Leo Baekeland

Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 - February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-born American chemist who invented Velox photographic paper (1893) and Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic.

Born in Ghent, Belgium, Baekeland was the son of a cobbler and a maid. After completing his doctorate at the university of his native city, he emigrated to America in 1889, inspired by the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Baekeland sold his patent for Velox photographic paper to the president of Kodak, George Eastman, for $750,000.

The invention of Bakelite is considered the beginning of the Age of Plastics. Bakelite was made from phenol (then known as carbolic acid) and formaldehyde. These can be mixed, heated, and then either molded or extruded. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning German Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with this material in 1872, but did not complete its development. Bakelite took the industry by storm after 1907.

Bakelite was the first plastic invented that held its shape after being heated. Radios, telephones and electrical insulators were made of Bakelite due to its properties of insulation and heat-resistance. Soon it penetrated nearly all branches of industry.

The invention of Bakelite

When asked why he entered the field of synthetic resins, Baekeland answered "to make money". His first objective was to find a replacement for shellac (at that time made from the shells of lac beetles). Chemists had begun to recognize that many of the natural resins and fibers were polymers. Baekeland began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. He first produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac (called "Novolak" that never became a market success). Then he turned to developing a binder for asbestos, which at that time was molded with rubber. By controlling the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde, he could produce his dreamed hard moldable plastic: bakelite. The official name of Bakelite was polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride.

Later life

Cover of Time Magazine (September 22, 1924)

Baekeland became a multimillionaire as a result of the explosion in the manufacture and use of Bakelite. Baekeland visited England in 1916 and met James Swinburne, who almost ten years earlier had coincidentally experimented with and created a material identical to Bakelite only to find that Baekeland had been awarded the patent the day before. Baekeland made Swinburne the chairman of the new Bakelite Limited, his British subsidiary. Baekeland appeared on the cover of TIME Magazine on September 22, 1924.

As Baekeland got older, he became more eccentric, getting into fierce battles with his son (and presumptive heir) over salary and other issues. He sold the General Bakelite Company to Union Carbide in 1939, at his son's prompting, retired, and eventually became a recluse, eating all of his meals from cans and becoming obsessed with developing an immense tropical garden on his Florida estate. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in a sanatorium in Beacon, New York. Baekeland is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York.

Baekeland's great-grandson, Anthony Baekeland spent several years in a psychiatric hospital after murdering his mother, Barbara Daly Baekeland; ironically, he suffocated himself with a plastic bag in 1981.

In 1978, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.


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In 1978, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
. Baekeland's great-grandson, Anthony Baekeland spent several years in a psychiatric hospital after murdering his mother, Barbara Daly Baekeland; ironically, he suffocated himself with a plastic bag in 1981. Understanding his grandfather's mistakes, he asked his outgoing predecessor (and later his successor), Grover Cleveland, to hold an umbrella above his head, delivering the longest inaugural address since his grandfather's. Baekeland is buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison gave his inaugural address in the rain. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in a sanatorium in Beacon, New York. Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison of Ohio, became the 23rd president in 1889, making them the only grandparent-grandchild pair of presidents to date.

He sold the General Bakelite Company to Union Carbide in 1939, at his son's prompting, retired, and eventually became a recluse, eating all of his meals from cans and becoming obsessed with developing an immense tropical garden on his Florida estate. House of Representatives from Ohio from 1853 to 1857. As Baekeland got older, he became more eccentric, getting into fierce battles with his son (and presumptive heir) over salary and other issues. Harrison's son, John Scott Harrison, was also elected to the U.S. Baekeland appeared on the cover of TIME Magazine on September 22, 1924. According to later legends, Harrison's death was brought about by a curse placed on him by Tecumseh in his dying breath. Baekeland made Swinburne the chairman of the new Bakelite Limited, his British subsidiary. John Tyler succeeded him shortly thereafter.

Baekeland visited England in 1916 and met James Swinburne, who almost ten years earlier had coincidentally experimented with and created a material identical to Bakelite only to find that Baekeland had been awarded the patent the day before. I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president, a total of only 32 days and 12 hours and 30 minutes. Baekeland became a multimillionaire as a result of the explosion in the manufacture and use of Bakelite. I wish them carried out. The official name of Bakelite was polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride. His last words were "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. By controlling the pressure and temperature applied to phenol and formaldehyde, he could produce his dreamed hard moldable plastic: bakelite. on April 4, 1841 of right lower lobe pneumonia, jaundice , and overwhelming septicemia, becoming the first American president to die in office.

Then he turned to developing a binder for asbestos, which at that time was molded with rubber. He passed away a month later at 12:30 a.m. He first produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac (called "Novolak" that never became a market success). But the treatments only made Harrison sicker and weaker until he went into delirium. Baekeland began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde. His doctors tried everything to cure him, opium, castor oil, petroleum jelly, Virginia snakeweed, even actual snakes. Chemists had begun to recognize that many of the natural resins and fibers were polymers. He subsequently caught a cold, which developed into pneumonia and pleurisy.

