MOMO

Even her name may be a pun on one of the first magical girl shows, Minky Momo or, indeed Namco's own Wonder Momo. For example, a bearing of northwest by north differs by one point from a northwest bearing, and by a point from a north-northwest one. When she transforms, it is accompanied by a henshin sequence. A "point" is defined as one eighth of a right angle, and therefore equals exactly 11.25 degrees. Her outfit was made to resemble a futuristic Japanese schoolgirl's uniform, her weapons appear as magical rods and later as an Ether-based composite bow, and among her Ether skills is the ability to transform into a more powerful version of herself, complete with a colorful costume. Galileo is a competing system, that will be placed into service by the European Union. In Xenosaga Episode I, MOMO seems to have been designed as an homage to the magical girl genre. It relies on a slightly different geodesic model of the Earth.

(Literally, "cherry water"). GLONASS is a positioning system launched by the Soviet Union. 'Kirschwasser' is a German word for cherry brandy. The GPS system now permits accurate geographic location with an error of only a few metres, and precision timing to less than a microsecond. Furthermore, the series of Realians that were originally based on Sakura's form and used to create MOMO are known as "Kirschwassers". In 1974, the first GPS satellite was launched. It should be noted that Sakura is japanese for cherry blossom. Other radionavigation systems include:.

In Japanese, "Momo" means peach or peach blossom. It was the first electronic navigation system to provide global coverage. The cyborg Ziggy (Ziggurat 8), assigned to protect MOMO, acts as a father figure for her (it was, in fact, MOMO who gave him the nickname "Ziggy"). At about the same, TRANSIT, the first satellite-based navigation system was developed. Juli Mizrahi, the wife of Joachim and mother of Sakura, is unsettled by MOMO, who is programmed to feel human emotion and wishes desperately for attention from Juli, whom she considers her mother. An analogous system for aircraft, VHF omnidirectional range and DME, was developed around the same time. (who knew Sakura) has a special connection with MOMO. It revolutionized navigation by permitting semiautomated equipment to locate geographic positions to less than a half mile (800 m).

For this reason, Jr. This used time-of-flight of radio waves from antennas at known locations. MOMO was created by the famous scientist Joachim Mizrahi to resemble and replace his daughter, Sakura Mizrahi, who tragically died at the age MOMO now appears to be. Around 1960, LORAN was developed. She has the appearance of a little girl. Up until 1960 it was commonplace for ships and aircraft to use radio direction-finding on commercial stations in order to locate islands and cities within the last several miles of error. MOMO Mizrahi ("Multiple Observative Mimetic Organicus") is a Realian—more specifically, a prototype 100 Series Observational Realian—developed with special technology to combat Gnosis and utilize the Hilbert Effect. In the late 19th century Nikola Tesla invented radio and direction-finding was quickly adapted to navigation.

Japanese Voice Actor: Rumi Shishido. Later, mechanical chronometers enabled navigation at sea and in the air using relatively unskilled procedures. II). A number of scientific journals during this period were started especially to chronicle geography. I) / Christina Puccelli (Ep. These methods were too complex to be used by any but skilled astronomers, but they sufficed to map most of the world. English Voice Actor: Sherry Lynn (Ep. At first, the best available "clocks" were the moons of Jupiter, and the calculated transits of selected stars by the moon.

Eyes: Yellow. Modern sextants measure to 0.2 minutes of arc, an error that translates to a distance of about 0.2 nautical miles (400 m). Hair: Pink. This eliminates the "cosine" error of an astrolabe's short pointer. Age: Appears to be approximately 12 (14, assuming she was born when Old Miltia was abandoned.). Thus, its "pointer" is as long as the horizon is far away. Weight: 79 lbs (36 kg). A sextant uses mirrors to measure the altitude of celestial objects with regard to the horizon.

Height: 4' 8" (141 cm). In 1730 the sextant was invented and navigators rapidly replaced their astrolabes. Sex: Female. Starting in 1670, the entire world was measured using essentially modern latitude instruments and the best available clocks. After Isaac Newton published the Principia, navigation was transformed. Diptychs remained in use during the day, until shadowing astrolabes were constructed.

