LeafIn botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin, to expose the chloroplast containing cells (chlorenchyma tissue) to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues. Leaves are also the sites in most plants where respiration, transpiration, and guttation take place. Leaves can store food and water, and are modified in some plants for other purposes. The comparable structures of ferns are correctly referred to as fronds. A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation Fallen autumn leavesLeaf anatomyA structurally complete leaf of an angiosperm consists of a petiole (leaf stem), a lamina (leaf blade), and stipules (small processes located to either side of the base of the petiole). The point at which the petiole attaches to the stem is called the leaf axil. Not every species produces leaves with all of these structural parts. In some species, paired stipules are not obvious or are absent altogether; a petiole may be absent; or the blade may not be laminar (flattened). The tremendous variety shown in leaf structure (anatomy) from species to species is presented in detail below under Leaf types, arrangements, and forms. A leaf is considered to be a plant organ, typically consisting of the following tissues:
EpidermisThe epidermis is the outer multi-layered group of cells covering the leaf. It forms the boundary between the plant and the external world. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and (in some species) absorption of water. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. The epidermis is usually transparent (epidermal cells lack chloroplasts) and coated on the outer side with a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss. The cuticle may be thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis; and is thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates. The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots. The epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts. The stoma complex regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. Typically, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis than the (adaxial) upper epidermis. Trichomes or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. MesophyllMost of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a parenchyma (ground tissue) or chlorenchyma tissue called the mesophyll (= middle leaf). This "assimilation tissue" is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant. The products of photosynthesis are called assimilates. In ferns and most flowering plants the mesophyll is divided into two layers:
The pores or stomata of the epidermis open into substomatal chambers, connecting to air spaces between the spongy layer cells. These two different layers of the mesophyll are absent in many aquatic and marsh plants. Even an epidermis and a mesophyll may be lacking. Instead for their gaseous exchanges they use a homogeneous aerenchyma (thin-walled cells separated by large gas-filled spaces). Their stomata are situated at the upper surface. Leaves are normally green in color, which comes from chlorophyll found in plastids in the chlorenchyma cells. Plants that lack chlorophyll cannot photosynthesize. Leaves in temperate, boreal, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission. After the leaf is shed, a leaf scar develops on the twig. In cold autumns they sometimes turn yellow, bright orange or red as various accessory pigments (carotenoids and anthocyanins) are revealed when the tree responds to cold and reduced sunlight by curtailing chlorophyll production. VeinsThe veins are the vascular tissue of the leaf and are located in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. They are typical examples of pattern formation through ramification. The veins are made up of:
The xylem typically lies over the phloem. Both are embedded in a dense parenchyma tissue (= ground tissue), called pith, with usually some structural collenchyma tissue present. Leaf morphologyUnderside view of leafExternal leaf characteristics (such as shape, margin, hairs, etc.) are important for identifying plant species, and botanists have developed a rich terminology for describing leaf characteristics. These structures are a part of what makes leaves determinant, they grow and achieve a specific pattern and shape, then stop. Other plant parts like stems or roots are non-determinant, and will continue to grow as long as they have the resources to do so. The leaves on this plant are arranged in pairs opposite one another, with successive pairs at right angles to each other ("decussate") along the red stem. Note developing buds in the axils of these leaves.Leaves may be classified in many different ways, and the type is usually characteristic of a species, although some species produce more than one type of leaf. The terminology associated with describing leaf morphology is presented (with illustrations) at Wikibooks. Basic leaf types
Arrangement on the stemAs a stem grows, leaves tend to appear arranged around the stem in away that optimizes yield of light. In essence, leaves come off the stem in a spiral pattern, either clockwise or counterclockwise, with (depending upon the species) the same angle of divergence. There is a regularity in these angles and they follow the numbers in a Fibonacci series: 1/2, 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21, 21/34, 34/55, 55/89. This series tends to a limit of 360° x 34/89 = 137.52 or 137° 30', an angle known mathematically as the 'golden angle'. In the series, the numerator gives the number of complete turns or gyres until the leaf arrives at the initial position. The denominator gives the number of leaves in the arrangement. This can be demonstrated by the following:
The fact that an arrangement of anything in nature can be described by a mathematical formula is not in itself mysterious. Mathematics is the science of discovering numerical relationships and applying formulae to these relationships. The formulae themselves can provide clues to the underlying physiological processes that, in this case, determine where the next leaf bud will form in the elongating stem. However, we can more easily describe the arrangement of leaves using the following terms:
Divisions of the lamina (blade)Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade is divided. A simple leaf has an undivided blade. However, the leaf shape may be one of lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein. A compound leaf has a fully subdivided blade, each leaflet of the blade separated along a main or secondary vein. Because each leaflet can appear to be a "simple leaf", it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf. Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the Fabaceae.
In some Acacia species, such as the Koa Tree (Acacia koa), the petioles are expanded or broadened and function like leaf blades; these are called phyllodes. There may or may not be normal pinnate leaves at the tip of the phyllode.
Venation (arrangement of the veins)Palmate-veined leafThere are two subtypes of venation, craspedodromus (the major veins stretch up to the margin of the leaf) and camptodromous (major veins come close to the margin, but bend before they get to it).
Leaf terminologyChart illustrating leaf morphology terms
See Leaf shape Margins (edge)The leaf margin is characteristic for a genus and aids in determining the species.
