Marie Curie

(Redirected from Maria Sklodowska-Curie) Marie Curie, one of the few people to win two Nobel Prizes in different fields, was one of the most significant researchers of radiation and its effects as a pioneer of radiology. Until her granddaughter recently had them decontaminated her notes were radioactive. Listen to this article · (info) This audio file was created from the revision dated 2005-08-17, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (audio help) More spoken articles

Marie Curie (Maria Skłodowska-Curie, November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934), (Dolega coat of arms) was a Polish-born French chemist and pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw.

Biography

Born in Warsaw, Poland, her first years were sorrowful ones, marked by the death of her sister and, four years later, her mother. She was notable for her diligent work ethic, neglecting even food and sleep to study. After graduating from high school, she suffered a mental breakdown for a year. Due to her gender, she was not allowed admission into any Russian or Polish universities so she worked as a governess for several years. Eventually, with the monetary assistance of her elder sister, she moved to Paris and studied chemistry and physics at the Sorbonne, where she became the first woman to teach.

At the Sorbonne she met and married another instructor, Pierre Curie. Together they studied radioactive materials, particularly the uranium ore pitchblende, which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. By 1898 they deduced a logical explanation: that the pitchblende contained traces of some unknown radioactive component which was far more radioactive than uranium; thus on December 26th Marie Curie announced the existence of this new substance.

Over several years of unceasing labour they refined several tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive components, and eventually isolated initially the chloride salts (refining radium chloride on April 20, 1902) and then two new chemical elements. The first they named polonium after Marie's native country, and the other was named radium from its intense radioactivity.

Nobel Prize Diploma

Together with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". She was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

Eight years later, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1911 "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". In an unusual move, Curie intentionally did not patent the radium isolation process, instead leaving it open so the scientific community could research unhindered.

She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two people who has been awarded a Nobel Prize in two different fields, the other being Linus Pauling.

Historical 20 000 złoty banknote of Poland with face of Maria Skłodowska

After her husband's death, she supposedly had an affair with physicist Paul Langevin, a married man who had left his wife, which resulted in a press scandal, invented by her academic opponents to smear her credibility. Despite her fame as an honored scientist working for France, the public's attitude to the scandal tended towards xenophobia—she was a foreigner, from an unknown land (Poland was still referred to as a geographical area, under the Russian Tsar), an area known to have a significant Jewish population (Marie was an atheist, raised a Catholic, but that didn't seem to matter). France at the time was still reeling from the effects of the Dreyfus affair, so the scandal's effect on the public was all the more acute. It is a strange coincidence that Paul Langevin's grandson Michel later married her granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot.

During World War I, she pushed for the use of mobile radiography units for the treatment of wounded soldiers. These units were powered using tubes of radium emanation, a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later to be identified as radon. Marie personally provided the tubes, milked from the radium she purified. Promptly after the war started, she cashed in her and her husband's gold Nobel Prize Medals for the war effort.

In 1921, she did a tour of the United States, where she was welcomed triumphantly, to raise funds for research on radium.

In her later years, she was disappointed by the myriad of physicians and makers of cosmetics who used radioactive material without precautions.

Her death near Sallanches, France in 1934 was from leukemia, almost certainly due to her massive exposure to radiation in her work.

Her elder daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935, the year after Marie Curie's death. Her younger daughter, Eve Curie, wrote her biography Madame Curie after her death.

In 1995, Madame Curie was the first woman laid to rest under the famous dome of The Panthéon in Paris on her own merits. There is a 1943 U. S. Oscar-nominated film based on it. An extremely ahistorical Marie Curie appears as a character in the comedy Young Einstein by Yahoo Serious.

Curie's picture was on the Polish inflationary late-1980s 20,000-zloty banknote. Her picture also appeared on the French 500 franc note and on stamps and coins.

Element 96 Curium (Cm) was named in her and Pierre's honour.

Bibliography

  • Madame Curie: A Biography, by Eve Curie, ISBN 0306810387
  • Marie Curie: A Life, by Susan Quinn, ISBN 0201887940
  • Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, by Barbara Goldsmith, ISBN 0393051374

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Element 96 Curium (Cm) was named in her and Pierre's honour. During the 2005 season, Manny Ramírez is the 3rd highest paid player in Major League Baseball at the yearly salary of $19,906,820.00. Her picture also appeared on the French 500 franc note and on stamps and coins. His season was capped off by being named the MVP of the World Series as he led the Red Sox to their first title since 1918. Curie's picture was on the Polish inflationary late-1980s 20,000-zloty banknote. Along with Derek Jeter (a single), Ichiro Suzuki (a double) and Iván Rodríguez (a triple), Ramírez made history as the American League became the first All-Star team to hit for the cycle during the same inning. An extremely ahistorical Marie Curie appears as a character in the comedy Young Einstein by Yahoo Serious. In the All-Star Game, facing Roger Clemens in the top of the first inning, Ramirez knocked out a two-run home run giving his teammates an immediate 3-0 lead.

