Martin Luther King, Jr.

Besides winning the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, in 1965 the American Jewish Committee presented the Reverend Dr. In the late 1940s he demonstrated the existence of paradoxical solutions to Albert Einstein's field equations in general relativity. Their presence nearby has led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination. Gödel showed that both the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis are true in the constructible universe, and therefore must be consistent. King. In that work he introduced the constructible universe, a model of set theory in which the only sets which exist are those that can be constructed from simpler sets. Immediately following the shooting, all six agents rushed out of the station and were the first people to administer first-aid to Dr. He also continued to work on logic and in 1940 he published his work Consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum-hypothesis with the axioms of set theory which is a classic of modern mathematics.

Using papered-over windows with peepholes cut into them, the agents watched over the scene until MLK was shot. He studied the works of Gottfried Leibniz in detail and, to a lesser extent, those of Kant and Edmund Husserl. The FBI was assigned to observe King during the appearance he was planning to make on the Lorraine Motel second-floor balcony later that day, and utilized the fire station as a makeshift base. At the Institute, Gödel's interests turned to philosophy and physics. Across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the rooming house in which James Earl Ray was staying, was an vacant fire station. After they arrived in San Francisco on March 4, 1940, Kurt and Adele took a train to Princeton, where he resumed his membership in the IAS. United States District Judge John Lewis Smith, Jr., ordered all known copies of the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968, be held in the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027. In January 1940 he and his wife left Europe via the trans-Siberian railway and traveled via Russia and Japan to the USA.

Kelley, et al. Since Germany had abolished the title of Privatdozent Gödel would now have to fear conscription into the Nazi army. Clarence M. After the Anschluss in 1938 Austria had become a part of Nazi Germany. and Southern Christian Leadership Conference v. After this he visited the USA once more in the spring of 1939 at the University of Notre Dame. Kelley, et al. In the autumn of 1938 he visited the IAS again.

Clarence M. He married Adele on September 20, 1938. Lee v. He returned to teaching in 1937 and during this time he worked on the proof of consistency of the continuum hypothesis; he would go on to show that this hypothesis cannot be disproved from the common system of axioms of set theory. On January 31, 1977, in the cases of Bernard S. The travelling and the hard work had exhausted him and the next year he had to recover from a depression. Finally, the Bureau's investigation shifted away from King's personal life to intelligence and counterintelligence work on the direction of the SCLC and the Black Power movement. Gödel would visit the IAS again in the autumn of 1935.

The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he didn't cease his civil rights work. at Princeton, took notes of these lectures which have been subsequently published. The Bureau distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family. Stephen Kleene, who had just completed his Ph.D. Accounts of such behavior also have been provided by King's associates, including close friend Ralph Abernathy. In 1934 Gödel gave a series of lectures at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton entitled On undecidable propositions of formal mathematical systems. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, demonstrates that he also engaged in numerous extramarital sexual affairs. This work was developed in number theory, using the construction of the Gödel numbers.

Later, the focus of the Bureau's investigations shifted to attempting to "discredit" King through revelations regarding his private life. During this year he also developed the ideas of computability and recursive functions to the point where he delivered a lecture on general recursive functions and the concept of truth. The Committee was renamed in 1969 and eventually abolished. He delivered an address to the annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society. HUAC later was discredited for its coercion of witnesses and the manner in which it sought to implicate individuals with vague and often sweeping accusations and assumptions of guilt by association. In this year he took his first trip to the USA, during which he met Albert Einstein who would become a good friend. The attempt to smear King as a communist was in keeping with the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot, but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators." Movement leaders countered that voter disenfranchisement, lack of education and employment opportunities, discrimination and vigilante violence were the reasons for the strength of the Civil Rights Movement, and that blacks had the intelligence and motivation to organize on their own. However after Schlick, whose seminar had aroused Gödel's interest in logic, was murdered by a National Socialist student, Gödel was much affected and had his first nervous breakdown.

For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to Communism, stating at one point that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida"—to which Hoover responded by calling King "the most notorious liar in the country.". Hitler's rise to power in 1933, in Germany had little effect on Gödel's life in Vienna since he did not have much interest in politics. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Levison. Gödel earned his Habilitation at the UV in 1932 and in 1933 he became a Privatdozent (unpaid lecturer) there. The Bureau also informed then-Attorney General Robert Kennedy and then-President John F. He did this using a process known as Gödel numbering. The Bureau placed wiretaps on Levison and King's home and office phones, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country. To make this precise, however, Gödel needed to solve several technical issues, such as encoding proofs and the very concept of provability within integer numbers.