Tip of the leafLeaves showing various morphologies. Clockwise from upper left: tripartite lobation, elliptic with serrulate margin, peltate with palmate venation, acuminate odd-pinnate (center), pinnatisect, lobed, elliptic with entire margin
Base of the leaf
Surface of the leafThe surface of a leaf can be described by several botanical terms:
Hairiness (trichomes)Leaves can show several degrees of hairiness. The meaning of several of the following terms can overlap. See also : Trichome.
AdaptationsIn order to survive in a harsh environment, leaves can adapt in the following ways:
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In order to survive in a harsh environment, leaves can adapt in the following ways:. Note: Noctilux is a f/1 or f/1.2 lens, Summilux is a f/1.4 lens, Summicron is a f/2 lens, and Elmarit is a f/2.8 lens in Leica lingo. See also : Trichome. These include the Panasonic DMC-FZ10, Panasonic DMC-FZ20, Panasonic DMC-FZ30 models. The meaning of several of the following terms can overlap. Leica lenses are used on many Panasonic digital cameras and video recorders. Leaves can show several degrees of hairiness. Leica M series with interchangeable lens bayonet style Leica bodies:. The surface of a leaf can be described by several botanical terms:. Leica 35 mm series with interchangeable lens screw mount style Leica bodies:. The leaf margin is characteristic for a genus and aids in determining the species. Below is a list of cameras and lenses produced under the Leica name. See Leaf shape. The Leica company still produces a range of expensive, very high quality optical products, including compact cameras, M-System rangefinder cameras (direct descendants of the first Leica), R-system single-lens reflex cameras, digital cameras (in association with Panasonic) such as the Leica Digilux 2 / Panasonic DMC-LC1, binoculars, and spotting scopes.
Compound leaves are a characteristic of some families of higher plants, such as the Fabaceae. Lager, a former Leica employee. Because each leaflet can appear to be a "simple leaf", it is important to recognize where the petiole occurs to identify a compound leaf. There are dozens of Leica books and collector's guides, perhaps the best known is the massive 3-volume Leica an Illustrated History by James L. A compound leaf has a fully subdivided blade, each leaflet of the blade separated along a main or secondary vein. Leica cameras, lenses, accessories even sales literature are almost fanatically collected by enthusiasts. However, the leaf shape may be one of lobes, but the gaps between lobes do not reach to the main vein. There exist many fake Leica cameras, usually based on Soviet cameras, with the Leica name engraved on the top-plate. A simple leaf has an undivided blade. Cameras carrying markings that show they were issued to the German army or airforce carry very high premiums. Two basic forms of leaves can be described considering the way the blade is divided. Very early examples of Leica cameras and rare accessories are highly sought after by camera collectors and can fetch extremely high prices. However, we can more easily describe the arrangement of leaves using the following terms:. Leica also carried in their catalogues focusing systems such as the Focorapid and Televit which could replace certain lenses' helicoid mounts for sports and natural-life telephotography. The formulae themselves can provide clues to the underlying physiological processes that, in this case, determine where the next leaf bud will form in the elongating stem. Furthermore, certain LTM and M rangefinder lenses featured removable optical groups which could be mounted via adapters on the Visoflex system, thus making them usable as rangefinder or SLR lenses for Visoflex-equipped Screwmount and M rangefinder cameras, as well as being usable on Leicaflex and R cameras. Mathematics is the science of discovering numerical relationships and applying formulae to these relationships. Similarly Visoflex lenses could be used on the Leicaflex and R cameras with an adapter. The fact that an arrangement of anything in nature can be described by a mathematical formula is not in itself mysterious. As an example, LTM (screwmount) lenses were easily usable on M cameras via an adapter. This can be demonstrated by the following:. Leica's sometimes arcane catalogue of accessories belies a comprehensive if sometimes haphazard systems approach to photography. The denominator gives the number of leaves in the arrangement. The Visoflex system was discontinued in 1984. In the series, the numerator gives the number of complete turns or gyres until the leaf arrives at the initial position. In addition, the optical groups of many rangefinder lenses could be removed, and attached to the Visoflex via a system of adapters. This series tends to a limit of 360° x 34/89 = 137.52 or 137° 30', an angle known mathematically as the 'golden angle'. Leica lenses for the Visoflex system included focal lengths of 65, 180 (rare), 200, 280, 400, 560, and 800 mm. There is a regularity in these angles and they follow the numbers in a Fibonacci series: 1/2, 2/3, 3/5, 5/8, 8/13, 13/21, 21/34, 34/55, 55/89. This was followed by a much more compact Visoflex II in 1960 (which was the only Visoflex version available in both LTM (screwmount) and M-bayonet) and the Visoflex III with instant-return mirror in 1964. In essence, leaves come off the stem in a spiral pattern, either clockwise or counterclockwise, with (depending upon the species) the same angle of divergence. A redesigned PLOOT was introduced by Leica in 1951 as the Visoflex I. As a stem grows, leaves tend to appear arranged around the stem in away that optimizes yield of light. Moreover, until the 1964 introduction of the Leicaflex, the PLOOT and Visoflex were Leica's only SLR offerings. The terminology associated with describing leaf morphology is presented (with illustrations) at Wikibooks. This date is significant because that it places Leica among the 35 mm SLR pioneers. Leaves may be classified in many different ways, and the type is usually characteristic of a species, although some species produce more than one type of leaf. The earliest Leica reflex housing was the PLOOT, announced in 1935, along with the 200 mm f/4.5 Telyt Lens. Other plant parts like stems or roots are non-determinant, and will continue to grow as long as they have the resources to do so. Camera rangefinders are inherently limited in their ability to accurately focus long focal-length lenses and the mirror reflex box permitted much longer