Margaret Sanger

(Care is) the only cure for abortions." Sanger consistently regarded birth control and abortion as the responsibility and burden first and foremost of women, and as matters of law, medicine and public policy second.¹. [1][2]. She wrote in a 1916 edition of Family Limitation, "no one can doubt that there are times when an abortion is justifiable," though she framed this in the context of her birth control advocacy, adding that "abortions will become unnecessary when care is taken to prevent conception. Despite this minor fiasco, the judge, who was apparently a very patient person, still awarded Gödel his citizenship. Her opposition to abortion stemmed primarily from a concern for the dangers to the mother, and less so from legal concerns or the welfare of the unborn child. An amusing anecdote relating to Gödel relates that he apparently informed the presiding judge at his citizenship hearing, against the pleadings of Einstein, that he had discovered a way in which a dictatorship could be legally installed in the United States. Although Sanger's views on abortion (like many of her opinions) changed throughout the course of her life, she was acutely aware of the problem of abortion in her early years, typically self-induced or with the aid of a midwife. It is an international organization for the promotion of research in the areas of logic, philosophy, and the history of mathematics.

She is reviled, however, by some who condemn her as "an abortion advocate" (perhaps unfairly so: abortion was illegal during Sanger's lifetime and Planned Parenthood did not then support the procedure or lobby for its legalisation) or who disagree in principle with Eugenics. The Kurt Gödel Society (founded in 1987) was named in his honor. She is widely acknowledged to have been the founder of the birth control movement and remains an iconic figure for the American reproductive rights movements. He had no children. Sanger remains a controversial figure. Kurt Gödel died of starvation on January 14, 1978, in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. In their article about Margaret Sanger, Planned Parenthood notes:. Due to his paranoia this meant that Gödel refused to eat any food at all.

Although Margaret Sanger espoused racist beliefs, she fought for the rights of minorities. Not only was this a cause of deep sorrow for Gödel, it also meant that his wife could no longer cook for him. In a mix of socialist and eugenic thought, Sanger blamed economic factors involved in choice of spouse for contributing to suboptimal human reproduction, and argued for more assertive public health and eugenics measures. Shortly before Gödel's death, his wife had become extremely ill and was consequently incapacitated in a hospital bed. We further maintain that it is her right, regardless of all other considerations, to determine whether she shall bear children or not, and how many children she shall bear if she chooses to become a mother.". As mentioned, Gödel suffered from paranoid psychological disorder. We maintain that a woman possessing an adequate knowledge of her reproductive functions is the best judge of the time and conditions under which her child should be brought into the world. There is an ironically titled biography of the great mathematician called, "Gödel: A Life of Logic.".

"Eugenists imply or insist that a woman's first duty is to the state; we contend that her duty to herself is her first duty to the state. For this reason Gödel would only eat his wife's cooking, refusing to even eat his own cooking for fear of being poisoned; this, in particular, would turn out to be fatal for the great logician. And yet in "The Birth Control Review of February" 1919, she clarified her position:. Amongst his paranoias was the contention that unknown villains were trying to kill him by poisoning his food. While considered enlightened in some circles at the time, today such measures would be regarded as violations of human rights. All this caused Gödel to suffer further physical illness. "...certain dysgenic groups in our population," she continued, should be given their choice of "segregation or sterilization." [1]. The eccentric mathematician was a somewhat sickly man and was prescribed specific diets and medical regimens by doctors, but being as opinionated as he was, Gödel would often do the opposite of what his doctor would prescribe.

In 1932, for example, Sanger argued for. The great logician was a highly opinionated man, having a strong opinion on just about everything including his diet and his medical prescriptions. Sanger found supporters among believers in eugenics, a social philosophy (ultimately embraced in Nazism) that led to the rise of such practices as compulsory sterilization to discourage unsuitable persons from breeding in the name of perfecting the human race. He left the windows of his house constantly open because he believed that unknown villains were trying to kill him by pouring poison gas into his house. For her, masturbation was not just a physical act, it was a mental state:. In the middle of winter, Gödel would leave all of the windows open in his home, causing it to freeze. Sanger also considered masturbation dangerous:. The great mathematician would wear warm, winter clothing in the middle of summer.