Levison was a man whom the bureau suspected of involvement with the Communist Party, USA, to which another key King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked by sworn testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). That is, a formula which obtains in arithmetic, but which is not provable from any humanly constructible set of axioms for arithmetic. Its investigations were largely superficial until 1962, when it learned that one of King's most trusted advisers was New York City lawyer Stanley Levison. Thus there will always be at least one true but unprovable statement. The FBI began tracking King and the SCLC in 1961. If it were provable it would be false, which contradicts the fact that provable statements are always true. Edgar Hoover, who had deeply detested the civil rights leader. Gödel essentially constructed a formula that claims that it is unprovable in a given formal system.

King had a mutually antagonistic relationship with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), especially its director, J. In hindsight, the basic idea of the incompleteness theorem is rather simple. [9]. It also implies that not all mathematical questions are computable. He is supported by King assassination author Gerald Posner. These theorems ended a hundred years of attempts to establish a definitive set of axioms to put the whole of mathematics on an axiomatic basis such as in the Principia Mathematica and Hilbert's formalism. Pepper's claims that the government killed King. In this article he proved that for any computable axiomatic system that is powerful enough to describe arithmetic on the natural numbers (e.g. the Peano axioms or ZFC) it holds that:.

Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray." [8] King biographer David Garrow disagrees with William F. In 1931 he published his famous incompleteness theorems in Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme. I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and the mobility to have done it himself. He added a combinatorial version to his completeness result, which was published by the Vienna Academy of Sciences. .. In 1930 a doctorate in Philosophy was granted to Gödel. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. In this dissertation he established the completeness of the first-order predicate calculus (also known as Gödel's completeness theorem).

[And] within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. In 1929 Gödel became an Austrian citizen and later that year he completed his doctoral dissertation under Hans Hahn's supervision. Jesse Jackson, who was with King at the time of his death, noted "The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. He started to publish papers on logic and attended a lecture by David Hilbert in Bologna on completeness and consistency of mathematical systems. Rev. While at UV Kurt met his future wife Adele Nimbursky (née Porkert). The jury of six whites and six blacks found Jowers guilty and that "governmental agencies were parties" to the assassination plot.[6] [7]. Kurt then studied number theory, but when he took part in a seminar run by Moritz Schlick which studied Bertrand Russell's book Introduction to mathematical philosophy he became interested in mathematical logic.

Jowers claimed to have received $100,000 to arrange King's assassination. He read Kant's Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, and participated in the Vienna Circle with Moritz Schlick, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap. In 1999, Coretta Scott King, King's widow (also a civil rights leader), along with the rest of King's family won a wrongful death civil trial against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators". During this time he adopted ideas of mathematical realism. In 1997 Martin Luther King's son Dexter King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a trial. Although initially intending to study theoretical physics he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy. Ray and six other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee on June 10, 1977 shortly after Ray testified that he did not shoot King to the House Select Committee on Assassinations, but were recaptured on June 13 and returned to prison.[5] More years were then added to his sentence for attempting to escape from the penitentiary. By that time he had already mastered university-level mathematics.

Atlanta police found Ray's abandoned Mustang six days after King had been shot. At the age of 18 Kurt joined his brother Rudolf in Vienna and entered the UV. However, moments before the assassination, Ray had apparently suspected a setup and instead quickly left town in his Mustang, heading for Atlanta, Georgia. Already during his teens Kurt studied Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's Theory of Colours and criticisms of Isaac Newton, and the writings of Kant. Meanwhile, according to Green, two men, one of them allegedly a Memphis police detective, were waiting to ambush and kill Ray while Ray was on his way to the planned diner holdup and then plant the Remington rifle in the trunk of Ray's pale yellow (not white) 1966 Ford Mustang, effectively framing a dead man. His interest in mathematics increased when in 1920 his older brother Rudolf (born 1902) left for Vienna to go to Medical School at the University of Vienna (UV). King was shot a minute later by a sniper hidden in the shrubbery near the rooming house. Although Kurt had first excelled in languages he later became more interested in history and mathematics.