length lenses. These structures are a part of what makes leaves determinant, they grow and achieve a specific pattern and shape, then stop. A coupling released both mirror and shutter to make the exposure. External leaf characteristics (such as shape, margin, hairs, etc.) are important for identifying plant species, and botanists have developed a rich terminology for describing leaf characteristics. Rather than using the camera's rangefinder, focusing was accomplished via a groundglass screen. Both are embedded in a dense parenchyma tissue (= ground tissue), called pith, with usually some structural collenchyma tissue present. Conceptually bridging the Rangefinder Leicas and the SLR Leicas was the Leica Visoflex System, a mirror reflex box which attached to the lens mount of Leica rangefinders (separate versions were made for the screwmount and M series bodies) and accepted lenses made especially for the Visoflex System. The xylem typically lies over the phloem. These include the Leotax, Nicca and early Canon models in Japan, the Kardon in USA, the Reid in England and the Fed and Zorki in the USSR. The veins are made up of:. A number of camera companies built models based on the Leica rangefinder design. They are typical examples of pattern formation through ramification. No other lens has matched the Noctilux in its combination of speed, quality and longevity. The veins are the vascular tissue of the leaf and are located in the spongy layer of the mesophyll. Introduced in 1976, this ultra-high speed lens is still being made today. In cold autumns they sometimes turn yellow, bright orange or red as various accessory pigments (carotenoids and anthocyanins) are revealed when the tree responds to cold and reduced sunlight by curtailing chlorophyll production. Leica has in its stable a particularly remarkable lens, the Noctilux 50 mm f/1.0. After the leaf is shed, a leaf scar develops on the twig. Leica optics are particularly well-known for superior performance at maximum aperture, making them well-suited for natural-light photography. This mechanism to shed leaves is called abscission. There has been much controversy about this. Leaves in temperate, boreal, and seasonally dry zones may be seasonally deciduous (falling off or dying for the inclement season). Leica lenses developed a mythology -- that photographs taken with them were recognizable from photographs taken with other lenses. Plants that lack chlorophyll cannot photosynthesize. From the 30s to the 50s, the Leica competed with the German Contax camera to be most sophisticated and best built camera on market. Leaves are normally green in color, which comes from chlorophyll found in plastids in the chlorenchyma cells. Leitz was also responsible for numerous optical innovations (first use of aspheric production lenses, first use of multicoated lenses, first use of rare earth lenses, to name a few). Their stomata are situated at the upper surface. This and the high price of the optics made them less attractive to working photographers. Instead for their gaseous exchanges they use a homogeneous aerenchyma (thin-walled cells separated by large gas-filled spaces). The optics were excellent, but Leica was slow to produce an auto-exposure model, and never made a version that supported auto-focusing. Even an epidermis and a mesophyll may be lacking. The Leica SLRs were well-received. These two different layers of the mesophyll are absent in many aquatic and marsh plants. The current model is the R9, which now has an optional Digital Module back. The pores or stomata of the epidermis open into substomatal chambers, connecting to air spaces between the spongy layer cells. The R8 was re-designed and manufactured by Leica, featuring a larger body and a new, distinctive look. In ferns and most flowering plants the mesophyll is divided into two layers:. They feature electronic shutter, except for the all-mechanical R6, whose only electronic part is the lightmeter. The products of photosynthesis are called assimilates. Leica also produced a series of SLR (single-lens reflex) cameras beginning with the Leicaflex, followed by the SL, the SL2, and then the R series from R3 to R7, which were initially made in collaboration with the Minolta Corporation . This "assimilation tissue" is the primary location of photosynthesis in the plant. This model has continued to be refined (the latest versions being the M7 and MP, both of which have frames for 28, 35, 50, 75, 90, and 135 mm lenses which show automatically upon mounting the different lenses); but the basic quality and simplicity of design has not changed. Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a parenchyma (ground tissue) or chlorenchyma tissue called the mesophyll (= middle leaf). In addition, it had a new rubberized focal-plane shutter, which is known for reliability and is probably the quietest focal-plane shutter ever made. Trichomes or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. It combined the rangefinder and viewfinder into one large, bright viewfinder with a brighter double image in the center, and introduced a system of parallax compensation. Typically, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis than the (adaxial) upper epidermis. In 1954 Leitz unveiled the M3, a bayonet lens model, considered by many to be a design miracle for its combination of simple appearance with functional flexibility. The stoma complex regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. These models all had a functional combination of circular dials and square windows that was quite esthetically pleasing, although somewhat busy in appearance. The epidermis is covered with pores called stomata (sing., stoma), part of a stoma complex consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing guard cells, and two to four subsidiary cells that lack chloroplasts. The final version, the IIIg, included a large viewfinder with framelines, similar to the M3 finder, but still with the separate view- and rangefinder. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots. Leitz continued to refine the original design through to 1957. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. Also significant about the IIIa is that it is the last model made before Barnack's death, and therefore the last model he was wholly responsible for. The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The Leica III added slow shutter speeds down to 1 second, and the model IIIa added the 1/1000 second shutter speed. The cuticle may be thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis; and is thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates. This model had a separate viewfinder (showing a reduced image) and rangefinder (showing an enlarged double image which was properly focused when it became one image). The epidermis is usually transparent (epidermal cells lack chloroplasts) and coated on the outer side with a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss. The Leica II came in 1932, with a built in rangefinder coupled to the lens focusing mechanism. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. In addition to the 50 normal lens, a 35 wide angle and a 135 mm telephoto objective were initially available. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and (in some species) absorption of water. In 1930 came the Leica I Schraubgewinde with an exchangeable objective system based on a 39 mm thread. It forms the boundary between the plant and the external world. The focal plane shutter had a range from 1/20 to 1/500 second, in addition to a Z for Zeit (time) position. The epidermis is the outer multi-layered group of cells covering the leaf. Max Berek at Leitz, and was one of the reasons behind the success of the camera, the others being its compact size and reliability. A leaf is considered to be a plant organ, typically consisting of the following tissues:. The camera was an immediate success when introduced at the 1925 Leipzig, Germany Spring Fair as the Leica I (for Leitz Camera). The tremendous variety shown in leaf structure (anatomy) from species to species is presented in detail below under Leaf types, arrangements, and forms. The concept was developed further, and in 1923 Barnack convinced his boss, Ernst Leitz II, to make a prototype series of 31. In some species, paired stipules are not obvious or are absent altogether; a petiole may be absent; or the blade may not be laminar (flattened). Barnack's words, "Small negatives -- large images", would soon change the world of photography. Not every species produces leaves with all of these structural parts. Barnack believed the 2:3 aspect ratio to be the ultimate choice, leaving room for a 36-exposure film length. The point at which the petiole attaches to the stem is called the leaf axil. Barnack used standard cinema 35 mm film, but extended the image size to 24 x 36 mm. A structurally complete leaf of an angiosperm consists of a petiole (leaf stem), a lamina (leaf blade), and stipules (small processes located to either side of the base of the petiole). Leitz Optische Werke, Wetzlar, in 1913. . The first prototypes were built by Oskar Barnack at E. The comparable structures of ferns are correctly referred to as fronds. The Leica was the first practical 35 mm camera. Leaves can store food and water, and are modified in some plants for other purposes. . Leaves are also the sites in most plants where respiration, transpiration, and guttation take place. Leica Microsystems AG is the owner of the Leica brand, and grants licenses to Leica Camera AG and Leica Geosystems. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin, to expose the chloroplast containing cells (chlorenchyma tissue) to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues. The company, formerly Ernst Leitz Gmbh, is now three companies: Leica Camera AG, Leica Geosystems AG, and Leica Microsystems AG, which produce cameras, geosurvey equipment and microscopes, respectively. In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. Leica is a camera produced by a German company of the same name. Protect as spines, which are modified leaves. 1978-1995. eucalypts). Leitz/Leica Focomat V35 - autofocus - 40 mm f/2.8 Focotar lens - colour or Multigrade (variable contrast) heads. Produce aromatic oils to deter herbivores (e.g. ELCAN 20 mm enlarger lens (40x-75x enlargements) - Extremely rare. onion). ELCAN 52 mm enlarger lens (20x-25x enlargements) - Extremely rare. Change to bulb parts to store food (e.g. Vincent electrical shutter (for enlarger) - Extremely rare. pitcher plant). Leitz Focomat II (modified for American millitary), code EN-121A - Extremely rare. Leaves to trap insects (e.g. Available in "color" version with filter drawer and lighted enlargement factor scale. Change shape to deflect wind or reduce wind resistance. Only very slender enlarging lenses will for the IIc helicals. Shrink (to phyllodes) or disappear (with the appearance of cladodes), as photosynthetic functions are transferred to the leaf stem (Acacia species). Kienzle or other colour heads sometime fitted. cactus). All the 6 cm and 60 mm Focotars appear to be the same optical design. Change to spines instead of laminar (blade) leaves (e.g. First produced with Focotar 6 cm f/1:4.5 and focotar 9.5 cm f/1:4.5, later with Focotar 60 mm and V-Elmar 100 mm f1:4.5, still later with Focotar 60 mm and Focotar II 100 mm f/1:5.6. rhubarb). Leitz Focomat IIc - 35 mm-6x9 formats, dual lens stage rather than turret, autofocus. Thicker leaves to store water (e.g. Available in "color" version with filter drawer and lighted enlargement factor scale. Small, shiny leaves to deflect the sun's rays. The early version has a single helical that will accommodate lenses of any make. Waxy leaf surfaces form to prevent water loss. Leitz Focomat IIa - 35 mm-6x9 format, dual lens turret on later versions that fitted a 5 cm Elmar f/1:3.5 or Focotar f/1:4.5, and a 9.5 cm f/1:4.5 Focotar, autofocus. Plant prickles are modified clusters of epidermal hairs. Many small design variations exist. Leaves rustle to move humidity away from the surface reducing the boundary layer resistance between the leaf and the air. Available in "color" version with filter drawer and lighted enlargement factor scale. Hairs develop on the leaf surface to trap humidity in dry climates, creating a large boundary layer to lessen water loss. The 1C helical will accommodate lenses of various makes. woolly: with long, soft and tortuous or matted hairs. The 50 mm exists in two versions. villous: with long and soft hairs, usually curved. The Focotar-2 is always the same formula, and so is the 5 cm version. felted-tomentose: woolly and matted with curly hairs. Changes in Focotar name or focal length designation do not necessarily coincide with the optical formula. cano-tomentose: between canescent and tomentose. Produced first with Varob 5cm f1:3.5 lenses, later with Elmar 5cm f1:3.5, focotar 5cm f1:4.5, focotar 50 mm f/1:4.5, focotar 50 mm 2nd version f/1:4.5, Focotar-2 f/1:4.5. tomentose: densely pubescent with matted, soft white woolly hairs.