Her thoughts on human development were also laden with racism:. Gödel was a shy, withdrawn and eccentric person, and suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. Men and woman who have it in control and constantly use their brain cells thinking deeply, are never sensual." Sexuality, for her, was a kind of weakness, and surmounting it indicated strength:. This is now known as Gödel's ontological proof. In What Every Girl Should Know, she wrote: "Every normal man and woman has the power to control and direct his sexual impulse. In the early seventies, Gödel, who was deeply religious, circulated among his friends an elaboration on Gottfried Leibniz' ontological proof of God's existence. Birth control, it would appear, was for her more a means to limit the undesirable side-effects of sex than a way of liberating men and women to enjoy it. Gödel was awarded (with Julian Schwinger) the first Einstein Award, in 1951, and was also awarded the National Medal of Science, in 1974.

While Sanger's understanding of and practical approach to human physiology were progressive for her times, her thoughts on the psychology of human sexuality place her squarely in the pre-Freudian 19th century. He became a full professor at the institute in 1953 and an emeritus professor in 1976. Her views on this issue are evident in the last pages of What Every Girl Should Know. citizen. Sanger was also an avowed socialist, blaming the evils of contemporary capitalism for the unsatisfactory conditions of the young working-class women. He became a permanent member of the IAS in 1946 and in 1948 he was naturalized as an U.S. Sanger also deplored the contemporary absence of regulations requiring registration of people diagnosed with venereal diseases (which she contrasted with mandatory registration of those with infectious diseases such as measles). These "rotating universes" would allow time travel and caused Einstein to have doubts about his own theory.

She claimed that these social ills were the result of the male establishment's intentionally keeping women in ignorance. In the late 1940s he demonstrated the existence of paradoxical solutions to Albert Einstein's field equations in general relativity. Sanger was particularly critical of the lack of awareness of the dangers of and the scarcity of treatment opportunities for venereal disease among women. Gödel showed that both the axiom of choice and the generalized continuum hypothesis are true in the constructible universe, and therefore must be consistent. An atheist, Sanger attacked the Christian church for its opposition to her message, blaming it for obscurantism and insensitivity to women's concerns. In that work he introduced the constructible universe, a model of set theory in which the only sets which exist are those that can be constructed from simpler sets. She also criticized the censorship of her reproductive literacy message by the civil and religious authorities, justified on moral grounds, as an effort by men to keep women in submission. He also continued to work on logic and in 1940 he published his work Consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum-hypothesis with the axioms of set theory which is a classic of modern mathematics.

Although Sanger was greatly influenced by her father, a freethinker, her mother's death left her with a deep sense of dissatisfaction concerning her own and society's medical ignorance. He studied the works of Gottfried Leibniz in detail and, to a lesser extent, those of Kant and Edmund Husserl. Sanger's books include Woman and the New Race (1920), Happiness in Marriage (1926), and an autobiography (1938). At the Institute, Gödel's interests turned to philosophy and physics. It was the apex of her fifty-year struggle. After they arrived in San Francisco on March 4, 1940, Kurt and Adele took a train to Princeton, where he resumed his membership in the IAS. Connecticut decision, which legalized birth control for married couples in the US. In January 1940 he and his wife left Europe via the trans-Siberian railway and traveled via Russia and Japan to the USA.

Sanger died in 1966 in Tucson, Arizona at age 87 only a few months after the landmark Griswold v. Since Germany had abolished the title of Privatdozent Gödel would now have to fear conscription into the Nazi army. She toured Europe, Africa, and Asia, lecturing and helping to establish clinics. After the Anschluss in 1938 Austria had become a part of Nazi Germany. In the early 1960s, Sanger promoted the use of the newly available birth control pill. After this he visited the USA once more in the spring of 1939 at the University of Notre Dame. She threatened to leave the country if Kennedy were elected, but evidently reconsidered after Kennedy won the election. In the autumn of 1938 he visited the IAS again.

Kennedy's position on birth control (though a Catholic, Kennedy did not believe birth control should be a matter of government policy). He married Adele on September 20, 1938. During the 1960 presidential elections, Sanger was dismayed by candidate John F. He returned to teaching in 1937 and during this time he worked on the proof of consistency of the continuum hypothesis; he would go on to show that this hypothesis cannot be disproved from the common system of axioms of set theory. From 1952 to 1959, she served as president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation; at the time, the largest private international family planning organization. The travelling and the hard work had exhausted him and the next year he had to recover from a depression. From 1939 to 1942, she was an honorary delegate of the Birth Control Federation of America. Gödel would visit the IAS again in the autumn of 1935.

