Milk

[12] Introduction to Dairy Science,Guelph. The discs can also be played on many antique music boxes bearing the Polyphony and Regina brand names. This has the effect that the milk is transformed into a relatively stable foam, which occupies a much larger volume than the original liquid. They stand out by their continuing production of discs, with a selection of about a thousand tunes. Casein, together with other components, thereby forms a tough film which surrounds the water vapour bubbles of boiling milk, preventing them from breaking. They offer clockwork, spring wound models as well as electric ones. On heating, this subtle architecture is destroyed: milk reaches a temperature (below boiling point of water) in which protein molecules are irreversibly changed in their spatial arrangement (denatured). The Porter Music Box company of Vermont produces steel disc music boxes in several formats.

At and below room temperature, droplets are arranged in a way that protects them from coalescing. The company is an industrial concern which also makes magnetic and hologram card readers, appliance components, industrial robots and miniature motors of all kinds. Proteins have the ability of coating bubbles and stabilizing foams; milk is an emulsion of very small fat droplets coated by casein. Recently, it has started selling licences for its music box tunes to cellular phone companies, for use as ring tones. The reason behind the quick expansion of milk on heating is due to its chemical composition. Sankyo Seiki bills itelf as the biggest manufacturer of music boxes in the world, and advertises that it controls 50% of the market. Milk does not actually reach boiling point faster than water. It also supplies movements to many other manufacturers, or to clockmakers and clockmaker suppliers which sometimes sell them retail to hobbyists for as low as 3 Euros each.

The most durable form of milk is milk powder which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. In Japan Sankyo Seiki still makes a wide variety of music boxes from tiny musical keychains to much larger models. Condensed milk, made by removing most of the water, can be stored for many months, unrefrigerated. They also sell several models of clear acrylic paperweights with a musical box movement inside, for a minimum of about 45 Euros. Sterilized milk, which is heated for a much longer period of time, will last even longer, but also lose more nutrients and assume a still different taste. The higher range boxes with removable cylinders and small assorted tables made of fine woods can cost up to 34,000 Euros and about an equivalent number of US dollars. The spoilage of milk can be forestalled by using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment; milk so treated can be stored unrefrigerated for several months until opened. They have in a sense branched out widely from their original cylinder offerings since they now also offer traditional looking music boxes with removable metal disks for around a 1,000 Euros, with each disk costing in the neighborhood of 14 Euros.

Most milk is pasteurized by heating briefly and then refrigerated to allow transport from factory farms to local markets. Located near Lake Neuchâtel, Reuge is one of the last of the Swiss survivors making music boxes of all sizes and shapes, with or without automatons in imitation of past models of the previous centries or in a modern style with clear acrylic sides to see the mechanical operation. In order to prevent spoilage, milk can be kept refrigerated and stored between 1 and 4 degrees Celsius. Some went back to making watches, others were eventually responsible for the famous Bolex movie cameras and the Hermes typewriters. Through pasteurization, however, these lactic acid bacteria are mostly destroyed, which means that other germs can grow unfettered and thus cause decomposition. Between the two world wars most of the swiss companies converted to the manufacture of other products requiring precise mechanical parts. The ensuing acidity in turn prevents other germs from growing, or slows their growth significantly. They are eagerly sought by collectors who have the space for their large or very large cabinets.

The naturally-occurring lactic acid bacteria in raw milk, under suitable conditions, quickly produce large amounts of lactic acid. Because most of the coin-operated music boxes were built for rough treatment (such as typical slapping and kicking by a disgruntled customer) many of these large models have survived into the 21st century, despite their relatively low production quantities. Pasteurized cow's milk, on the other hand, spoils in a way that makes it unsuitable for consumption, causing it to assume an unpleasant odor and pose a high danger of food poisoning if ingested. However, since they produced music instead of playing back any sound, including human voices singing, they soon disappeared from their intended venues, displaced by the jukebox. There are four noted periods of milk decay:. These were, in an sense, the precursors to jukeboxes. This fermentation process is exploited in the production of various dairy products such as cheese and yogurt. Some of the models had a mechanism for automatically changing the metal disks.

This is the result of fermentation: lactic acid bacteria turning the milk sugar into lactic acid. In Switzerland coin-operated music boxes, usually capable of playing several tunes, were installed in places like train stations and amusement parks. When raw milk is left standing for a while, it turns sour. Surviving musical boxes from the 19th century and the early 20th century are prized by collectors and there is a more or less constant manufacturing of reproductions. [11]. These movements are also sold in retail outlets or by catalog for hobbyists who wish to make simple musical miniatures. Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals contains more than 50% fat. Cheap windup music box movements (including the cylinder and comb and the spring) continued to be produced in countries like Japan, and later on in other countries with low production costs, to give a bit of music to mass produced jewelry boxes and novelty items.