Oscar-nominated film based on it. Also along with Ortiz, Ramírez hit back-to-back home runs six times, tying the major league single season set by Hank Greenberg and Rudy York (Detroit Tigers) and Frank Thomas and Magglio Ordóñez (Chicago White Sox). S. In addition, Ramírez and David Ortiz became the first pair of American League teammates to hit 40 home runs, have 100 RBI, and bat .300 since the Yankees Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in 1931, and the first Red Sox duo with 40 homers since Tony Armas and Jim Rice (1984). There is a 1943 U. He led the American League in home runs (43), slugging average (.613) and OPS (1.009); finished 3rd in RBI (130), 6th in on base percentage (.397), 8th in base on balls (82), 10th in runs (108), and posted a .308 batting average. In 1995, Madame Curie was the first woman laid to rest under the famous dome of The Panthéon in Paris on her own merits. Coupled with impressive play on the field, this absolved Ramírez in the eyes of many Boston fans and sportswriters.

Her younger daughter, Eve Curie, wrote her biography Madame Curie after her death. He displayed a good attitude and an enthusiasm for playing, two qualities his critics had charged that he lacked. Her elder daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935, the year after Marie Curie's death. In 2004, nevertheless, Ramírez silenced his critics. Her death near Sallanches, France in 1934 was from leukemia, almost certainly due to her massive exposure to radiation in her work. All 29 other teams passed, due to the length and costs of his contract. In her later years, she was disappointed by the myriad of physicians and makers of cosmetics who used radioactive material without precautions. After the season, the Red Sox put him on irrevocable waivers, meaning he was had but for the asking.

In 1921, she did a tour of the United States, where she was welcomed triumphantly, to raise funds for research on radium. Despite his strong play in the 2003 post-season, Ramírez's Red Sox lost in heartbreaking fashion to Wilson's Yankees in the ALCS. Promptly after the war started, she cashed in her and her husband's gold Nobel Prize Medals for the war effort. When it was learned that he had been seen in a hotel bar with close friend, Yankees infielder Enrique Wilson, the controversy grew, causing Boston manager Grady Little to bench Ramírez for one game. Marie personally provided the tubes, milked from the radium she purified. Some Red Sox fans criticized the outfielder, saying he should have played despite the ailment. These units were powered using tubes of radium emanation, a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later to be identified as radon. In the summer of 2003, Ramirez found himself as the latest victim of the Boston Sports Media's thirst for blood when he missed several games with pharyngitis.

During World War I, she pushed for the use of mobile radiography units for the treatment of wounded soldiers. His 165 RBI total in 1999 was the highest by any player since Jimmie Foxx in 1938; and made him the first player to have more RBI's than games played in a season since Ted Williams in 1949. It is a strange coincidence that Paul Langevin's grandson Michel later married her granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot. He made the All-Star team four times, and hit 127 homers and 432 RBI in 415 games over last three seasons. France at the time was still reeling from the effects of the Dreyfus affair, so the scandal's effect on the public was all the more acute. From 1993 to 2000 Ramírez collected 236 home runs and 804 RBI in 967 games for the Cleveland Indians, including a career-high 45 home runs in 1998, and a team-record career-high 165 RBI in 1999, when he hit .333 with 44 homers and 131 runs (also a career-high). Despite her fame as an honored scientist working for France, the public's attitude to the scandal tended towards xenophobia—she was a foreigner, from an unknown land (Poland was still referred to as a geographical area, under the Russian Tsar), an area known to have a significant Jewish population (Marie was an atheist, raised a Catholic, but that didn't seem to matter). During the 2004 season, he was nominated for play of the year because of a spectacular catch he made in left field at Yankee Stadium to rob Miguel Cairo of a home-run.

After her husband's death, she supposedly had an affair with physicist Paul Langevin, a married man who had left his wife, which resulted in a press scandal, invented by her academic opponents to smear her credibility. While playing for Cleveland in the sixth inning of Game 6 of the 1998 American League Championship Series, he turned his back on a line drive off the bat of the New York Yankees Derek Jeter and attempted a leaping catch at the top of the right field wall, only to have the ball hit him in the back of the feet. She is one of only two people who has been awarded a Nobel Prize in two different fields, the other being Linus Pauling. Ramirez has been known to be involved in several comical misadventures while playing the outfield. She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. Ramírez is aggressive playing balls off the Green Monster and holding runners to singles. In an unusual move, Curie intentionally did not patent the radium isolation process, instead leaving it open so the scientific community could research unhindered. He still has trouble at times with footwork, his range is limited, but his arm is fairly strong and he has soft hands.