stellate, stelliform: with star-shaped hairs. Leitz Focomat Ia - Same as Focomat 1C, that is with autofocus, but the head does not tilt back to allow for easy insertion of negative. silky: with adpressed, soft and straight pubescence. Leitz Valoy and Valoy II - manual focus, later versions of the Valoy II were grey in colour. sericeous: silky appearance through fine, straight and appressed (lying close and flat) hairs. Leica 105-280 mm f/4.2 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. scabrous, scabrid: rough to the touch. Leica 80-200 mm f/4.0 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. pubescent: with soft, short and erect hairs. Leica 80-200 mm f/4.5 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. puberulent, puberulous: with fine, minute hairs. Leica 75-200 mm f/4.5 Vario-Elmar-R - 1976-1984. pilose: with soft, clearly separated hairs. Leica 70-210 mm f/4.0 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. lanate, lanose: with woolly hairs. Leica 35-70 mm Vario-Elmarit-R ASPH zoom - 2000 (only 200 was made). hoary: with a fine, close grayish-white pubescence. Leica 35-70 mm f/3.5 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. hispidulous: minutely hispid. Leica 35-70 f/4.0 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. hispid: with rigid, bristly hairs. Leica 70-180 mm f/2.8 Vario-APO-Elmarit-R zoom. hirsute: with rather rough or stiff hairs. Leica 28 mm-70 mm f/3.5-f/4.5 Vario-Elmar-R zoom. glandular: with a gland at the tip of the hair. Leica 21 mm-35 mm f/3.5-f/4.0 Vario-Elmar-R zoom - 2002. floccose: with flocks of soft, woolly hairs, which tend to rub off. Leica modular APO-Telyt-R 400/560/800 head. ciliolate: minutely ciliate. Leica modular APO-Telyt-R 260/400/560 head. ciliate: marginally fringed with short hairs (cilia). Leica 800 mm f/6.3 Telyt-S - 1972-1995 (sold including a free VW Fox). canescent: hoary with dense grayish-white pubescence. Leica 560 mm f/5.6 Telyt-R - 1966-1973. bristly: with stiff hair-like prickles. Leica 560 mm f/6.8 Telyt-R - 1971-1995. bearded: with long, stiff hairs. Leica 500 mm f/8 MR-Telyt-R. barbellate: with finely barbed hairs (barbellae). Leica 450 mm f/5.6 Elcan-R, code C-329 - Extremely rare. arachnoid, arachnose: with many fine, entangled hairs giving a cobwebby appearance. Leica 400 mm f/2.8 APO-Telyt-R - 1992-1996. glabrous: no hairs of any kind present. Leica 400 mm f/5.6 Telyt-R. viscid, viscous: covered with thick, sticky secretions. Leica 400 mm f/6.8 Telyt-R - 1968-1994. verrucose: warted, with warty outgrowths. Leica 350 mm f/4.8 Telyt-R. tuberculate: covered with tubercles; covered with warty prominences. Leica 280 mm f/2.8 APO-Telyt-R - 1984-1997. scurfy: covered with tiny, broad scalelike particles. Leica 280 mm f/4.0 APO-Telyt-R. rugose: deeply wrinkled; with veins clearly visible. Leica 280 mm f/4.8 Telyt-V. punctate: marked with dots; dotted with depressions or with translucent glands or colored dots. Leica 250 mm f/4.0 Telyt-R 2nd version. pubescent: covered with erect hairs (especially soft and short ones). Leica 250 mm f/4.0 Telyt-R 1st version -. papillate, papillose: bearing papillae (minute, nipple-shaped protuberances). Leica 180 mm f/3.4 Elcan-R code C-303 - Extremely rare. glutinous: sticky, viscid. Leica 180 mm f/2.0 APO-Summicron-R. glaucous: with a whitish bloom; covered with a very fine, bluish-white powder. Leica 180 mm f/2.8 APO-Elmarit-R - 1998. glabrous: smooth, not hairy. Leica 180 mm f/3.4 APO-Telyt-R - 1975-1998. farinose: bearing farina; mealy, covered with a waxy, whitish powder. Leica 180 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 2nd version. truncate: ending abruptly with a flat end, that looks cut off. Leica 180 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 1st version. sagittate: shaped like an arrowhead and with the acute basal lobes pointing downward. Leica 180 mm Elmar-R - 1976. rounded: curving shape. Leica 135 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 2nd version. reniform: kidney-shaped but rounder and broader than long. Leica 135 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 1st version - 1965. oblique: slanting. Leica 100 mm f/2.8 APO-Macro-Elmarit-R. hastate: shaped like an halberd and with the basal lobes pointing outward. Leica 100 mm f/4.0 Macro-Elmar-R helical version. cuneate: wedge-shaped. Leica 100 mm f/4.0 Macro-Elmar-R bellows version. cordate: heart-shaped with the norch away from the stem. Leica 90 mm f/1.0 Elcan-R - Extremely rare. auriculate: ear-shaped. Leica 90 mm APO-Summicron-R ASPH - 2002. acute: coming to a sharp, but not prolonged point. Leica 90 mm Summicron-R 2nd version -. acuminate: coming to a sharp, narrow, prolonged point. Leica 90 mm Summicron-R 1st version - 1969. truncate: ending abruptly with a flat end, that looks cut off. Leica 90 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 2nd version - 1983. obtuse: rounded or blunt. Leica 90 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 1st version - 1964-1996. obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, deeply notched at the top. Leica 80 mm f/1.4 Summilux-R. mucronulate: mucronate, but with a smaller spine. Leica 75 mm f/2.0 Elcan-R code C-341 - Extremely rare. mucronate: abruptly tipped with a small short point, as a continuation of the midrib; tipped with a mucro. Leica 60 mm Macro-Elmarit-R dn2 version. emarginate: indented, with a shallow notch at the tip. Leica 60 mm Macro-Elmarit-R 1st version - 1972 - outside bayonet lens hood fitting. cuspidate: with a sharp, elongated, rigid tip; tipped with a cusp. Leica 50 mm f/1.4 Summilux-R 3rd version - 1997 (ROM contacts). acute: ending in a sharp, but not prolonged point. Leica 50 mm f/1.4 Summilux-R 2nd version. acuminate: long-pointed, prolonged into a narrow, tapering point in a concave manner. Leica 50 mm f/1.4 Summilux-R 1st version. spiny: with stiff, sharp points, such as some Ilex (hollies) and Cirsium (thistles). Leica 50 mm f/2.0 Summicron-R 2nd version - 1977 - built-in lens hood, 3-cam and R-cam only version. sinuate: with deep, wave-like indentations; coarsely crenate, such as many Rumex (docks). Leica 50 mm f/2.0 Summicron-R 1st version - 1964. serrulate: finely serrate. Leica 35 mm f/1.4 Summilux-R. serrate: saw-toothed with asymmetrical teeth pointing forward, such as Urtica (nettle). Leica 35 mm f/2.0 Summicron-R 2nd version - 1976. palmately lobed: indented with the indentations reaching to the center, such as Humulus (hop). Leica 35 mm f/2.0 Summicron-R 1st version - 1970. lobate: indented, with the indentations not reaching to the center, such as many Quercus (oaks)
doubly toothed: each tooth bearing smaller teeth, such as Ulmus (elm). Leica 35 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 2nd version. denticulate: finely toothed. Leica 35 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 1st version - 1964. glandular toothed: with teeth that bear glands. Leica 35 mm f/4.0 PA-Curtagon-R (Schneider-Kreuznach design). coarse-toothed: with large teeth. Leica 28 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 2nd version - 1994. dentate: toothed, such as Castanea (chestnut)
Dichotomous — There are no dominant bundles, with the veins forking regularly by pairs; found in Ginkgo and some pteridophytes. Leica 21 mm f/4.0 Super-Angulon-R - 1968-1992 (Schneider-Kreuznach design). Typical for most monocotyledons, such as grasses. Leica 19 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 2nd version - 1990. Commissural veins (small veins) connect the major parallel veins. Leica 19 mm f/2.8 Elmarit-R 1st version. Parallel-veined, parallel-ribbed, parallel-nerved, penniparallel — veins run parallel most the length of the leaf, from the base to the apex. Leica 16 mm f/2.8 Fisheye-Elmarit-R - 1970. most Acer (maples). Leica 15 mm f/2.8 Super-Elmarit-R ASPH - 2001. Palmate-netted, palmate-veined, fan-veined; several main veins diverge from near the leaf base where the petiole attaches, and radiate toward the edge of the leaf; e.g. Leica 15 mm f/3.5 Super-Elmar-R - 1980 (Carl Zeiss design). Three main veins originate from the base of the lamina, as in Ceanothus. 28-35-50 mm f/4. Pinnate-netted, penniribbed, penninerved, penniveined; the leaf has usually one main vein (called the mid-vein), with veinlets, smaller veins branching off laterally, usually somewhat parallel to each other; eg Malus (apples). Tri-Elmar-M Asph. This type of venation is typical for dicotyledons.
interpetiolar : between the petioles of two opposite leaves. 90 mm f/2. encircling the petiole base. Apo-Summicron-M Asph. rhubarb,. 75 mm f/2. ochreate : provided with ochrea, or sheath-formed stipules, e.g. Apo-Summicron-M Asph. adnate : fused to the petiole base. Summilux-M 75 mm f/1.4. free. Elmar-M 50 mm f/2.8 (collapsible). The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules is called the stipulation.
A stipule, present on the leaves of many dicotyledons, is an appendage on each side at the base of the petiole, resembling a small leaf. 50 mm f/1.4. In clasping leaves, the blade partially or wholly surrounds the stem, giving the impression that the shoot grows through the leaf such as in Claytonia perfoliata of the purslane family (Portulacaceae). Summilux-M Asph. In sessile leaves the blade attaches directly to the stem. 35 mm f/2. Sessile or clasping leaves do not have a petiole. Summicron-M Asph. In peltate leaves, the petiole attaches to the blade inside from the blade margin. 35 mm f/1.4. Petiolated leaves have a petiole.
Trifolium (clover), Laburnum (laburnum). Summicron-M Asph. trifoliate: a pinnate leaf with just three leaflets, e.g. 24 mm f/2.8. Albizia (silk tree). Elmarit-M Asph. The pinnules on one secondary vein are called pinna; e.g. 21 mm f/2.8. Each leaflet is called a pinnule. Elmarit-M Asph. Bipinnately compound leaves are twice divided: the leaflets are arranged along a secondary vein that is one of several branching off the rachis. R8/R9 DMR Digital Module R (DSLR). Swietenia (mahogany). Digilux 2. even pinnate: lacking a terminal leaflet, e.g. Digilux 1. Fraxinus (ash). D-Lux 2. odd pinnate: with a terminal leaflet, e.g. D-Lux. Pinnately compound leaves have the leaflets arranged along the main or mid-vein (called a rachis in this case).