In Russia and Sweden, small moose dairies also exist. A few of the original ones found new markets. In addition to cows, the following animals provide milk for dairy products:. Series production rapidly disappeared and all the important companies closed their doors. Whole milk is recommended to provide sufficient fat for developing toddlers who have graduated from breast milk or infant formula. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th most musical boxes were gradually replaced by Player pianos, which were more versatile and loud, and also melodious, when kept tuned, and by the smaller gramophones which had the advantage of playing back voices. The best-selling variety of milk is semi-skimmed; in some countries full-cream (whole) milk is generally seen as less healthy and skimmed milk is often thought to lack taste. Some devices could do both at the same time, and were often combinations of player pianos and musical boxes, such as the Orchestrion.

For skimmed or semi-skimmed milk, all of the fat content is removed and then some (in the case of semi-skimmed milk) is returned. Instead, the cylinder (or disk) worked by actuating bellows and levers which fed and opened pneumatic valves which activated a modified wind instrument or plucked the chords on a modified string instrument. Full cream, or whole milk, has the full milk fat content (about 3-4% if Friesian- or Holstein-breed are the source). The term "musical box" is also applied to clockwork devices where a removable metal disk or cylinder was used only in a "programming" function without producing the sounds directly by means of pins and a comb. In the United States, skim milk is also known as "fat free" milk, due to USDA regulations stating that any food with less than 1/2 gram of fat per serving can be labeled "fat free". The cylinder based machines rapidly became a minority. In Britain, it is possible to get Channel Island milk, which is 5.5% fat. In the last decades of the 19th century however, mass produced models such as the Polyphon and others all made use of interchangeable metal disks instead of cylinders.

Modern commercial dairy processing techniques involve first removing all of the butterfat, and then adding back the appropriate amount depending on which product is being produced on that particular line. The switch over to cylinders seems to have been complete after the Napoleonic wars. Generally all store-bought milk in Canada has been homogenized, yet the term is also used as a name to describe butterfat content for a specific variety of milk. The very first boxes at the end of the 18th century made use of metal disks. "Homogenized" milk (or "Homo milk" in short) refers to milk which is 3.25% butterfat. In some exceptional models there were four springs, to provide continuous play for up to three hours. Note: In Canada "whole" milk refers to unhomogenized milk. In some of the costlier models, the cylinders could be removed to change melodies, thanks to an invention by Paillard in 1862, which was perfected by Metert, of Geneva in 1879.

and Canada is sold as:. The cylinders were normally made of metal and powered by a spring. Milk in the U.S. By the end of the 19th century some of the European makers had opened factories in the United States. In some countries these are:. There were also a few manufacturers in Bohemia and Germany. Cow's milk is generally available in several varieties. The first musical box factory was opened there in 1815 by Jérémie Recordon and Samuel Junod.

Condensed milk is distributed in metal cans, 250 and 125 ml paper containers and 100 and 200 ml squeeze tubes, and powdered milk (skim and whole) is distributed in boxes or bags. For most of the 19th century the bulk of musical box production was concentrated in Switzerland, building upon a strong watchmaking tradition. Milk comes in a variety of containers with local variants:. They were usually powered by clockwork and originally produced by artisan watchmakers. Many people feel that such "UV protected" milk tastes better. Most of them were table top specimens though. Ultraviolet light from fluorescent lighting can destroy some of the proteins in milk so many companies that once distributed milk in transparent or highly translucent containers are now using thicker materials that block the harmful rays. The musical boxes could have any size from that of a hat box to a large piece of furniture.

Most people purchase milk in plastic jugs or bags or in waxed-paper cartons. The original snuff boxes were tiny containers which could fit into a gentleman's waist coat pocket. Glass milk containers are rare these days. . Milk preserved in this fashion does not need to be refrigerated before opening and has a longer shelf life than milk in ordinary packaging. Alec Templeton, an avid collector of music boxes, and a professional concert musician, once noted that the tone of a musical box is unlike that of any musical instrument (although it is best described as somewhere between the timbres of an mbira and a celesta). Milk preserved by the UHT process is sold in boxes often called a "brick" that lack the peak of the traditional milk carton. Some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and small bells, in addition to the metal comb.

In the US, pictures of missing children were printed on the larger milk cartons as a public service until it was determined that this was disturbing to children. They were developed from musical snuff-boxes of the 18th century, and called carillons à musique. The half-pint milk carton is the traditional unit as a component of school lunches. A musical box (or music box) is a 19th century automatic musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder so as to strike the tuned teeth of a steel comb. Recently milk has been sold in smaller resealable bottles made to fit in automobile cup holders. This function is played by the cylinder in a cylinder music box. First the gallon and half-gallon sizes were sold in plastic jugs while the smaller sizes were sold in milk cartons. The disc is the programming object, a metallic version of a punched card which, like it has holes to express a program, star wheels which turn with the disc produce music by striking the teeth of the comb at the correct time.