Eight years later, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1911 "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". Ramírez is a serviceable fielder, although is unlikely to win any Gold Glove Awards. She was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. He has good power that way and seems content to go with the pitch, but he is not afraid to take the occasional free walk. Together with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". He does most of his damage from center field to the right field line. The first they named polonium after Marie's native country, and the other was named radium from its intense radioactivity. He combines power, contact and patience at the plate, against left-handed pitchers and righties equally well, but he still doesn't pull the ball very often for a power hitter.

Over several years of unceasing labour they refined several tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive components, and eventually isolated initially the chloride salts (refining radium chloride on April 20, 1902) and then two new chemical elements. Ramirez is universally considered one of the best all-around righthanded hitters in the American League. By 1898 they deduced a logical explanation: that the pitchblende contained traces of some unknown radioactive component which was far more radioactive than uranium; thus on December 26th Marie Curie announced the existence of this new substance. He has totaled 390 home runs and 1270 RBI in 1535 games. Together they studied radioactive materials, particularly the uranium ore pitchblende, which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. Through the 2004 season, Ramírez is a career .316 hitter, with a .397 on base percentage and a .613 slugging average. At the Sorbonne she met and married another instructor, Pierre Curie. .

Eventually, with the monetary assistance of her elder sister, she moved to Paris and studied chemistry and physics at the Sorbonne, where she became the first woman to teach. In 2004, he became an American Citizen. Due to her gender, she was not allowed admission into any Russian or Polish universities so she worked as a governess for several years. Though originally from the Dominican Republic, he grew up in the Washington Heights section of New York City a short distance away from Yankee Stadium. After graduating from high school, she suffered a mental breakdown for a year. He bats and throws right-handed. She was notable for her diligent work ethic, neglecting even food and sleep to study. Previously, Ramírez played with the Cleveland Indians (1993-2000).

Born in Warsaw, Poland, her first years were sorrowful ones, marked by the death of her sister and, four years later, her mother. Manny Ramírez [rah-MEE-rez], born Manuel Arístides Ramírez (May 30, 1972 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic), nicknamed "Manny", is an outfielder in Major League Baseball who plays for the Boston Red Sox (since 2001). . He was featured on the cover of the Electronic Arts Sports electronic game MVP Baseball 2005 [1]. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw. Ramírez appealed to fans by joining the 2004 Red Sox tradition of growing a unique hairstyle, maintaining a solid set of dreadlocks throughout the season. Marie Curie (Maria Skłodowska-Curie, November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934), (Dolega coat of arms) was a Polish-born French chemist and pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate. 20 grand slams - 1st and 2nd.

Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, by Barbara Goldsmith, ISBN 0393051374. 129 intentional walks - 12th and 56th. Marie Curie: A Life, by Susan Quinn, ISBN 0201887940. 1.010 OPS - 3rd and 9th. Madame Curie: A Biography, by Eve Curie, ISBN 0306810387. 785 extra base hits - 18th and 89th. .599 slugging average - 3rd and 8th.

.411 on base percentage - 9th and 35th. 1270 RBI - 12th and 98th. 410 home runs - 9th and 38th. .316 batting average - 4th and 69th.

Career rankings among active players and on the All-Time lists

    . 4-time Top 10 AL in times on base (1997, 1999, 2003-04). 4-time Top 10 AL hitters (1997, 1999-2000, 2003). 5-time Top 10 AL in RBI (1995, 1998, 2000-01, 2004).

    7-time Top 10 AL in home runs (1998-2004). 7-time Top 10 AL MVP (1998-2004). 8-time Top 10 AL in total bases (1996-99, 2001-04). Twice led AL in intentional walks (2001, 2003).

    Twice led AL in on base percentage (2002-03). 3-time led AL in OPS (1999-2000, 2004). 3-time led AL in slugging percentage (1999-2000, 2004). Led AL in RBI (1999).

    Led AL in home runs (2004). Won American League batting crown (2002, .349). 7-time Silver Slugger Award (1995, 1999-2004). 2-time Hank Aaron Award (1999, 2004).

    World Series MVP Award (2004). 9-time All-Star (1995, 1998-2005). The trade deadline behind him, Ramírez began his new life with the Red Sox with a go-ahead, pinch-hit single in the eighth inning, thrilling the Fenway Park crowd that thought he might be traded and giving Boston a 4-3 victory over the Minnesota Twins. As the trade deadline approached, the Red Sox discussed a three-team trade with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and New York Mets, but a deal was not reached before the trading deadline.

    July 31: Although he is one of the most productive batters in major league history, Ramírez has been on the trading block every year as the Red Sox try to unload the remainder of his $160 million, eight-year contract, often at Ramirez's behest. Only Lou Gehrig, with 23, has hit more grand slams than Ramírez. July 5: Hit his 20th career grand slam —and his third of the season— off Chris Young of the Texas Rangers. Ramírez is one of only 39 other baseball players to ever hit this many home runs.

    May 16: Reached a major career milestone by hitting his 400th home run off Gil Meche of the Seattle Mariners.