In 1937, Sanger became chairperson of the Birth Control Council of America and launched two publications, The Birth Control Review and The Birth Control News. at Princeton, took notes of these lectures which have been subsequently published. Two years later, she became president of the Birth Control International Information Center. Stephen Kleene, who had just completed his Ph.D. In 1928, Sanger resigned as the president of the ABCL. In 1934 Gödel gave a series of lectures at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton entitled On undecidable propositions of formal mathematical systems. In 1927, Sanger helped organize the first World Population Conference in Geneva. This work was developed in number theory, using the construction of the Gödel numbers.

That year, she also formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control and served as its president of until its dissolution in 1937 after birth control under medical supervision was legalized in many states. During this year he also developed the ideas of computability and recursive functions to the point where he delivered a lecture on general recursive functions and the concept of truth. (renamed Margaret Sanger Research Bureau in her honor in 1940). He delivered an address to the annual meeting of the American Mathematical Society. It was the first legal birth control clinic in the U.S. In this year he took his first trip to the USA, during which he met Albert Einstein who would become a good friend. In 1923, under the auspices of the ABCL, she established the Clinical Research Bureau. However after Schlick, whose seminar had aroused Gödel's interest in logic, was murdered by a National Socialist student, Gödel was much affected and had his first nervous breakdown.

Slee. Hitler's rise to power in 1933, in Germany had little effect on Gödel's life in Vienna since he did not have much interest in politics. The next year, she married oil tycoon James Noah H. Gödel earned his Habilitation at the UV in 1932 and in 1933 he became a Privatdozent (unpaid lecturer) there. Little. He did this using a process known as Gödel numbering. C. To make this precise, however, Gödel needed to solve several technical issues, such as encoding proofs and the very concept of provability within integer numbers.

Sanger founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) in 1921 with Lothrop Stoddard and C. That is, a formula which obtains in arithmetic, but which is not provable from any humanly constructible set of axioms for arithmetic. That year, Sanger was sent to the workhouse for "creating a public nuisance.". Thus there will always be at least one true but unprovable statement. It was followed in 1917 by What Every Mother Should Know. If it were provable it would be false, which contradicts the fact that provable statements are always true. Haldeman-Julius "Little Blue Books." It not only provided basic information about such topics as menstruation, but also acknowledged the reality of sexual feelings in adolescents. Gödel essentially constructed a formula that claims that it is unprovable in a given formal system.

In 1916, Sanger published "What Every Girl Should Know," which was later widely distributed as one of the E. In hindsight, the basic idea of the incompleteness theorem is rather simple. She also contributed articles on health for the Socialist Party paper, The Call. It also implies that not all mathematical questions are computable. and resumed her activities, launching the periodical The Birth Control Review and Birth Control News. These theorems ended a hundred years of attempts to establish a definitive set of axioms to put the whole of mathematics on an axiomatic basis such as in the Principia Mathematica and Hilbert's formalism. However, the following year, she returned to the U.S. In this article he proved that for any computable axiomatic system that is powerful enough to describe arithmetic on the natural numbers (e.g. the Peano axioms or ZFC) it holds that:.

Sanger fled to Europe to escape prosecution. In 1931 he published his famous incompleteness theorems in Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme. It was raided by the police and Sanger was arrested for violating the post office's obscenity laws by sending birth control information by mail. He added a combinatorial version to his completeness result, which was published by the Vienna Academy of Sciences. In 1916, Sanger opened a family planning and birth control clinic in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the United States. In 1930 a doctorate in Philosophy was granted to Gödel. She also separated from William Sanger. In this dissertation he established the completeness of the first-order predicate calculus (also known as Gödel's completeness theorem).

In 1914, Sanger launched The Woman Rebel, a newspaper advocating birth control. In 1929 Gödel became an Austrian citizen and later that year he completed his doctoral dissertation under Hans Hahn's supervision. That same year, she also started writing a column for the New York Call entitled "What Every Girl Should Know." Distributing a pamphlet, Family Limitation, to poor women, Sanger repeatedly risked scandal and imprisonment by acting in defiance of the Comstock Law of 1873 which outlawed as obscene the dissemination of contraceptive information and devices. He started to publish papers on logic and attended a lecture by David Hilbert in Bologna on completeness and consistency of mathematical systems. In 1912, Sanger and her family moved to New York City, where she went to work in the poverty-stricken East Side slums of Manhattan. While at UV Kurt met his future wife Adele Nimbursky (née Porkert). Although stricken by tuberculosis, she gave birth to a son the following year, followed in subsequent years by a second son and a daughter who died in childhood. Kurt then studied number theory, but when he took part in a seminar run by Moritz Schlick which studied Bertrand Russell's book Introduction to mathematical philosophy he became interested in mathematical logic.

