Massachusetts

It is also one of the highest scoring states on advanced placement tests. The 1982 event, also known as Cold Sunday, featured temperatures as low as -40°F (-40°C) in some of the suburbs as little as 10 miles (16km) to the north of Milwaukee, although the city itself did not approach such cold temperatures. It has one of the lowest high-school dropout rates in the nation and is tied with New Jersey for having the 2nd highest percentage of students who go on to college after high-school. The coldest temperature ever experienced by the city was -26°F (-32°C) on both January 17, 1982 and February 4, 1996. Massachusetts is known for having one of the best public school systems in the nation. Milwaukee's all-time record high temperature is 105°F (41°C) set on July 17, 1995. Massachusetts also is home to well-known independent research institutions, including Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Marine Biological Laboratory. Also, the relative humidity in the summer is far higher than that of comparable cities at the same latitude, meaning that it feels hotter than it really is.

Music schools include Berklee and the New England Conservatory. Milwaukee's proximity to Lake Michigan causes a convection current to form mid-afternoon, resulting in the so-called lake effect, causing the temperatures to be warmer in the winter, and cooler in the summer ("cooler by the lake" is practically boilerplate language for local meteorologists during the summer). Other notable Massachusetts colleges include Hampshire College and the flagship campus of the University of Massachusetts). Out of the total population, 31.6% of those under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. In addition to MIT, technology-oriented universities include Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and University of Massachusetts Lowell, which includes the former Lowell Institute of Technology ("Lowell Tech"). 21.3% of the population and 17.4% of families are below the poverty line. Massachusetts is home to one Ivy League university (Harvard) and four of the Seven Sisters (Mount Holyoke, Radcliffe College (now a research institute at Harvard), Smith, and Wellesley). The per capita income for the city is $16,181.

News & World Report, 10 of the nation's top-50 colleges and universities are located in Massachusetts: Amherst College, Boston College, Brandeis University, Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Tufts University, Wellesley College and Williams College. Males have a median income of $32,244 versus $26,013 for females. According to U.S. The median income for a household in the city is $32,216, and the median income for a family is $37,879. Massachusetts hosts more prominent colleges and universities than any other state in the U.S. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 87.2 males. The population of metropolitan Boston surges noticeably during the school year due to the concentration of colleges and universities in the area (see list of colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston). For every 100 females there are 91.6 males.

Eight Boston-area institutions (Boston College, Boston University, Brandeis, Harvard, MIT, Northeastern, Tufts, and UMass/Boston) call themselves "research universities;" they became, according to them, "engines of economic growth" following World War II, and currently contribute $7 billion annually to the local economy [3] (http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2003/econimpact.html). The median age is 31 years. population, but is home to many of its most renowned preparatory schools, colleges, and universities[2] (http://www.utexas.edu/world/univ/state/) (see full list of colleges and universities in Massachusetts). In the city the population is spread out with 28.6% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who are 65 years of age or older. Massachusetts contains only 2.5% of the U.S. The average household size is 2.50 and the average family size is 3.25. Massachusetts cities and towns of historical or cultural importance include. 33.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.5% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts has a total of 50 cities and 301 towns, grouped into 14 counties. There are 232,188 households out of which 30.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.2% are married couples living together, 21.1% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% are non-families. See also: List of Massachusetts counties; List of cities in Massachusetts. 12.00% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Barnstable and Dukes Counties have adopted modern county charters, enabling them to act as efficient regional governments. The racial makeup of the city is 49.98% White, 37.34% African American, 0.87% Native American, 2.94% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 6.10% from other races, and 2.71% from two or more races. The governments of Bristol, Plymouth, and Norfolk Counties remain substantially unchanged. There are 249,225 housing units at an average density of 1,001.7/km² (2,594.4 per square mile).

