, Georgia. At the same Olympics, Ali was also presented with a replacement gold medal. He had supposedly thrown the previous one, won in 1960, into the Ohio River after being refused entry to a restaurant, confirming his own suspicions that even with a gold medal, he would not be treated any different in the South. His daughter Laila Ali also became a boxer in 1999 despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that... the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Get hit in the breast... hard... and all that." The $60 million Muhammad Ali Center is scheduled to open in downtown Louisville, Kentucky in the Fall of 2005. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the center will focus on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth. Muhammad Ali currently lives in Michigan. His current wife Lonnie Williams (his fourth) is also from Louisville. He has nine children: Maryum, Rasheeda, Jamillah, Hana, Laila, Khaliah, Miya, Muhammad Junior and Asaad. Pro Wrestling
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He has nine children: Maryum, Rasheeda, Jamillah, Hana, Laila, Khaliah, Miya, Muhammad Junior and Asaad. See List of people from Maryland. His current wife Lonnie Williams (his fourth) is also from Louisville. For a more exhaustive list, see List of cities in Maryland. Muhammad Ali currently lives in Michigan. See also:Places in Maryland Ranked by Per Capita Income. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the center will focus on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth. Notwithstanding numerical positions, the founding intent of Maryland has made the state prominent in US Catholic tradition. For example, Baltimore was the location of the first Catholic bishop in the USA ( 1789) and Emmitsburg, the home and burial place of the first American-born citizen to be canonized, St. Elizabeth Ann Seton. The $60 million Muhammad Ali Center is scheduled to open in downtown Louisville, Kentucky in the Fall of 2005. The three largest Protestant denominations in Maryland are: Baptist (17% of the total state population), Methodist (14%), Lutheran (6%). and all that.". The present religious composition of the state is shown in the table below:. hard.. Therefore, despite the founding intent of the colony, Catholics have never been in a majority in Maryland since early Colonial times. Get hit in the breast.. Nevertheless, the Crown later reversed that policy and discouraged the practice of Catholicism in Maryland. the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Maryland was founded for the purpose of providing religious toleration of England's Catholic minority. His daughter Laila Ali also became a boxer in 1999 despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that.. The five largest ancestries in Maryland are: African American (27.9%), German (15.7%), Irish (11.7%), English (9%), American (5.8%). He had supposedly thrown the previous one, won in 1960, into the Ohio River after being refused entry to a restaurant, confirming his own suspicions that even with a gold medal, he would not be treated any different in the South. The racial makeup of the state is:. At the same Olympics, Ali was also presented with a replacement gold medal. The three counties of Western Maryland (Allegany, Garrett, and Washington) are mountainous and sparsely populated, resembling West Virginia more than they do the rest of Maryland. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the Olympic flame in Atlanta, Georgia. The Eastern Shore is less populous and more rural, as are the counties of southern Maryland. In 1985, he was called on to negotiate for the release of kidnapped Americans in Lebanon. Most of the people live in the central region of Maryland, in the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. Despite this, he remains a hero to millions around the world. As of 2003, the state's population was 5,508,909. Ali was diagnosed with Pugilistic Parkinson's syndrome in 1982, following which his motor functions began a slow decline. and Baltimore, and other towns. Ali punched to the head much more than most boxers—a high-risk strategy since, over the duration of a long fight, punches to the body can be much more effective in tiring an opponent out. MARC trains, operated by the State's Transit Authority, connect nearby Washington, D.C. Instead, he relied on his extraordinary reflexes and reach (83 inches) to keep him away from his opponents' blows. In addition, train service is provided between Washington, D.C., Rockville, Maryland, and Cumberland, Maryland on the Amtrak Capitol Limited. He carried his hands at his sides rather than the orthodox boxing style of carrying the hands high to defend the face. Amtrak Trains serve Baltimore along the Northeast Corridor. Ali had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. are also serviced by the other two airports in the region, Reagan National and Dulles International Airports, both in Virginia. Following this loss, Ali retired permanently in 1981 with a career record of 56 wins, 37 by knockout, against 5 losses. The Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. Although Ali performed marginally better against Berbick than he had against Holmes fourteen months earlier, he still lost a 10-round unanimous