In 1902, she married William Sanger. He read Kant's Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, and participated in the Vienna Circle with Moritz Schlick, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap. After graduating from Claverack College in Hudson, Sanger trained as a nurse and worked for ten years in the affluent New York suburb of White Plains. During this time he adopted ideas of mathematical realism. Her mother was a devout Roman Catholic who had 11 children before dying of tuberculosis. Although initially intending to study theoretical physics he also attended courses on mathematics and philosophy. Sanger was born in Corning, New York. By that time he had already mastered university-level mathematics.

. At the age of 18 Kurt joined his brother Rudolf in Vienna and entered the UV. Initially meeting with fierce opposition, Sanger gradually won the support of the public and the courts and was instrumental in opening the way to universal access to birth control. Already during his teens Kurt studied Gabelsberger shorthand, Goethe's Theory of Colours and criticisms of Isaac Newton, and the writings of Kant. Margaret Higgins Sanger (September 14, 1879 – September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist. His interest in mathematics increased when in 1920 his older brother Rudolf (born 1902) left for Vienna to go to Medical School at the University of Vienna (UV). BlackGenocide.org Article opposed to Margaret Sanger. Although Kurt had first excelled in languages he later became more interested in history and mathematics.

The Margaret Sanger Papers Project. He attended German-language primary and secondary school in Brno and completed them with honors in 1923. Profile in Women's History section of About.com. In his German-speaking family young Kurt was known as Der Herr Warum (Mr Why). Profile on Time.com. Kurt Gödel was born April 28, 1906, in Brünn (now Brno), Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now the Czech Republic) to Rudolf Gödel, the manager of a textile factory, and Marianne Gödel (née Handschuh). Planned Parenthood profile of Margaret Sanger. .

ISBN 0-399-90019-5. He published his most important result in 1931 at age of twenty-five when he worked at Vienna University, Austria. New York: Richard Marek Publishers. Kurt Gödel was perhaps the greatest logician of the 20th century and one of the three greatest logicians of all time with Aristotle and Frege. 280. Gödel made important contributions to proof theory; he clarified the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic and modal logic by defining translations between them. Margaret Sanger: A Biography of the Champion of Birth Control, p. He also produced celebrated work on the continuum hypothesis, showing that it cannot be disproven from the accepted set theory axioms, assuming that those axioms are consistent.

Note 1: Gray, Madeline (1979). To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions into arithmetic. Works by Margaret Sanger at Project Gutenberg. Gödel's most famous works were his incompleteness theorems, the most famous of which states that any self-consistent recursive axiomatic system powerful enough to describe integer arithmetic will allow for "true" propositions about integers that can not be proven from the axioms. Correspondence between Sanger and Katharine McCormick. After World War II, at the age of 42, he obtained US citizenship. "The Case for Birth Control" (first published in the Woman Citizen, February 23, 1924). When Hitler annexed Austria, Gödel automatically became a German citizen at age 32.

What Every Girl Should Know. He was born in Brünn in Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Brno in the Czech Republic), became a Czechoslovak citizen at age 12 when the Austro-Hungarian empire was broken up, and an Austrian citizen at age 23. The Pivot of Civilization. Kurt Gödel [kurt gøːdl], (April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics. (ISBN 0812694082). Gödel Meets Einstein: Time Travel in the Gödel Universe. Open Court.

Yourgrau, Palle (1999). (ISBN 0465092934). A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein. Basic Books. Yourgrau, Palle (2004).

A logical journey: From Gödel to philosophy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Wang, Hao (1996). (ISBN 0-8147-5816-9). Nagel, Ernst, & Newman, James R..Gödel's Proof. New York University Press.

Gödel, Escher, Bach (ISBN 0465026567). Hofstadter, Douglas. (ISBN 0534575951). On Gödel. Wadsworth.

Hintikka, Jaakko (2000). (ISBN 0393051692). Norton & Company. W.

Incompleteness: The Proof and Paradox of Kurt Godel (Great Discoveries). W. Goldstein, Rebecca (2005). (ISBN 0738205184). Gödel: A life of logic. Perseus.

Depauli-Schimanovich, Werner, & Casti, John L. (ISBN 1568810253). Logical dilemmas: The life and work of Kurt Gödel. A K Peters. Dawson, John W.

(1940). The Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ. (Available in English at http://home.ddc.net/ygg/etext/godel/ ). 38 (1931).

Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, vol. If the system is consistent, then the consistency of the axioms cannot be proved within the system. (It is this theorem that is generally known as the incompleteness theorem.). The system cannot be both consistent and complete.