This law was later amended to abolish Hampshire County on January 1, 1999; Essex County on July 1 of that same year; and Berkshire County on July 1, 2000. Chapter 34B of the Massachusetts General Laws (http://www.state.ma.us/legis/laws/mgl/gl-34B-toc.htm) provides that other counties may also vote to abolish themselves, or to reorganize as a "regional council of governments", as Hampshire and Franklin Counties have done. The population density is 2,399.5/km² (6,214.3 per square mile). The law abolishing Middlesex County also provided for the elimination of Hampden County and Worcester County on July 1, 1998. As of the census² of 2000, there are 596,974 people, 232,188 households, and 135,133 families residing in the city. Later that year, the Franklin County Commission voted itself out of existence. Other large population groups include Polish (12.7%), Irish (10%), English (5.1%), Italian (4.4%), French (3.9%), and Hispanic origin totaled 6.3%. The government of Middlesex County was officially abolished on July 11, 1997. In the 2000 census, over a third (38 percent) of Milwaukeeans reported that they were of German descent.

Mismanagement of Middlesex County's public hospital in the mid 1990s left that county on the brink of insolvency, and in 1997 the legislature stepped in by assuming all assets and obligations of the county. The total area is 0.88% water. The government of Nantucket County, which is geographically coterminous with the Town of Nantucket, is operated along similar lines- the town selectmen (executive branch) act as the county commissioners. 248.8 km² (96.1 square miles) of it is land and 2.2 km² (0.9 mi²) of it is water. Thus, residents of the other three Suffolk County communities do not have a voice on the county commission, but all the county expenses are paid by the city of Boston. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 251.0 km² (96.9 square miles). The government of Suffolk County was substantially integrated with the city government of Boston more than one hundred years ago, to the extent that the members of the Boston city council are ex officio the Suffolk County Commissioners, and Boston's treasurer and auditor fulfill the same offices for the county. It is crossed by Interstate 43 and Interstate 94, which come together downtown at the Marquette Interchange.

By the 1990s, most functions of county governments (including operation of courts and road maintenance) had been taken over by the state, and most county governments were seen as inefficient and outmoded. Milwaukee lies along the shores of Lake Michigan near the meeting points of three rivers: the Menomonee, the Kinnickinnic and the Milwaukee. However, many residents also identify with neighborhoods, villages, or other districts of their towns. Milwaukee's downtown area is about 90 miles north of the Chicago Loop. Census Bureau, which in most data products considers towns to be minor civil divisions, equivalent to townships in other states (usually with much weaker forms of government). Smaller festivals througout the year celebrate the city's German, Native American, African-American, Italian, Irish, Asian, French and Polish heritage. This complicates comparisons with other states, as most residents identify strongly with the town or city in which they reside, and not with the "populated places" as defined and used in the U.S. Listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest music festival in the world, Summerfest attracts around 900,000 visitors a year to its twelve stages.

In contrast, the cities and towns of Massachusetts divide up all of the land between them and there are no "unincorporated" areas or population centers. Milwaukee has advertised itself as the "City of Festivals," especially emphasizing an annual fair along the lakefront called Summerfest. County governments have significant importance, particularly to those living outside towns, and often perform major functions such as operating airports. It is also home to a number of professional sports teams including:. In contrast, the state is completely apportioned into counties. Milwaukee is home to the Florentine Opera, the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, the Milwaukee Ballet, Milwaukee Repertory Theatre, Skylight Opera Theatre, and a number of other arts organizations. Between the towns are unincorporated areas, usually quite large, which do not belong to any town. The Milwaukee Public Museum and Milwaukee County Zoo are also notable public attractions.

In many states, a town is a compact incorporated area. The museum includes a "brise soleil," a moving sunscreen that quite literally unfolds like the wing of a bird. Massachusetts municipalities are subject to a budgetary law known as "Proposition 2½", by which they may not increase expenditures by more than 2½% per annum without the approval of the voters in a plebiscite. Milwaukee's most visually prominent cultural attraction is the Milwaukee Art Museum, and especially its new $100 million wing designed by Santiago Calatrava in his first American commission. Massachusetts has a very limited home rule mechanism; in order to exercise jurisdiction outside of these bounds, a municipality must petition the General Court for special legislation giving it that authority. Milwaukee also has a large number of financial service firms, particularly those specializing in mutual funds, and a disproportionate number of publishing and printing companies. These cities are legally styled "the City Known as the Town of X". Among these are Briggs & Stratton, Harley-Davidson, Johnson Controls, Manpower Inc., Marshall & Ilsley, Northwestern Mutual, Rockwell Automation, Roundy's and Wisconsin Energy.