decision to Berbick, who at 27 was twelve years younger. Maryland's main airport is Baltimore-Washington International Airport (formerly known as Friendship Airport and recently renamed for former Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall). Compared to the mega-fights Ali fought in widely known venues earlier in his career, the match took place in virtual obscurity in Nassau. I-695 is the Baltimore beltway. On December 11, 1981, he fought rising contender and future world champion Trevor Berbick, in what was billed as "The Drama in the Bahamas." Because Ali was widely viewed as a damaged fighter, few American venues expressed much interest in hosting the bout, and few fans expressed much interest in attending or watching it. I-68 connects the western portions of the state to Frederick, and I-70 connects Frederick with Baltimore. Despite the apparent finality of his loss to Holmes and his increasingly suspect medical condition, Ali would fight one more time. Maryland's major Interstate Highways include I-95, which enters the northeast portion of the state, goes through Baltimore, and becomes the Capital Beltway to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. However, Don King withheld this report and allowed the fight to go on. Historically, there used to be small gold mining operations in Maryland, some surprisingly near Washington, but these no longer exist. The exam revealed he actually had a hole in the membrane of his brain. Mining other than construction materials is virtually limited to coal, located in the mountainous western part of the state. In construction mention should be made of the brownstone quarries in the east, which gave Baltimore and Washington much of their characteristic architecture in the mid-1800's. He admitted to tingling in his hands and slurring of his speech. The once mighty primary metals sub-sector, which at one time included what was then the largest steel factory in the world at Sparrows Point, still exists, but is pressed with foreign competition, bankruptcies, and company mergers. It was revealed after the fight that Ali had an examination at the Mayo Clinic and the results were shocking. Manufacturing, while large in dollar value, is highly diversified with no sub-sector contributing over 20% of the total. Typical forms of manufacturing include electronics, computer equipment, and chemicals. Holmes was Ali's sparring partner when Holmes was a budding fighter; thus, some viewed the result of the fight as a symbolic "passing of the torch." Holmes even admitted later that, although he dominated the fight, he held his punches back a bit out of sheer respect for his idol and former employer. The third component of the food producing sector are food processing plants, which are the most significant type of manufacturing by value in the state. The Holmes fight, promoted as "The Last Hurrah", was a fight many fans and experts view with disdain because of what many viewed as a "deteriorated version" of Ali. There is also a large chicken-farming sector in the state. Looking to set another record, as the first boxer to win the Heavyweight title four times, he lost by technical knockout in round eleven, when Dundee would not let him come out for the round. In addition, the southern counties of the western shoreline of Chesapeake Bay support a tobacco cash crop zone, which has been in existence since early Colonial times. That retirement was short-lived, however, and on October 2, 1980, he challenged Larry Holmes for the WBC's version of the world Heavyweight title. Agriculture is oriented to dairying for nearby large city milksheads plus specialty perishable horticulture crops, such as cucumbers, watermelons, sweet corn, tomatoes, muskmelons, squash, and peas (Source:USDA Crop Profiles). Then on June 27, 1979, he announced his retirement and vacated the title. Maryland has a large amount of fertile agricultural land in its coastal and Piedmont zones, although this land use is being encroached upon by urbanization. He defeated Spinks in a rematch, becoming the heavyweight champion for the record third time. While not, strictly speaking, a commercial food resource, the waterfowl support a tourism sector of sportsmen. He would retain his title until a 1978 loss to 1976 Olympic champion Leon Spinks, who was fighting in only his eighth professional fight. The Bay also has uncounted millions of overwintering waterfowl in its many wildlife refuges. Once again, the champion won a widely debated decision. The largest catches by species are the blue crab, oysters, striped bass, and menhaden. In September, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight held at Yankee Stadium. One component is commercial fishing, centered in Chesapeake Bay, but also including activity off the short Atlantic seacoast. Even Ali's loyal trainer Angelo Dundee said this was his worst performance in the ring. Maryland has a large food producing sector. Many who scored the fight at ringside thought Young deserved the decision. A list of government agencies located in Maryland is summarized below:. Ali was awarded a unanimous decision, but it was widely booed by the crowd. Altogether, white collar technical and administrative workers comprise 25% of Maryland's labor force, one of the highest state percentages in the country. Ali was heavy and out of shape, refusing to take the young challenger seriously. In fact, the various components of Johns Hopkins University and its medical research facilities are now the largest single employer in the Baltimore area. On April 30, 1976 Ali faced Jimmy Young in Landover, Maryland and many regard this as his worst fight. In addition to these are many educational and medical research institutions. 