His first objective was to find a replacement for shellac (at that time made from the shells of lac beetles). Nevertheless, he faced the weather without his overcoat, delivering the longest inaugural address in American history, at nearly two hours (his friend and fellow Whig, Daniel Webster, had edited it for length). When asked why he entered the field of synthetic resins, Baekeland answered "to make money". He was to take the oath of office on March 4, 1841, an extremely cold and windy day. Soon it penetrated nearly all branches of industry. As Harrison arrived in Washington he focused on showing that he was still the stalwart hero of Tippecanoe he had campaigned as. Radios, telephones and electrical insulators were made of Bakelite due to its properties of insulation and heat-resistance. Their campaign slogans of "Log Cabins and Hard Cider" and "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" are among the most famous in American politics.

Bakelite was the first plastic invented that held its shape after being heated. His vice president was John Tyler, and their campaign was marked by exaggeration of both Harrison's military exploits and of his connections to the common man. Bakelite took the industry by storm after 1907. He was the candidate again in the 1840 election, winning a landslide victory largely because of his heroic military record and the fact that the United States had suffered a severe economic downturn. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry winning German Adolf von Baeyer had experimented with this material in 1872, but did not complete its development. Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for President in 1836, but lost the election to Martin Van Buren. These can be mixed, heated, and then either molded or extruded. Harrison was a tall man, and when in Congress he was referred to by fellow westerners as a Buckeye, as were other tall pioneers on the Ohio frontier, as a term of endearment in respect of the Buckeye chestnut tree.

Bakelite was made from phenol (then known as carbolic acid) and formaldehyde. Senate, where he served until May 20, 1828, when he resigned to become Minister to Colombia from 1828 to 1829. The invention of Bakelite is considered the beginning of the Age of Plastics. In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Baekeland sold his patent for Velox photographic paper to the president of Kodak, George Eastman, for $750,000. He was defeated as a candidate for governor of Ohio in 1820, but served in the Ohio State Senate from 1819 to 1821. After completing his doctorate at the university of his native city, he emigrated to America in 1889, inspired by the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from October 8, 1816, to March 3, 1819.

Born in Ghent, Belgium, Baekeland was the son of a cobbler and a maid. After the war, he was elected to various political offices, including the U.S. Leo Hendrik Baekeland (November 14, 1863 - February 23, 1944) was a Belgian-born American chemist who invented Velox photographic paper (1893) and Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic. He won victories in Indiana and Ohio before invading Canada and crushing the British at the Battle of the Thames. During the War of 1812, Harrison took command of the Army of the Northwest. In 1811, Harrison was authorized to march against the confederacy, winning his famous victory at Prophetstown next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers.

Tecumseh called upon Harrison to nullify the Treaty of Fort Wayne, warned against any whites moving onto the land, and continued to widen his Indian confederation (see "Tecumseh's War"). expansion had been growing around the Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet"). An Indian resistance movement against U.S. Tensions, always high on the frontier, became much greater after the 1809 Treaty of Fort Wayne, in which Harrison secured the purchase of more than 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of Indian land.

Harrison oversaw numerous treaties, purchasing much of present-day Indiana from Native American leaders. A primary responsibility as territorial governor was to obtain title to Native American lands so that white settlement could expand in the area. Harrison resigned from Congress to become governor of the newly formed Indiana Territory, a post he held for twelve years, until 1813. As delegate, he successfully promoted the passage of the Harrison Land Act, which made it easier for people to purchase land for settlement in the Northwest Territory.

In 1799, Harrison was elected as the first delegate representing the Northwest Territory in the Sixth United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1799, to May 14, 1800. Clair was absent. Harrison resigned from the Army in 1798 to become Secretary of the Northwest Territory, and acted as governor when Governor Arthur St. Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signers of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, which opened much of present-day Ohio to settlement by white Americans.

Harrison participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, which brought the Northwest Indian War to a close. Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, from whom he learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier. He was sent to the Northwest Territory, where he spent much of his life. Army.

His father's death in 1791 left Harrison without money for further schooling and so, at the age of 18, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Harrison briefly attended several colleges, including Hampden-Sydney College, with the intention of becoming a physician. William Henry Harrison's brother, Carter Bassett Harrison, later became a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Virginia. His father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress (1774–1777), signed the Declaration of Independence (1776), and was Governor of Virginia (1781–1784).

Harrison was born into a prominent political family at the Berkeley Plantation in Virginia, the third son of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Basset. . president to die in office. He was also the first U.S.

Harrison died exactly one month into his term—the briefest presidency before or since. When Harrison took office in 1841 at the age of 68, he was the oldest man to be elected President, a record that stood for 140 years, until Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980. As a general in the subsequent War of 1812, his most notable contribution was a victory at the Battle of the Thames, in which Tecumseh was killed. Harrison first gained national fame as a war hero, defeating American Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 and earning the nickname "Tippecanoe" (or "Old Tippecanoe").

Representative and Senator from Ohio. He served as the first Governor of the Indiana Territory and later as a U.S. William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841) was an American military leader, politician, and the ninth President of the United States. New York: Scribner's, 1939.

Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. Cleaves, Freeman.