Dr. He attended German-language primary and secondary school in Brno and completed them with honors in 1923. on April 4th. In his German-speaking family young Kurt was known as Der Herr Warum (Mr Why). Green (who, like Ray, had asserted that FBI assistant director Cartha DeLoach headed the assassination plot) had claimed Ray had been ordered to stay in the rooming house and as a diversion for the purported bank heist, to then hold up a small diner near the rooming house at approximately 6:00 p.m. Kurt Gödel was born April 28, 1906, in Brünn (now Brno), Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic) to Rudolf Gödel, the manager of a textile factory, and Marianne Gödel (née Handschuh). After several trips to and from Canada and Mexico during this time, Ray had gone to Memphis after agreeing to participate (allegedly controlled by his mysterious benefactor "Raoul" who reportedly had weeks before while in Birmingham, Alabama ordered Ray to purchase the Remington Gamemaster rifle) in what he was told was a major bank robbery while King was in town--since city police resources would be dedicated toward maintaining security for King and his entourage, the intended bank heist would be much simpler than usual. .

King, Ray had been targeted as the patsy for the King assassination shortly before his April 1967 prison escape and had been tracked by the Bureau during his year as a fugitive. He published his most important result in 1931 at age of twenty-five when he worked at Vienna University, Austria. According to a former Pemiscot County, Missouri deputy sheriff, Jim Green, who claimed to have been part of an Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)-led conspiracy to kill Dr. Kurt Gödel was perhaps the greatest logician of the 20th century and one of the three greatest logicians of all time with Aristotle and Frege. Lomax had been publishing a series of investigative stories on the King assassination for the North American Newspaper Alliance, stories challenging the official view of the case, and had been reportedly pressured by the FBI to halt his investigation. Gödel made important contributions to proof theory; he clarified the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic and modal logic by defining translations between them. According to Ray, all of this had been accomplished with the aid of the still unidentified "Raoul." Investigative reporter Louis Lomax had also discovered the Missouri Department of Corrections, shortly after Ray's April 1967 prison escape, had sent the incorrect set of fingerprints to the FBI and had failed to notice or correct this error. He also produced celebrated work on the continuum hypothesis, showing that it cannot be disproven from the accepted set theory axioms, assuming that those axioms are consistent.

Also, Ray's petty criminal history had been one of colossal and repeated ineptitude, he'd been quickly and easily apprehended each time he committed an offense, behavior in sharp contrast to that of his shortly before and after the shooting; he'd easily managed to secure several different pieces of legitimate identification, using the names and personal data of living men who all coincidentally looked like and were of about the same age and physical build as Ray, he spent large sums of cash and traveled overseas without being apprehended at any border crossing, even though he had been a wanted fugitive. To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions into arithmetic. Moreover, witnesses surrounding King at the moment of his death say the shot came from another location, from behind thick shrubbery near the rooming house, not from the rooming house itself, shrubbery which had been suddenly and inexplicably cut away in the days following the assassination. Gödel's most famous works were his incompleteness theorems, the most famous of which states that any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe integer arithmetic will allow for "true" propositions about integers that can not be proven from the axioms. Many suspecting a conspiracy in the assassination point out the two separate ballistic tests conducted on the Remington Gamemaster had neither conclusively proved Ray had been the killer nor that it had even been the murder weapon. After World War II, at the age of 42, he obtained US citizenship. King had only two of Ray's fingerprints on it while the second-floor bathroom of Ray's rooming house, from where Ray (an average marksman who hadn't fired a rifle since his Army service in the late 1940s) was believed to have fired at King, contained none of Ray's fingerprints at all. When Hitler annexed Austria, Gödel automatically became a German citizen at age 32.

Among the claims used to support this assertion are the fact that the Remington Gamemaster Model 760 .30-06 caliber rifle Ray (a burglar and thief but not a killer or other violent criminal) had allegedly used to shoot Dr. He was born in Brünn in Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Brno in the Czech Republic), became a Czechoslovak citizen at age 12 when the Austro-Hungarian empire was broken up, and an Austrian citizen at age 23. Some speculate Ray had been a patsy much in the way alleged John Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald had supposedly been. Kurt Gödel [kurt gøːdl], (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics. He spent the remainder of his life attempting (unsuccessfully) to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had. (ISBN 0812694082). King," he may have been "partially responsible without knowing it," hinting at a conspiracy. Gödel Meets Einstein: Time Travel in the Gödel Universe. Open Court.

Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder, confessing to the assassination on March 10, 1969, (though he recanted this confession three days later) and was sentenced to 99 years in prison. A logical journey: From Gödel to philosophy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Two months after King's death, escaped convict James Earl Ray had been captured at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave Great Britain on a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd. Wang, Hao (1996). A crowd of 300,000 attended his funeral that same day. (ISBN 0-8147-5816-9). Four days later, President Lyndon Johnson declared a national day of mourning for the lost civil rights leader. Nagel, Ernst, & Newman, James R..Gödel's Proof. New York University Press.

The assassination led to a nationwide wave of riots in more than 60 cities. Gödel, Escher, Bach (ISBN 0465026567). He was pronounced dead several hours later. Hofstadter, Douglas. Friends inside the motel room heard the shot fired and ran to the balcony to find King shot in the jaw. (ISBN 0534575951). King was assassinated the next evening, April 4, 1968, at 6:01pm, on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, while preparing to lead a local march in support of the heavily black Memphis sanitation workers' union which was on strike at the time. On Gödel. Wadsworth.

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. Hintikka, Jaakko (2000). I'm not fearing any man. (ISBN 0393051692). I'm not worried about anything. Norton & Company. And so I'm happy tonight. W.

But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Godel (Great Discoveries). W. I may not get there with you. Goldstein, Rebecca (2005). And I've looked over, and I've seen the Promised Land. (ISBN 0738205184). And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. Gödel: A life of logic. Perseus.

I just want to do God's will. Depauli-Schimanovich, Werner, & Casti, John L. Longevity has its place, but I'm not concerned about that now. (ISBN 1568810253). Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Logical dilemmas: The life and work of Kurt Gödel. A K Peters. talk about the threats that were out -- what would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers... Dawson, John W.

some began to.. (1940). It really doesn't matter what happens now... The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. On April 3, 1968, King prophetically told a euphoric crowd:. (Available in English at http://home.ddc.net/ygg/etext/godel/ ). demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. 38 (1931).

The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C. Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, vol. In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. If the system is consistent, then the consistency of the axioms cannot be proved within the system. Speech in front of his staff.). (It is this theorem that is generally known as the incompleteness theorem.). November 14, 1966. The system cannot be both consistent and complete.

(Frogmore, S.C. There must be a better distribution of wealth and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism. with capitalism... Now this means that we are treading in difficult water, because it really means that we are saying that something is wrong..

You are messing with captains of industry... You're really tampering and getting on dangerous ground because you are messing with folk then. You can't talk about ending the slums without first saying profit must be taken out of slums. You can't talk about solving the economic problem of the Negro without talking about billions of dollars.

Though his public language was guarded, so as to avoid being linked to communism by his political enemies, in private he sometimes spoke of his support for democratic socialism [4]):. Toward the end of his life, King more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice. He began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the political and economic life of the nation. The speech was a reflection of King's evolving political advocacy in his later years.

TIME called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for Radio Hanoi (a propaganda radio station run by the North Vietnamese Army during the Vietnam War)", and the Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people.". King was long hated by many white southern segregationists, but this speech turned the more mainstream media against him. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just." [3]. A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth.

On April 4, 1967— exactly one year before his death— King spoke out strongly against the US's role in the war, insisting that the US was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the US government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today." But he also argued that the country needed larger and broader moral changes:. Starting in 1965, King began to express doubts about the United States' role in the Vietnam War. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States. His "Letter from Birmingham Jail", written in 1963, is a passionate statement of his crusade for justice.

Throughout his career of service, King wrote and spoke frequently, drawing on his long experience as a preacher. It is regarded, along with President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory. King's I Have a Dream speech electrified the crowd. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protestors in Washington's history.

More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial onto the National Mall and around the reflecting pool. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. The march did, however, make specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public school; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $2 minimum wage for all workers; and self-government for the District of Columbia, then governed by congressional committee. As a result, some civil rights activists who felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington," and members of the Nation of Islam who attended the march faced a temporary suspension.[2].