1976 saw him knock out two largely unknown opponents, Belgian stonecutter Jean-Pierre Coopman and English boxer Richard Dunn. and emphasizes technical and administrative tasks for the defense/aerospace industry and bio-research laboratories, as well as staffing of satellite government headquarters in the suburban or exurban Baltimore/Washington area. Many felt Ali should have retired after this fight, however he continued to box. A second service activity takes advantage of the close location of the center of government in Washington, D.C. Ring Magazine called this bout 1975's Fight of the Year, the fifth year an Ali fight had earned that distinction. Although the port handles a wide variety of products, the most typical imports are raw materials and bulk commodities, such as iron ore, petroleum, sugar, and fertilizers, often distributed to the relatively close manufacturing centers of the inland Midwest via good overland transportation. Along with the "Rumble", his fights with Frazier are widely considered among the greatest in boxing history. The port ranked 10th in the USA by tonnage in 2002 (Source: US Corps of Engineers, "Waterborn Commerce Statistics"). After 14 grueling rounds, Frazier's trainer Eddie Futch refused to allow Frazier to continue, and Ali left the winner by TKO. One major service activity is transportation, centered around the Port of Baltimore and its related rail and trucking access. This fight surpassed their earlier bouts and became one of the most well-known heavyweight fights ever. Maryland's economic activity is strongly concentrated in the tertiary service sector, and this sector, in turn, is strongly influenced by location. In 1975, Ali defeated Joe Frazier once more in the Thrilla In Manila in the Philippines. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (http://www.bea.gov/) estimates that Maryland's total state product in 2003 was $212 billion. Per capita personal income in 2003 was $37,446, 5th in the nation. As a result of this fight, he was awarded the 1974 Hickok Belt as top professional athlete of the year and Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsman of the Year" award. Growing climate varies from USDA Zone 8 on the Eastern Shore and in the cities of Baltimore and Washington DC to Zones 7 and 6 is the Piedmont, to Zone 5 in the mountainous west. Foreman kept advancing, but his blows were much less effective, and near the end of the eighth, Ali's right hand finally sent the exhausted Foreman to the floor. Extreme western Maryland has a mountain climate with mild summers and cold winters. By the end of the sixth round, Foreman had punched himself out, and Ali was able to attack a little more. Beyond the plain rise the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, and the Piedmont region has warm summers and colder winters, where snow often falls. The fight was held in Zaire and promoted by Don King as "The Rumble in the Jungle." In the October 30, 1974 bout that would cement his reputation as "The Greatest", Ali boxed his best tactical fight. Leading with his "wrong" hand and playing "rope-a-dope" by leaning far back on the ropes (that had supposedly been loosened by Dundee), Ali absorbed everything Foreman could throw at him, whilst only occasionally throwing counter-punches. Mary's City) are a part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which has a humid subtropical climate of hot summers and mild winters. Foreman was the heavy favorite. The Eastern Shore region, as well as a small part of the western shore (including Baltimore, Annapolis, and St. The incumbent, George Foreman, was a large, hard-hitting, undefeated young fighter who had previously demolished Frazier, KO'ing him in the second round of their championship fight. Climate varies greatly across the state, depending on factors like elevation, rainfall, and proximity to water. He began to study the Qur'an and converted to Sunni Islam, rejecting the teachings of the Nation of Islam. One of the most noted features of Delmarva is Maryland's Assateague Island, on the Atlantic, with its herd of wild ponies accustomed to the seashore. Ali's religious views also changed with time. The Delmarva Peninsula is a geographic term for the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the state of Delaware, and two counties of Virginia, which all together form a long extension down the Atlantic seaboard. Ali split two bouts with Ken Norton before beating Frazier on points in their 1974 rematch to earn another title shot. This geographical curiosity, the " Maryland wasp-waist" is located near the small town of Hancock. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard left hook in the final round. Also in Western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state line, is a point at which the state of Maryland is only two miles wide. This fight, known simply as "The Fight," was perhaps one of the most famous and eagerly anticipated bouts of all time, since it featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had reasonable claims to the heavyweight crown. The highest point in Maryland is Backbone Mountain, which is the southwest corner of Garrett County, right near the border with West Virginia near the headwaters of the North Branch of the Potomac. In 1970, granted a license to box once more following his Supreme Court victory wherein he was granted his right to refuse military service, he began a comeback. But he suffered a setback when he lost his 1971 title fight, a bruising 15-round encounter with Joe Frazier at Madison Square Garden. A portion of extreme western Maryland in Garrett County is drained by the Youghiogheny River as part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. Ali seemed at times to even provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of racial separatism. The Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state, and the counties east of the Bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leaders Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X and declaring his allegiance to them at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion—if not actual hostility—made Ali a target of outrage and suspicion as well. It shares a border near the center of the state along the Potomac with Washington, DC. Ali's actions in refusing military service and aligning himself with the Nation of Islam made him a lightning rod of controversy, turning the outspoken but popular former champion into one of that era's most recognizable and controversial figures. Maryland is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the west by West Virginia, on the east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south, across the Potomac River, by Virginia. The sentence was overturned on appeal three years later. See: List of Maryland counties, List of Maryland rivers. It was in this same year he refused to serve in the American army during the Vietnam War as a conscientious objector, famously saying that he "got nothing against no Viet Cong" and "No Vietnamese ever called me a nigger." He was stripped of his championship belt and his license to box and sentenced to five years in prison. Virtually all state and county elections are held in even numbered years not divisible by four, in which the President of the United States is not elected - this, as in other States, is intended to divide State and Federal politics. He knocked out the challenger in Round 7. Most of the business of government is done in Annapolis, the State capital. He showed what a breathtaking fighter he was by throwing every punch sharply and on target. Unlike most other states, significant autonomy is granted to many of Maryland's counties. He kept taunting the challenger throughout the fight and many called his treatment cruel and brutal. Ali's fight with the 35 year old Folley is regarded by many as his finest performance in the ring. Power in Maryland is divided among three branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial. Even though the fight went to a decision, Ali delivered a horrible beating and won every round. Maryland is a republic; the United States guarantees her "republican form of government" [|USC Article IV, section 4 (http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleiv.html#section4)] although there is considerable disagreement about the meaning of that phrase. Terrell had refused to acknowledge Ali's name and the champ vowed to punish him for this perceived insolence. The United States is a federation; consequently, the Government of Maryland, like the other 49 state governments, has exclusive authority over matters that lie entirely within the state's borders, except as limited by the Constitution of the United States. In February and March of 1967, Ali faced Ernie Terrell in the Astrodome and Zora Folley at Madison Square Garden. The Government of Maryland is conducted according to the state constitution. Many felt he would give the champion a tough battle, however Ali easily knocked him out in the third round. Main article: Government of Maryland. Williams had one of the highest knockout percentages in history and has often been ranked as one of the finest fighters who never won a title. The right to vote was not, however, extended to non-white males until 1867. In November 1966, Ali returned to the United States to face Cleveland "Big Cat" Williams in the Houston Astrodome. Article 24 of that document outlawed the practice of slavery. In one of his tougher fights, Ali finally won by knockout in Round 12. A constitutional convention was held during 1864 that culminated in the passage of a new state constitution on November 1 of that year. He traveled to Germany next to face southpaw Karl Mildenberger (who was the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling). Because of this it was not included under the Emancipation Proclamation. Ali won both fights by knockout. Despite popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the United States Civil War, in part due to precautions taken by the government in Washington, D.C. Ali then traveled to England to face "British Bulldog" Brian London and