There are now a number of municipalities which are legally cities and thus have city councils, but retained the word "town" in their names, including Agawam, Methuen, Watertown, Weymouth, and Westfield. Milwaukee is headquarters to six Fortune 1000 manufacturers and six Fortune 1000 service companies. This distinction dates to the 1820s; prior to that, all municipalities were governed by Town Meeting. Milwaukee's reputation as a blue collar town is more accurate, however, with 22 percent of the workforce involved in manufacturing -- second only to San Jose, CA and far higher than the national average of 16.5%. Service and managerial jobs are the fastest growing segments of the Milwaukee economy, and healthcare makes up 27% of all service jobs in the city. Politically, the only difference between a town and a city is that a town is governed under the Town Meeting or Representative Town Meeting form of government, whereas a city has a city council (and may or may not have a mayor, a city manager, or both). Although most people associate Milwaukee's reputation with its breweries, today companies like Miller Brewing employ less than one percent of the city's workers. Massachusetts law maintains a distinction between "cities" and "towns"; the largest town in population is Framingham. The liberal tradition of these peoples led to decades of socialist government in Milwaukee during the twentieth century.

Massachusetts shares with the six New England states, plus New York and New Jersey, a governmental structure known as the "New England town.". A replica of his tiny log cabin is in the same park.) German immigrants helped increase the city's population during the 1840s and the following decades. Milwaukee still today has a large German-American population. The three largest Protestant denominations in Massachusetts are: Baptist (4% of total state population), Episcopalian (3%), Methodist & Congregationalist (tied 2%). Juneau's statue gazes upon the buildings of downtown Milwaukee, with its back to Lake Michigan. The religious affiliations of the people of Massachusetts are:. (His statue is part of the montage at the right - the frontiersman with the rifle, in the center of the montage. The five largest ancestries in Massachusetts are Irish (22.5%), Italian (13.5%), English (11.4%), French (8%), German (5.9%). Juneau was Milwaukee's first mayor.

Historically, the coast has been much more urban than Western Massachusetts, which is very rural, save for the cities of Springfield and Worcester. In 1846, Juneau's town combined with neighboring rival towns (Kilbourn Town and Walker's Point) to incorporate the city of Milwaukee. The bulk of this population surrounds Greater Boston, with approximately 5,800,000 people, and the North and South Shores. In 1818, Frenchman Solomon Juneau settled in the area. Juneau bought out his father-in-law's trading business, and in 1833 he founded a town on the east side of the Milwaukee River. The population of Massachusetts is 6,433,422 (US Census, 2003). French missionaries and traders passed through the area in the late 1600s and 1700s. See the list of Massachusetts places by per capita income. Milwaukee received its name from the Indian word Millioke which is thought to have meant "The Good Land", or "gathering place by the water".

Other sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, health care, financial services and tourism. The Milwaukee area was originally inhabited by the Fox, Mascouten, Potawatomi, and Winnebago Indian tribes. Thanks largely to the Ocean Spray cooperative, Massachusetts is the second largest cranberry producing state in the union (after Wisconsin). The city is located in the southeastern portion of the state on the western shore of Lake Michigan. Its industrial outputs are machinery, electric equipment, scientific instruments, printing, and publishing. The city of Milwaukee is the 19th largest city in the United States. Its agricultural outputs are seafood, nursery stock, dairy products, cranberries, and vegetables. The city's population is 596,974 with an estimated total of 1,709,926 in the Milwaukee metropolitan area (2004).