However, the group acquiesced to presidential pressure and influence, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone. Organizers intended to excoriate and then challenge the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks, generally, in the South. The march originally was conceived as an event to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the South and a very public opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation, but the organizers were firm that the march would proceed.

Kennedy in changing the focus of the march. For King, this role was another which courted controversy, as he was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC; and James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were: Roy Wilkins, NAACP; Whitney Young, Jr., Urban League; A.

King, representing SCLC, was among the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. The march finally went ahead fully on March 25, with the agreement and support of President Johnson, and it was during this march that Willie Ricks coined the phrase "Black Power" (widely credited to Stokely Carmichael). This unexpected action aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement. The second attempt at the march on March 9 was ended when King stopped the procession at the Edmund Pettus Bridge on the outskirts of Selma, an action which he seemed to have negotiated with city leaders beforehand.

The footage of the police brutality against the protestors was broadcast extensively across the nation and aroused a national sense of public outrage. Johnson, he had attempted to delay the march until March 8, but the march was carried out against his wishes and without his presence by local civil rights workers. After meeting with President Lyndon B. King, however, was not present.

Bloody Sunday was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the Civil Rights Movement, the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King's nonviolence strategy. This day since has become known as Bloody Sunday. The first attempt to march on March 7, was aborted due to mob and police violence against the demonstrators. King and SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, then attempted to organise a march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, for March 25, 1965.

King and the SCLC joined forces with SNCC in Selma, Alabama, in December 1964, where SNCC had been working on voter registration for a number of months. Augustine, Florida, in 1964. King and the SCLC were instrumental in the unsuccessful protest movement in Albany, in 1961–1962, where divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by local government defeated efforts; in the Birmingham protests in the summer of 1963; and in the protest in St. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.

King and the SCLC applied the principles of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out in often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into United States law with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. King organized and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, fair hiring, and other basic civil rights. Indeed, journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights workers and marchers, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that made the Civil Rights Movement the single most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.

King correctly identified that organized, nonviolent protest against the racist system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality and voting rights. King was an adherent of the philosophies of nonviolent civil disobedience used successfully in India by Mahatma Gandhi, and he applied this philosophy to the protests organized by the SCLC. The SCLC derived its membership principally from black communities associated with Baptist churches. The organization's nonviolent principles were criticized by the younger, more radical blacks and challenged by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) then headed by James Foreman.

King continued to dominate the organization until his death. Following the campaign, King was instrumental in the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957, a group created to harness the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a United States Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation on intrastate buses. The situation became so tense that King's house was bombed.

The boycott lasted for 381 days. He was a leader of the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott which began when Rosa Parks refused to comply with Jim Crow law and surrender her seat to a white man. In 1954, King became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. The four children all have one thing in common: They have followed their father's footsteps as civil rights activists, although pet issues and opinions differ among the King children.

King and Scott had four children:. The wedding ceremony took place in Scott's parents' house in Marion, Alabama, and was performed by King's father. King married Coretta Scott on June 18, 1953. For further information see authorship issues.

Later, however, scholars at the King Papers project found that King plagiarized portions of his doctoral dissertation and academic papers, although Boston University did not revoke King's degree. in Systematic theology from Boston University in 1955. He received his Ph.D. His application to Yale Divinity School was rejected, and he graduated from Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania [1] with a Bachelor of Divinity in 1951.

(Birth records list King's first name as Michael, apparently due to some confusion on the part of the family doctor regarding the true name of his father, who was known as Mike throughout his childhood.) He graduated from Morehouse College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology in 1948. and Alberta Williams King. Martin Luther King, Sr. King was born in Atlanta, Georgia to the Rev.

. holiday, was established in his honor. A decade and a half after his 1968 assassination, Martin Luther King Day, a U.S. history and in the modern history of non-violence, and is considered a hero, peacemaker and martyr by many people around the world.

He is one of the most significant leaders in U.S. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. Ph.D., (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was a Nobel Laureate, Baptist minister, and African American civil rights activist. Bernice Albertine (March 28, 1963, Atlanta, Georgia). Dexter Scott (January 30, 1961, Atlanta, Georgia).

Martin Luther III (October 23, 1957, Montgomery, Alabama). Yolanda Denise (November 17, 1955, Montgomery, Alabama).