Now milk is increasingly sold in plastic bottles. This function is payed by the disc in a disc music box. In the United States bottles were replaced with milk cartons, tall boxes with a square cross-section and a peaked top that can folded outward upon opening to form a spout. The cylinder is the programming object, a metallic version of a punched card which, instead of having holes to express a program, is studded with tiny pins at the correct spacing to produce music by striking the teeth of the comb at the correct time. In New Zealand, milk is no longer distributed in glass bottles. The comb is a flat piece of metal with dozens or even hundreds of tuned teeth of different lengths. In the UK, milk can be delivered daily by a milkman who travels his local milk round (route) using a battery-powered milk float, although this is becoming less popular as a result of supermarkets selling milk at cheaper prices. The spring motor or motors (2 or more can be used to make playing times longer) give anywhere from a few minutes to an hour or more of playing time.

Prior to the widespread use of plastics, milk was often distributed to consumers in glass bottles, and before that in bulk that was ladled into the customer's container. The ratchet lever or the windup key is used to put the spring motor under tension, that is to wind it up. People buy it chilled at grocery or convenience stores or similar retail outlets. The bedpan is the relatively heavy metal foundation on which all the other pieces are fastened, usually by screws. In many countries milk used to be delivered to households daily, but economic pressure has made milk delivery much less popular, and in many areas daily delivery is no longer avialable. Because of the perishable nature of milk, expeditious distribution is desirable.

http://www.notmilk.com/kradjian.html. This article, published by PETA, highlights some of the debate. Also there has been some controversy over whether or not humans, or any other mammals, are designed to consume milk after infancy. The following studies are used to support this position:.

Overconsumption of Cow's milk is argued to be unhealthy primarily due to its fat and cholesterol content. [2]. Overweight individuals who drink milk may benefit from decreased risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Studies show possible links between low-fat milk consumption and reduced risk of arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity.

A serving (1 cup or 250 ml) of 2%-fat milk contains 285 mg of calcium, which represents 22% to 29% of the daily recommended intake (DRI) of calcium for an adult, depending on the age, 8 grams of protein, and a number of other nutrients (either naturally or through fortification):. Raw Milk Versus Pasteurized Milk. The resulting pasteurized product is said to contribute to its own indigestability, be less nutritious, and turn rancid (as opposed to sour) with age. Those preferring raw milk argue that the pasteurization process also kills beneficial microorganisms and important nutritional constituents.

South Australia has the highest consumption of flavoured milk per person, where Farmers Union Iced Coffee outsells Coca-Cola, a success shared only by Inca Kola in Peru and Irn-Bru in Scotland. Chocolate-flavored milk has been sold for many years, followed recently by other flavors of milk and cream. Milk often has flavoring added to it for better taste or as a means of improving sales. Milk, sold commercially in countries where the cattle (and often the people) live indoors, commonly has vitamin D added to it to make up for lack of exposure to UVB radiation.

This mechanically reduces the size of the fat globules, so that they will not separate out into a cream layer. A complementary process for commercial milk is homogenization. In many countries it is illegal to sell milk that is not pasteurized. Dairies print expiration dates on each container, after which stores will remove any unsold milk from their shelves.

Pasteurized milk is still perishable and must be stored cold by both suppliers and consumers. Pasteurization kills many harmful microorganisms by heating the milk for a short time and then cooling it for storage and transportation. Milk produced for commercial consumption usually undergoes several processes. Half-and-half is used for creaming coffee and similar uses.

In the United States, a blended mixture of half cream and half milk is often sold in smaller quantities and is called half-and-half. The cream is often sold as a separate product with its own uses. Upon standing, fresh milk has a tendency to separate into a high-fat cream layer on top of a larger, skim-milk layer. Most dairies are local companies, as opposed to large or nationwide companies found in the southern hemisphere.

In North America a dairy facility processes milk and products obtained from milk (dairy products), such as cream, butter, and cheese. Dairy farming has become such a large business that in many countries the process is highly automated, with farmers using machines that attach directly to the teats of the cow's udder to speed milking, and breeds of cattle, such as Holstein, specially bred for increased milk production. It is the most commonly consumed form of milk. In the Western world, cow's milk is extracted on an industrial scale for human consumption and industrial uses.

Some human populations (most notably Europeans) retain the ability to digest lactose into adulthood. In humans, production of lactase can decline in adulthood, leading to an inability to digest milk; this is known as lactose intolerance. Lactose in milk is digested with the help of the enzyme lactase. Factors such as the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules and the strength of the curd are among those than can vary.[1] For example:.

The composition of milk differs widely between species. . It can reduce the risk of many diseases in both mother and baby. The early lactation milk is known as colostrum, and carries the mother's antibodies to the baby.