Per capita personal income in 2003 was $39,504, 4^th in the nation. Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin, United States and the county of Milwaukee. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (http://www.bea.gov/) estimates that Massachusetts's total state product in 2003 was $297 billion. Leroy Chiao — astronaut, Commander and Science Officer for International Space Station Expedition 10 in orbit as of October 16, 2004 for a 6-month mission. See the articles on same-sex marriage in the United States and same-sex marriage in Massachusetts. [2] (http://www.jsonline.com/news/Metro/nov03/184367.asp). Following a November 2003 decision of the state's Supreme Court, Massachusetts became the first state to issue same-sex marriage licenses on May 17, 2004. Lloyd and Jane Pettit —Well known philanthropists of Bradley family fortune, who gifted the Bradley Center and Pettit National Ice Center.

When informed that the Democratic National Convention would be in Boston, House Majority Leader Dick Armey remarked, "If I were a Democrat, I suspect I'd feel a heck of a lot more comfortable in Boston than, say, America." While campaigning in the western part of the country, President Bush would often jab, "My opponent says he's in touch with the West, but sometimes I think he means Western Massachusetts." The stump speech that he used at many of his campaign stops included many such disparaging remarks directed at Massachusetts and New England in general. Golda Meir—prime minister of Israel. During the 2004 Presidential Election, Massachusetts was the target of many GOP regionalist attacks along the campaign trail. Jack Kilby—Nobel laureate, co-inventor of the integrated circuit. During the Colonial period, Massachusetts was one of the leading states in the fight for independence. Herbert Simon—Nobel laureate for advances in artificial intelligence (AI): the influence of Milwaukee even showed up in his professional work; as the inventor of bounded rationality, Simon showed that people work only as much as needed, and then adjust their priorities to other, perhaps more enjoyable things, an attitude which is very common in a city dedicated to gemuetlich pursuits and beer. The liberal tendencies of Massachusetts extend throughout American history: in the 19th century, Massachusetts was a center of abolitionism, having been the first state to abolish slavery by law. West Town.

Two of these governors, Paul Cellucci and Jane Swift took office when their predecessors resigned to take other positions. West End. Although Republicans have held the governor's office continuously from 1991 to the present, many of these (especially William Weld, the first of the recent lineage of Republican governors) are considered among the most moderate or progressive Republicans in the nation. Still poor and black, but more stable. Congress. Washington Park: Area bordering the dangerous and poverty-striken Metcalfe Park. state represented by one party in the U.S. Washington Heights.

It is the home of the Kennedy family of political fame, and routinely votes for the Democratic Party in federal elections. As of 2004, it is by far the largest U.S. Almost all black. Massachusetts has a reputation as being a politically liberal state, and is often used as an archetype of liberalism in the U.S. Mixture of extreme poverty to stately homes from block to block. The most populated part of western Massachusetts is the "Pioneer Valley", alongside the Connecticut River, which flows across Western Massachusetts from north to south. Walnut Hill: Another inner-city neighborhood on the north side, near center street and Teutonia. Western Massachusetts is more rural and sparsely populated, especially in the Berkshires, the branch of the Appalachian Mountains which forms the western border of the state. Famous mexican restaurants such La Perla, Conjahitos, and La Fuenta line S 5th street, a vibrant hub for college kids and mexican locals alike.

Most of the population of the Boston metropolitan area (approximately 5,800,000) does not live in the city; eastern Massachusetts on the whole is fairly densely populated and largely suburban. This is the beginning, geographically, of Milwaukee's vast southside hispanic community. Boston is the largest city, located at the inmost point of Massachusetts Bay, at the mouth of the Charles River, the longest river entirely within Massachusetts. Further south, along national and mineral streets, the neighborhood becomes an ecclectic mix of art galleries, mexican restaurants and nightclubs. A few cities and towns on the Massachusetts–Rhode Island border are also adjacent to Narragansett Bay. The underbelly of Milwaukee's gay scene, seedy gay bars and strip joints line South 1st street and Florida street south of the river. Massachusetts is known as the Bay State because of the several large bays that give its coastline its distinctive shape: Massachusetts Bay and Cape Cod Bay on the state's east coast, and Buzzards Bay to the south. Just south of this area, is a somewhat abandoned area that is the heart of Milwaukee's gay community outside of the east side.

The islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket lie to the south of Cape Cod. This area of the city has incredible potential to be the next third ward. At the southeastern corner of the state is a large, sandy, arm-shaped peninsula called Cape Cod. The northern part of the neighborhood, near 2nd and the river, is a desolate wasteland of old warehouses with charming old-style ads painted on the buildings. Massachusetts is bordered on the north by New Hampshire and Vermont, on the west by New York, on the south by Connecticut and Rhode Island, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. It lies just south of the third ward, and is less expensive than its northern counterpart. Massachusetts is commonly referred to by residents both as "the state" and as "the Commonwealth." For example, on March 22, 2005, one Boston Globe story said that opponents of a proposal saw it as "burdening the state with more law schools than it needs," while another published the same day noted that "the Commonwealth faces difficult spending choices.". Walker's Point: A vibrant mix of yuppie, gay, artist and Mexican immigrants.

In his "Life and Works", Adams wrote: "There is, however, a peculiar sense in which the words republic, commonwealth, popular state, are used by English and French writers, who mean by them a democracy, a government in one centre, and that centre a single assembly, chosen at stated periods by the people and invested with the whole sovereignty, the whole legislative, executive and judicial power to be included in a body or by committees as they shall think proper." Source: [1] (http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm). 5-6 story brick buildings are the average height in this neighborhood on all streets, giving it a very cosmpolitain and "big city" feel. In this draft, Part Two of the Constitution, under the heading "Frame of Government", states, "that the people...form themselves into a free, sovereign, and independent body politic, or state by the name of The Commonwealth of Massachusetts." The first draft of the Constitution, and all acts and resolves up to 1780, had used the name "State of Massachusetts Bay"; but since the adoption of the second draft of the Constitution the state has always been referred to as The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. As Milwaukee's warehouse district, it often is said to resemble SoHo in New York in some areas. The name "Commonwealth" for Massachusetts can be traced to the second draft of the state Constitution, written by John Adams and accepted by the people in 1780. Third Ward: A haven for yuppies, the third ward has become increasingly high rent. There may have been some anti-monarchic sentiment informing the use of the word Commonwealth, which was also used to mean 'republic'. Story Hill.

In the era leading up to 1780, when the state Constitution was ratified, the word Commonwealth was the preferred term among political writers for a whole body of people constituting a nation or state. Now, it is a stable, middle class area with beautiful, lavishly built homes. federal government's use of the term "commonwealth" to refer to the status of certain insular areas such as Puerto Rico. Sherman Park: A middle class black area that used to be the heart of Milwaukee's Jewish population on the north side. states that use the name "Commonwealth"; the others are Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky; this is distinct from the U.S. As the name implies, it lies just west of the river from the east side, it's more expensive and exclusive "cool" counterpart. It is one of four U.S. In a city known for it's segregation, Riverwest defies that logic by having a demographic make up of 1/3 white, 1/3 black and 1/3 other, mostly hispanic, asian and Iranian.

Massachusetts is officially termed "the Commonwealth of Massachusetts" (rather than "State") by its constitution. Riverwest Hyperlinked Neighborhood Map (http://riverwest.iqee.com): The punk-rock/artist neighborhood in Milwaukee, it is also easily the most racially diverse. Retrieved March 24, 2005)
* Celebrated only in Suffolk County (Boston, Chelsea, Revere, Winthrop). Piggsville. Secretary of the Commonwealth Massachusetts web page (http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm). It is the heart of the Milwaukee ghetto, and a very dangerous area. (Galvin, William F., (2005). Now, an eight block area remains desolate, with no buildings or trees, and weeds growing in the streets. The area surrouding this area is extremely dangerous, and is often nicknamed "Little Beruit." Many people have been "mob-beaten" in this area, and some killed, sometimes by children.

Whenever a holiday falls on a Sunday it is observed on the following Monday. Much of the interior section of the neighborhood has been completely wiped out, buildings that were demoished for a freeway that was to be built in the area but never was. Constitution, Amendments, Article CXX (November, 1990). it is small, only covering about a 40 block area, bounded by North Aveneue on the north and Walnut on the south, 18th street on the east and 25th on the west. Mass. Metcalfe Park: Usually the considered the most dangerous area of Milwaukee. 1. Martin Drive.