Henry Cooper (who had knocked him down in their initial 1963 match). It was during this bombardment that the Star Spangled Banner was writen by Francis Scott Key. No other champion has had that many defenses in only a year. In March 1966, he won a unanimous decision over tough Canadian champion George Chuvalo (who was never knocked down in his career). During the War of 1812 the British military attempted to capture the port of Baltimore which was protected by Fort McHenry. In a period of a year he defended his title seven times. In 1708 the seat of government was moved to Providence, renamed Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne. 1966 and early 1967 were a busy time for the champion. St Mary's City is now an archaelogical site, with a small tourist center. In between the two matches, he also became famous for other reasons: he joined the Nation of Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali, although only a few journalists (most notably Howard Cosell) accepted it. During the persecution of Maryland Catholics by the Puritan revolutionary government, all of the original Catholic churches of southern Maryland were burned down. The referee stopped the fight in Round 12 after Patterson had taken a horrible beating. This lasted until 1658 when the Calvert family regained control and re-enacted the Toleration Act. That November, Clay met and defeated former champion Floyd Patterson. In 1650 the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government and set up a new government that outlawed both Catholicism and Anglicanism. He would reconfirm his abilities when he knocked out Liston in the first round of their rematch in Lewiston, Maine on May 25, 1965, albeit controversially, as few observers saw the "phantom punch" that floored Liston. After Virginia made the practice of Anglicanism mandatory, a large number of Puritans migrated from Virginia to Maryland, and were given land for a settlement called Providence (now called Annapolis). Clay was duly crowned the heavyweight champion of the world. Mary's City was the largest site of the original Maryland colony, and was the seat of the colonial government until 1708. Clay leapt out of his corner, proclaiming himself "King of the World" and demanding the writers eat their words. St. That came before the seventh, when Liston retired on his stool, later claiming his shoulder had become dislocated. The Calvert family, which controlled Maryland, and the Penn family, which controlled Pennsylvania, engaged two surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to survey what became known as the Mason-Dixon line which would form the boundary between their two colonies. Partially sighted, Clay was able to keep out of range, and by the fifth and into the sixth, he was looking for a finish. This was found to be a problem, because the northern boundary would put Philadelphia, the major city in Pennsylvania, within Maryland. It is unknown whether this was something used to close Liston's cuts or applied to Liston's gloves for a nefarious purpose. Originally, based on an incorrect map, the royal charter granted Maryland the Potomac River and territory northward to the fortieth parallel. Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Clay was blinded by a foreign substance. The Maryland Toleration Act (1649) was one of the first laws that explicitly tolerated varieties of religion (as long as it was Christian), and is sometimes seen as a precursor to the First Amendment. By the third, Clay was clearly on top and had opened a large cut under Liston's eye. Maryland was one of the key destinations of tens of thousands of British convicts, which carried on until independence. As early as the third round, Liston began to visibly tire, and Clay took full advantage, landing several heavy punches. The English colony of Maryland was founded by Lord Baltimore who on March 25, 1634 led the first settlers into this area which would soon become one of the few dominantly Catholic regions among the English colonies in America. In the opening rounds, Clay's speed, greater even than his idols, Sugar Ray Robinson and Archie Moore, kept him away from Liston's powerful head and body shots, as he used his height and reach advantage to effectively counterpunch with the jab. The new colony was named in honour of Henrietta Maria, Queen Consort of Charles I. Misreading Clay's exuberance as nervousness, Liston was over-confident and unprepared for any result but a quick stoppage. George Calvert died in April 1632, but a charter for "Maryland Colony" (in Latin, "Terra Maria") was granted to his son, Cęcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, on June 20, 1632. Clay, however, had a plan. George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore applied to Charles I for a new royal charter for what was to become the Province of Maryland. The date was fixed for February 25, 1964; during the weigh-in, the boisterous Ali declared that he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee." [1] (http://www.jamescampion.com/ncnali.html). Main article: History of Maryland. Almost no one gave the young boxer a chance of beating Liston. See: Annapolis Convention.. Liston was greatly feared, and some have said that he was the Mike Tyson of his era. Its Associated Press