There is no rachis, e.g. Digilux. Palmately compound leaves have the leaflets radiating from the end of the petiole, like fingers off the palm of a hand. R8/R9 DMR Digital Module-R - 10 megapixel digital back for the R8/R9, making them the first 35 mm SLR cameras able to capture to film or digitally. Rosulate — leaves form a rosette ( = a cluster of leaves growing in crowded circles from a common center). R9 - refinement of the R8 with 100g less weight and a new anthracite body finish. Note: opposite leaves may appear whorled near the tip of the stem. All traces of Minolta gone. As with opposite leaves, successive whorls may or may not be decussate, rotated by half the angle between the leaves in the whorl (i.e., successive whorls of three rotated 60°, whorls of four rotated 45°, etc). R8 - complete redesign, this time in-house with production moved back to Germany. Whorled — three or more leaves attach at each point or node on the stem. R7 - 1992 - yet more advanced electronics. Opposite — leaf attachments paired at each node; decussate if, as typical, each successive pair is rotated 90° going along the stem; or distichous if not rotated, but two-ranked (in the same plane). R6.2 - 1992- as R6 but with refinements, including a 1/2000th shutter speed. Alternate — leaf attachments singular at nodes, and leaves alternate direction, to a greater or lesser degree, along the stem. R6 - 1988-92 mechanical shutter, relied on battery power only for the built-in light meter. 135° (or 3/8) : eight leaves in three gyres. R5 and R-E - 1987 - revised electronics (R5 had TTL flash capability), the RE was a simplified model. 144° (or 2/5) : five leaves in two gyres. Leica R4 [2]. 120° (or 1/3) : three leaves in one circle. The R4 offered The R4S and R4S Mod2 were simplified models at slightly lower prices. alternate leaves have an angle of 180° (or 1/2). The R4MOT differed in designation only; all R4s and up accepted motors and winders. Other specialized leaves. The R4 offered Program mode, Aperture and Shutter Priority, and Manual, with Spot and Centerweighted metering. Sheath leaves (type found in most grasses). The R4 set the design for all cameras up to and including the R7. Microphyll leaves. R4MOT/R4/R4S/R4S Mod2 - 1980 - 1987 a new compact model based upon the Minolta XD11. Angiosperm (flowering plant) leaves: the standard form includes stipules, petiole, and lamina. The first few were built in Germany and then production was transferred to the Leitz Portugal factory. Conifer leaves are typically needle-, awl-, or scale-shaped. R3 - the first electronic Leitz SLR - 1976 to 1980, based upon the Minolta XE1/7. Ferns have fronds. The SL2 would also be the last mechanical Leica SLR for 14 years. phloem, which usually moves sap out, the latter containing the glucose produced by photosynthesis in the leaf. The SL2 was the swan-song of the Leicaflexes; the SL2 reportedly cost Leitz more to manufacture than it recouped in sales, and motivated the company to collaborate with Minolta for their next series of electronic cameras. xylem, which brings water from the stem into the leaf. Only about 1,000 SL2 MOTs were made. These cells contain less chloroplasts than those of the palisade layer. The Leica Solms museum has on display an SL2 MOT with Motor and 35 mm Summicron which survived a 25,000 foot fall from a Phantom II fighter jet: battered but in one piece, and deemed repairable by Leica. There are large intercellular air spaces. Thought by some to be the toughest 35 mm SLR ever built. The cells of the spongy layer are more rounded and not so tightly packed. Leicaflex SL2/SL2 MOT - 1974 - refinement of the SL with more sensitive light meter and improved body shape. Beneath the palisade layer is the spongy layer. Only about 1,000 SL MOTs were made. Sun leaves have a multi-layered palisade layer, while shade leaves or older leaves closer to the soil, are single-layered. MOT model took a large and heavy motor drive. In order to adapt to their different environment (such as sun or shade), plants had to adapt this structure to obtain optimal result. Leicaflex SL and SL MOT - 1968 - TTL selective-area metering, slightly taller body than its predecessor, long-lived and lovely to use. This separation must be minimal to afford capillary action for water distribution. There was a great deal of pressure to introduce a Leica SLR because of the phenomenal success of the Nikon F (1959). The slight separation of the cells provides maximum absorption of carbon dioxide. Leicaflex - 1964/5 - sometimes called the Standard - built-in external light meter, clear focusing screen with centre ground-glass spot. Cylindrical cells, with the chloroplasts close to the walls of the cell, can take optimal advantage of light. Program to facilitate custom-built combinations of metal finish, leather type, viewfinder magnification, and custom engraving. These long cylindrical cells are regularly arranged in one to five rows. A La Carte Program 2004 - present. Its cells contain many more chloroplasts than the spongy layer. The new MP is available in chrome and black paint and with viewfinders of .58, .72 and .85 magnification. An upper palisade layer of tightly packed, vertically elongated cells, one to two cells thick, directly beneath the adaxial epidermis. The Leicavit M is an accessory introduced with the new MP, allowing trigger wind with the right hand at speeds up to 2-2.5 frame/s. An arrangement of veins (the vascular tissue). A notable improvement over the M6 was the modification of the rangefinder to eliminate flare. An interior chlorenchyma called the mesophyll. A homage to the original MP, the new MP (this time standing for "Mechanical Perfection") cosmetically resembles the original (even down to changing the rewind crank back to a knob!) but is functionally closer to the M6 Classic. An epidermis that covers the upper and lower surfaces. MP - 2003 - current model (as of 2005). Same taller top plate and counter-clockwise shutter dial as the M6 TTL. Comes