Around 400, metallurgy allowed construction of astrolabes graduated in degrees, which replaced the wooden latitude instruments for night use. This let masters continue sailing a course when the weather limited visibility of the sky. Some time later, around 300, the magnetic compass was invented in China. Using these techniques, masters successfully sailed from the eastern Mediterranean to the south coast of the British Isles.

The above instruments were a powerful technology, and appear to have been the technique used by ancient Cretan bronze-age trading empire. These were often crucial trade secrets, because they enabled travel to lucrative ports. The most important instrument was a navigators' diary, later called a rutter. Time-keeping was by precision hourglasses, filled and tested to 1/4 of an hour, turned by the helmsman, or a young boy brought for that purpose.

Most sailors could use this instrument to take sun sights, but master navigators knew that sightings of Polaris were far more accurate, because they were not subject to time-keeping errors involved in finding noon. Latitude was determined with a "cross staff" an instrument vaguely similar to a carpenter's angle with graduated marks on it. This was placed in front of the helmsman. Another early invention was the compass rose, a cross or painted panel of wood oriented with the pole star or diptych.

Basically, when the diptych's two sundials indicated the same time, the diptych was aligned to the current latitude and true north. When combined with a plumb bob, some diptychs could also determine latitude. Most sailors have always been able find absolute north from the stars, which currently rotate around Polaris, or by using a dual sundial called a diptych. In the West, navigation was at first performed exclusively by dead-reckoning, the process of estimating one's present position based on the navigators' experience with wind, tide and currents.

This can be accomplished using low-cost quartz clocks because the satellites send time correction signals to the GPS receivers. GPS uses 3D trilateration based on measuring the time-of-flight of radio waves using the well-known speed of light to measure distance from at least three satellites. A third source along with dead-reckoning will generally resolve to a single position. Signals from these two point establish a hyperbolic curve for possible positions.

The LORAN system is based on measuring the phase shift of radio waves sent simultaneously from a master and slave station. Inexpensive plastic sextants are available, though they have less accuracy than the more expensive metal models. Some sextants create an artificial horizon by reflecting a bubble. When the image of the star touches the horizon, the angle can be read from the sextant's scale.

An arm moves a split image of the star relative to the split image of the horizon. During a sight, the user's view of the star and horizon remains steady as the boat rocks. The angle is measured with a special optical instrument called a "sextant." Sextants use two mirrors to cancel the relative motion of the sextant. Winding the chronometers was a crucial duty of the navigator.

Traditionally, three chronometers are kept in gimbals in a dry room near the center of the ship, and used to set a watch for the actual sight, so that the chronometers themselves do not risk exposure to the elements. If it is worn constantly, keeping it near body heat, its rate of drift can be measured with the radio, and by compensating for this drift, a navigator can keep time to better than a second per month. A quartz wristwatch normally keeps time within a half-second per day. Time is measured with a chronometer, a quartz watch or a shortwave radio broadcast from an atomic clock.

Accurately knowing the time of an observation is important. Most navigation is performed with the sun and moon. The numerous celestial objects permit navigators to shoot through holes in clouds. The math required for sight reduction is simple addition and subtraction, if sight-reduction tables are available.

Usually the navigator knows his position well enough to pick which of the two intersections is the current position. A second sighting on a different object establishes an intersecting ring. Conceptually, the angle to the celestial object establishes a ring of possible positions on the surface of the Earth. From a single sight, a time within a second and an estimated position, a position can be determined within a third of a mile (500 m).

In modern celestial navigation, a nautical almanac and trigonometric sight-reduction tables permit navigators to measure the Sun, Moon, visible planets or any of 57 navigational stars at any time of day or night. Once accurate clocks were available, detailed tables for celestial bodies were created so that navigational activities could take place anytime during the day or night, rather than at noon. The need for accurate navigation led to the development of progressively more accurate clocks. The difference of longitude is determined knowing that the sun moves to the west at 15 degrees per hour.

Then the local time of local noon is observed by the navigator. The time of noon at the known location is carried by the navigator on an accurate clock. The time of the maximum altitude is easily determined by interpolating between periodic readings. Local noon is determined while shooting the azimuth as described above.

Noon was an easy event to observe. Longitude is calculated as a time difference between the same celestial event at different locations. Since periodic readings of the altitude will plot a sine wave, the maximum reading is the one used for local noon. Local noon is easily determined by recording periodic readings of the altitude of the sun.