abbreviation is Md. Maryland was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. Cassius became the number one contender for Sonny Liston's title. postal abbreviation is MD. Among Clay's more impressive victories were against Sonny Banks (who knocked him down earlier in the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had won over 200 previous fights). Its U.S. He defeated such boxers as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Duke Sabedong, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, and Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout). Maryland is a state of the United States, one of the South Atlantic States (although often considered part of the Northeast or Mid-Atlantic States). From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19-0 with 15 knockouts. See List of counties in Maryland. He won a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia. Towson – county seat of suburban Baltimore County. In Louisville on October 29, 1960 Cassius Clay won his first professional fight. Salisbury – largest city and business center of Delmarva pennisula. He boisterously sang his own praises, with sayings like "I am the greatest" and "I'm young, I'm pretty, I'm fast, and no one can beat me.". Rockville – business center of affluent Montgomery County northwest of Washington. He made a name for himself as the "Louisville Slugger" by composing poems predicting in which round he would knock out his opponent. Ocean City – very popular beach resort on Atlantic coastline. He then turned professional under the tutelage of boxing legend Angelo Dundee and quickly became famous for his unorthodox style, his spectacular results, and his tireless self-promotion (the latter inspired in part by professional wrestler Gorgeous George and singer Little Richard). Laurel – large suburban community directly between Baltimore and Washington on Interstate 95. At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, he won a gold medal as a light heavyweight boxer. Hagerstown – Largest community in 3 county Western Maryland region, has decaying industrial base. Presciently, his principal announced during a staff meeting about the issue that Clay would someday be "this school's claim to fame." Clay later joked about his lackluster academic record saying, "I said I was the Greatest, not the smartest.". Frederick – Western gateway to Appalachian Mountains, suburban center. A low achiever academically, Clay won six Kentucky Gold Gloves while at high school and was allowed to graduate despite his poor grades. Columbia – Large unincorporated town managed by the Columbia Association. Martin suggested that Clay learn to fight; under his guidance, Clay rapidly advanced through the youth ranks. suburb, home to the University of Maryland, College Park. At age 12, he had his bicycle stolen, and reported the fact to a local policeman (and boxing trainer), Joe Martin. College Park – D.C. Clay, was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Baltimore – Most populous city; commercial and cultural hub. Clay, named after his father and Kentucky abolitionist Cassius M. Annapolis – state capital, home of United States Naval Academy. He is also considered by many to be one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. Non-Religious – 8%. He was one of the world's greatest heavyweight boxers, as well as one of the world's most famous individuals, renowned the world over for his boxing and political activism. Other Religions – 4%. Muhammad Ali-Haj (born January 17, 1942 as Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.) is an American boxer. Other Christian – 2%. I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali, an animated television series. Roman Catholic – 25%. When We Were Kings (filmed 1974, released 1996, documentary about the "Rumble in the Jungle" by filmmaker Leon Gast.). Protestant – 58%. Ali (2001, directed by Michael Mann, starring Will Smith). 2% Mixed race. The Greatest (1977, starring Ali as himself). 0.3% American Indian. King Of The World, by David Remnick — An account of Ali's rise to greatness, focusing on the two fights with Sonny Liston. 4% Asian. ISBN 0071395881. 4.3% Hispanic. Sting Like a Bee, by Jose Torres (with significant contributions from Bert Randolph Sugar and Norman Mailer). 27.9% Black. Ali also refereed the main event at Wrestlemania I in 1985. 62.1% White non-Hispanic. The match was declared a draw. Fort Detrick. wrestler match against Antonio Inoki in June 1976 in Budokan Hall in Tokyo, Japan. Webster Field. Ali had a boxer vs. Naval Air Station Patuxent River. Indian Head Naval Surface Weapons Center. Fort Meade. Bethesda Naval Medical Center. Andrews Air Force Base. Aberdeen Proving Ground. Consumer Product Safety Commission. U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Social Security Administration (SSA). Smithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC). National Security Agency (NSA). Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). National Institutes of Health (NIH). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Goddard Space Flight Center. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Census Bureau. Federal Agencies
Appalachian Mountains. Physical formations
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