Human milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by the female expressing her milk to be saved and fed later. It can also be used to mean:. It is also processed into dairy products such as cream, butter, yoghurt, ice-cream, gelato, cheese, casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additive and industrial products. The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals and provides the primary source of nutrition for newborns before they are able to digest more diverse foods.

Milk most often means the nutrient fluid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals. The milk has dehydrated and become hard and chalky). Dry (beyond use. A period of aromatic decay sets in accompanied by mould).

Coagulation (beyond use. Curdling (separation of curd and whey will occur but may still be consumable). Milk is still consumable at this stage). Rancid (also called "on the turn".

Reindeer. Water buffalo. Yaks. Camels (including the South American camelids).

Donkeys. Horses. Goats. Sheep.

Skim (no fat). 1/2 % (very low fat). 1 % (low fat). 2 % (reduced fat).

Whole varieties. Skimmed (about 0.1% fat). Semi-skimmed ("reduced fat" or "low fat", about 1.5-1.8% fat). Full cream (or "whole" in North America, about 3.25% fat).

The bag is then placed in a plastic jug and the corner cut off before the milk is poured. South Africa: Commonly sold in 1 litre bags. Most UHT-milk is packed in 1 litre paper containers with a sealed plastic spout. Australia and New Zealand: Distributed in a variety of sizes, most commonly in Tetra Paks for up to 1 litres, and plastic screw-top bottles beyond that.

United Kingdom: Most stores stock the equivalents of old Imperial sizes: 568 ml (1 pint), 1.136 l (2 pints), 2.273 l (4 pints) or, rarely, a combination including both metric and imperial sizes). Parts of Europe: Sizes of 500 millilitres, 1 litre (the most common), 2 litres and 3 litres are commonplace. 4 litre plastic jugs are also available. Canada: A 1 1/3 litre plastic bag (sold as 4 litres in 3 bags) is the most common, while 2 litre, 1 litre, 500 millilitre, and 250 millilitre cartons are also available.

The US single-serving size is usually the half-pint (about 240 ml). customary units) of rigid plastic or, occasionally for sizes less than a gallon, waxed cardboard. United States: Commonly sold in gallon, half-gallon and quart containers (U.S. A review published by the World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research states that at least 11 human population studies have linked dairy product consumption and prostate cancer.

There is no evidence that any such problem is specific to milk. A study suggests a correlation between high calcium intake and prostate cancer.[10]. [8][9]. Two studies show a correlation between high galactose consumption, and high rates of ovarian cancer.

A February 2005 study found a positive association between acne and the consumption of whole milk, skim milk, and other dairy products in high-school-age women.[7]. Researchers were surprised by their conclusion that weight gain was associated with dietary calcium and low-fat or skim milk, but not dairy fat.[6]. A study published in June 2005 suggests that consumption of milk by 9- to 14-year-old children is associated with weight gain, although the researchers identify that excessive calorie intake is the cause rather than dairy specific factors. Critics of milk claim that plant-based sources of calcium are preferable, on the grounds that animal proteins in milk causes leaching or excretion of calcium from bones.[5] Such critics refute the claim that milk prevents osteoporosis and make the counterclaim that milk, in fact, contributes to that disease.

Studies have failed to associate high calcium intakes with lower risk of hip and forearm fractures in men[3] or women[4]. Critics dispute the claim that drinking large amounts of milk can reduce the risk of bone fractures, especially in the elderly. Certain ethnic groups may be more susceptible to these effects. For those individuals, milk may induce symptoms such as cramping, bloating, gas, and diarrhoea.

Up to 70% of humans have an incomplete ability to digest milk, lactose intolerance. Low-fat and non-fat forms of milk may mitigate any such risk. Some milk is rich in saturated fat, which studies have linked to increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Conjugated linoleic acid - beneficial fatty acid that inhibits several types of cancer in mice, has been shown to kill human skin cancer, colorectal cancer and breast cancer cells in in vitro studies, and may help lower cholesterol and prevent atherosclerosis; only available in milk from grass-fed cows.

Thiamine - B-vitamin important for cognitive function, especially memory. Selenium - cancer-preventive trace mineral. Potassium and Magnesium - for cardiovascular health. Vitamin A - critical for immune function.

Biotin and Pantothenic Acid - B vitamins important for energy production. Vitamin B12 and Riboflavin - necessary for cardiovascular health and energy production. Iodine - a mineral essential for thyroid function. Vitamins D and K - essential for bone health.

Cow's milk contains, on average, 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Human milk contains, on average, 1.1% protein, 4.2% fat, 7.0% lactose (a sugar), and supplies 72 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Crop milk, the regurgitated substance pigeons feed their young. A non-animal substitute such as soy milk, rice milk, and almond milk.

The white juice and the processed meat of the coconut in more-or-less liquid form, used especially in Thai, Indian (Kerala), and Polynesian cuisine.