The sun's angle over the horizon at noon was measured, and compared to the known angle at the same date as the known port. However, prior to the development and formulation of its key principles in the latter part of the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, tables of the sun's altitude during the year for a known port were used. Calculating the anticipated altitude of the sun for a given day and known position is done easily using Calculus. Determining latitude by the sun was a little more difficult since the sun's altitude at noon during the year changes for a given location.

Navigators could determine their latitude by measuring the angular altitude of Polaris any time that it was visible (excepting, of course, in those southern latitudes from where it cannot be observed). Anciently the home port was used as the known location, currently the Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian is used as the known location for celestial charts. Celestial navigation systems are based on observation of the positions of the Sun, Moon and stars relative to the observer and a known location. This is known as a fix.

Addition lines of position can be measured in order to validate the results taken against other reference points. These lines of position can be plotted on a nautical chart, with the intersection being the ship's current location. This is done by correctly identifying reference points and measuring their bearings from the ship. Periodically, the navigator needs to confirm the accuracy of the dead reckoning or estimated position calculations using position fixing techniques.

If the set and drift, due to tide and wind, can be determined, an estimated position can also be calculated. A navigator uses the ship's last known position and dead reckoning, based on the ship's logged compass course and speed, to calculate the current position. Traditional maritime navigation with a compass uses multiple redundant sources of position information to locate the ship's position. These were made obsolete by satellite navigation systems.

The invention of the radio lead to radio beacons and radio direction finders providing accurate land-based fixes even hundreds of miles from shore. Later developments included the placing of lighthouses and buoys close to shore to act as marine signposts identifying ambiguous features, highlighting hazards and pointing to safe channels for ships approaching some part of a coast after a long sea voyage. The development of accurate systems for taking lines of position based on the measurement of stars and planets with the sextant allowed ships to navigate the open ocean without needing to see land marks. Nautical charts were developed to record new navigational and pilotage information for use by other navigators.

The magnetic compass allowing a course to be maintained and estimates of the ship's location to be calculated. Early navigators used pilotage, relying on local knowledge of land marks and coastal features, forcing all ships to stay close to shore. Knowing the ship's current position is the main problem for all navigators. There are several different branches of navigation, including but not limited to:.

They built a replica of an ancient double-hulled canoe called the Hokule'a, whose crew, in 1976, successfully navigated the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Tahiti using no instruments. In 1973, the Polynesian Voyaging Society was established in Hawaii to research Polynesian navigation methods. The first settlers of the Hawaiian Islands were said to have used these navigation methods to sail to the Hawaiian Islands from the Marquesas Islands. The guild secrets might have been lost, had not one of the last living navigators trained a professional small boat captain so that he could write a book.

Generally each island maintained a guild of navigators who had very high status, since in times of famine or difficulty, only they could trade for aid or evacuate people. These, and outrigger canoe construction methods, were kept as guild secrets. In Eastern Polynesia, navigators, in order to locate directions at various times of day and year, memorized extensive facts concerning:. The Polynesian navigators routinely crossed thousands of miles of open ocean, to tiny inhabited islands, using only their own senses and knowledge, passed by oral tradition, from navigator to apprentice.

. Prominent examples are the Phoenicians, the Ancient Greeks, the Malays, the Persians, Arabians, the Norse and, perhaps more than any others, the peoples of the Pacific Ocean, particularly Polynesians and Micronesians. In the pre-modern history of human migration and discovery of new lands by navigating the oceans, a few peoples have excelled as sea-faring explorers. There are several traditions of navigation.

Alpha, a longwave system developed by the Soviet Union. Omega, a longwave system developed by the United States Navy. Decca. collision avoidance using radar.

position fixing - determining current position by visual and electronic means. waypoint navigation - using electronic equipment such as radio navigation and satellite navigation system to follow a course to a waypoint. dead reckoning - using compass and log to monitor expected progress on a journey. pilotage - using visible natural and man made features such as sea marks and beacons.

celestial navigation - navigation by observation of the sun, moon and stars. Wayfinding Main Page. Wayfinding Summary. angles for approaching harbors.

colors of the sea and sky, especially how clouds would cluster at the locations of some islands. directions of swells on the ocean, and how the crew would feel their motion. wildlife species (which congregate at particular positions). times of travel.

weather. the motion of specific stars, and where they would rise and set on the horizon of the ocean.