in .58, .72, and .85 viewfinder formats, each with different brightline framelines. Has TTL exposure, aperture priority and manual exposure, electronic shutter and two mechanical speeds of 1/60 and 1/125. M7 2002 - current model (as of 2005). The added electronics added 2 mm of height to the top plate, and the shutter dial was reversed from previous models (traditionally, turning clockwise increased shutter speed). Supported TTL flash. From 2000 the .58 viewfinder camera for eyeglass wearers are added to the line. With .72 and .85 viewfinder versions. M6 TTL - 1998 - 2002. Only 3,130 of these cameras were made (all black chrome), so they are among the rarer non-commemorative M6's. The 28 mm framelines are dropped in this model. The M6 could be optionally ordered with a .85 magnification viewfinder for easier focusing with long lenses and more accurate focusing with fast lenses, such as the 50 mm f/1.0 Noctilux and 75 mm f/1.4 Summilux. M6 0.85 - 1998. Notable for its introduction of the 0.85 magnification finder, the first high-magnification finder since 1966, and the basis for the 0.85 cameras to follow starting in 1998. A collector's edition of 1,640 cameras to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the Leica M System. M6J - 1994. Informally referred to as the M6 "Classic" to distinguish it from the "M6 TTL" models, and to indicate its "Classic" M3 dimensions. A breakthrough camera, finally combining the M3 form factor with a modern, off-the-shutter light meter with no moving parts and LED arrows in the viewfinder. M6 - 1984 - 1998. Added rangefinder framelines for the 28 mm and 75 mm lenses. M4-P - 1980 - 1986. Made in Canada. No self-timer. First M with hotshoe for electronic flash. With stronger gears for the adaptation of a motor drive. First M to be manufactured since 1975. M4-2 - 1977 - 1980 (17,000 sets were manufactured). Minolta later manufactured and sold an improved electronic version, the Minolta CLE with Auto Exposure, Off-The-Film TTL metering and TTL Flash metering, together with three M-Rokkor lenses, the 40 mm f/2, 28 mm f/2.8 and 90 mm f/4. The CL is also notable for being the only M-bayonet camera to have a vertically-traveling shutter. Internal metering similar to the M5--CDS cell on a swinging stalk. Also known as the Minolta CL, Leitz-Minolta CL, introduced with 2 lenses special to that model: the 40 mm Summicron-C f2 and 90 mm Elmar-C f4. CL - 1973 - 1976 (the compact Leica). With the M4, last M camera to have a self-timer. These restrictions also held true for the Leica CL (below). For similar reasons, collapsible lenses could not be collapsed on the M5. Certain wide angle lenses (early 21 mm f4.0 and f3.4) could not be used in the camera without modification because of the possibility of damage to the rear element of the lens or the meter arm. The added functionality required a redesigned, larger body compared with the traditional M3 dimensions. First Leica with a light meter, a mechanical swinging-arm CDS cell positioned behind the lens. With added integral TTL lightmeter. M5 - 1971 - 1975 (31,400 sets were manufactured). With the M5, last M camera to have a self-timer. Introduced the canted rewind crank (the previous Ms had rewind knobs). With added rangefinder framelines for 35 mm and 135 mm lenses. M4 - 1967 - 1975 (50,000 sets were manufactured); 1974 -1975 (6,500 sets were manufactured). In 1965 replaced by the MD (with no viewfinder at all), and the MDa (based on the M4) (1967), and finally the MD-2 (based on the M4-2) (1980). A stripped version of the M2 for scientific/technical use, the M1 was a viewfinder camera with no built-in rangefinder. M1 - 1959 - 1964 (9,392 sets were manufactured). The M2 lacked the self-resetting film frame counter of its predecessor. The 0.72 magnification became the standard viewfinder magnification for future M cameras. A scaled-down and lower-cost version of the M3, the M2 had a simplified rangefinder of 0.72 magnification, allowing easier use of 35 mm lenses. M2 - 1958 - 1967 (88,000 sets were manufactured). MP originally stood for "M Professional"; the camera was intended to be a photojournalist's camera. The original MP was based on the M3 and could be fitted with a Leicavit trigger winding device. MP - 1956 - 1957 (Total 402 sets were manufactured). Early M3s lacked a frame preview selector lever to switch between framelines. The M3 advanced film via a lever rather than knob, the first M3s required two strokes to advance the film, after 1958 M3's were single-stroke. The price of this high magnification was that a 35 mm lens required "goggles" which fit in front of the view/rangefinder windows to facilitate a wider view. The M3 has a .92 magnification finder, the highest of any M camera made. In an advertisement from 1956, it was regarded as a "lifetime investment in perfect photography"; a statement that has proven to be true after more than fifty years since its release. It was the first of the M series Leicas that are still manufactured today - the first interchangeable lens bayonet style Leica body. M3 - 1954 - 1966 (Total 200,000 units manufactured) The M3 was introduced at the German Foto Kina exhibition in 1954. Leica IIIg - Produced till 1960 (Total 798,200 screwmount cameras had been made by then). Leica incorporates flash synchronization and a self timer. Leica IIIf - 1950. Leica incorporates fast shutter speeds to the shutter design. Leica IIIa - 1935. Leica incorporates slow speeds to the shutter design in this model. Leica III - 1933. Leica introduces the rangefinder in the camera with this model. Leica II - 1932. From 1930 with interchangeable lenses. Followed by Leica Luxur and Leica Compur (a total of 60,586 was made of the Leica I, Luxur and Compur). Leica I - was introduced first time to the market at the 1925 spring fair in Leipzig, based on the Ur-Leica prototype developed by Oscar in 1913 and the Prototyp 1 developed in 1923. Leica CM Zoom. Leica CM 40 mm. Leica Minilux Zoom. Leica Minilux 40 mm. C3. C2. C1. Z2X. |