Laptop

Laptop with touchpad. An older (1997) Micron laptop. A modern mid-range HP Laptop. Being large and powerful, with average battery life, it is best used as a desktop replacement

A laptop computer (also known as notebook computer) is a small mobile personal computer, usually weighing from 1 to 3 kilograms (2 to 7 pounds). Terms for subtypes of notebooks (and related computer types) include:

  • Notebooks smaller than a A4 sheet of paper and weighing around 1 kg are sometimes called sub-notebooks or subnotebooks.
  • Notebooks weighing around 5 kg are sometimes termed desknotes (desktop/notebook).
  • Powerful laptops (often heavy) designed to compete with the computing power offered by a typical desktop are sometimes known as desktop replacements.
  • Computers larger than PDAs but smaller than notebooks are also sometimes a called palmtops.

Laptops usually run on batteries, but also from adapters which also charge the battery using mains electricity.

Laptops are capable of many of the same tasks that desktop computers perform, although they are typically less powerful for the same price. Laptops contain components that are similar to those in their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops usually have liquid crystal displays and use SO-DIMM (Small Outline DIMM) modules (rather than the larger DIMMs used in desktop computers) for their RAM. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external mouse or keyboard can usually be attached.

History

The Macintosh Portable, Apple's first attempt at a laptop.

Before laptop computers were technically feasible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s.

The first commercially available portable computer was the Osborne 1 in 1981, which used the CP/M operating system. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker, developed at Xerox PARC in 1976; however, only ten prototypes were built. The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine, and importantly could be carried on a commercial aircraft. However, it was not possible to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in.

A more enduring success was the Compaq Portable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which time the IBM Personal Computer had become the standard platform. Although scarcely more portable than the Osborne machines, and also requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true IBM clone. (IBM's own later Portable Computer, which arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM-compatible than the Compaq.)

Another claim to be the "first laptop" was made by a novice programmer Thomas Kelly in 1982. While it was made to be used upon one's lap, it weighed 150 pounds, and therefore could not be deemed truly portable.

However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. The computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma display and 384-kilobyte bubble memory. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$ 10,000) meant that it was limited to specialized applications. However, it was used heavily by the U.S. military, and was used on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s. The GRiD company subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack).

Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 (1983) and the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop." It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Like the GriD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. Both had LCD displays, and had optional printers that attached to their cases.

1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. Although it was at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, who saw its potential and marketed it as the Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201, and [1] Radio Shack TRS-80_Model_100_line or Tandy 100. The machines ran on standard AA batteries. The Tandy's internal programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and are thought to have been written in part by Bill Gates himself. The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US $300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. It weighed less than 2 kg (4 lb) with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 x 8.5 x 1.75 inches). Initial specs included 8 kb of RAM (expandable to 24 kb) and a 3 MHz processor.

Among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM PC Convertible, introduced 1986, and the Toshiba T1000 and T1200, introduced 1987. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines (the operating system was stored in ROM), the Toshiba machines were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run off lead-acid batteries. These also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines; the computer could be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted each time.

Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. About the size of an A4 sheet of paper, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. Although it anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, as a ROM-based machine with a small display it can — like the TRS-80 Model 100 — also be seen as a foreruner of the PDA.

By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first notebook computer, weighing just over 2 kg; in lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a 2-megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility as well as its size. The first notebook computers with standard drives were the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the end of that year. Truly the size of a notebook, they had hard drives and standard-resolution screens.

The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). Another "luggable," rather than laptop, the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. In the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well.

The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in 1991, heralded many changes that are now standard on laptops, including ergonomic improvements such as the placement of the keyboard at the back of the machine, thus creating a palm rest, and the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). The following year, IBM released its Thinkpad series, offering similar miniaturization.

Later PowerBooks introduced the first 256-color displays, first true touchpad, and first built-in Ethernet networking.

As technology improved during the 1990s, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased while prices went down. Several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented in their design, improving their usability and performance compared to desktop computers. Among them were:

  • Improved battery technology. The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies, first nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion and lithium polymer.
  • Power-saving processors. While laptops in 1991 were limited to the slower 80286 processor because of the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SX processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in processor design.
  • Improved liquid crystal display design, in particular active-matrix display technology, and increasingly, color screens. Early laptop screens were black and white or grayscale passive-matrix LCD displays prone to heavy shadows and blurry movement (some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher display resolution, and could display color with great accuracy, making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor.
  • Improved hard disk technology. Early laptops had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them.
  • Improved interconnectivity. Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home; the addition of Ethernet networking ports and, from 1997, USB, and from 1999, Wi-Fi, made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer.
A concept render of the $100 laptop

In 2005, faculty members from the MIT Media Lab including Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop as part of the One Laptop Per Child project. The aim is to design, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently inexpensive to provide every child in the world access to knowledge and modern forms of education. The laptops will be sold to governments and issued to children by schools on a basis of one laptop per child. These machines will be rugged, Linux-based, and so energy efficient that hand-cranking alone will generate sufficient power for operation. Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking may be used to allow many machines Internet access from one connection. The pricing goal is to start at $100 and then steadily decrease.

Parts

Many parts for a laptop computer are smaller, lighter, or otherwise adapted from the corresponding part in a desktop computer:

  • Most modern laptops use an active matrix display with resolutions of 1024 by 768 pixels (XGA) and above, screen sizes 10 inch (250 mm) or larger, and have a PC-Card expansion bay for expansion cards, formerly called PCMCIA. Internal hard disks are smaller—2.5 inch (64 mm) compared to the standard desktop 3.5 inch (90 mm) drive—and usually have lower performance and power consumption. Display adapters and sound cards are integrated. Modern laptops can often handle sophisticated games, but tend to be limited by their fixed screen resolution and display adapter type.
  • Notebook processor: There are a wide range of notebook processors available from Intel (Pentium M (with Centrino technology), Celeron, Intel Core Duo and Centrino Duo) and from AMD (Athlon, Turion 64, and Sempron). Motorola and IBM develop and manufacture the PowerPC chips for Apple notebooks. Generally, notebook processors are less powerful than their desktop counterparts, owing to the need to conserve electricity and reduce heat output. However, the PowerPC G3 and G4 processor generations have been able to offer almost the same performance as their desktop versions, limited mostly by lower performance in other parts of the system bus bandwidth and peripheral units) in Apple's notebooks; recently, though, with the introduction of the G5s, they have been far outstripped. At one point, the Pismo G3, at up to 500 MHz, was faster than the fastest desktop G3 (then the B&W G3), which ran at 450 MHz.

Some parts for a modern laptop have no corresponding part in a desktop computer:

  • Current models use lithium ion batteries, which have largely replaced the older nickel metal-hydride technology. Typical battery life for most laptops is two to five hours with light-duty use, but may drop to as little as one hour with intensive use. Batteries gradually degrade over time and eventually need to be replaced, depending on the charging and discharging pattern, from one to five years.
  • Docking stations may be used for expanding connectors and quickly connecting many components to the laptop, although they are falling out of favour as laptops' integral capabilities increase and USB allows several peripherals to be connected through one plug.
  • Most laptops are powered or recharged from an external AC converter that usually takes the form of a plain black rectangular box. These devices weigh about 500 g (about 1 lb) and often take the name "power brick."

Upgradability

Laptops generally cost more than a desktop computer of similar specification. Performance is usually lower than that of a comparable desktop because of the compromises necessary to keep weight and power consumption low.

Upgradability is severely limited: typically only the RAM and hard drive can be upgraded. Often the CPU can also be replaced, and sometimes video card modules are upgradable too. Many laptops also include a MiniPCI slot inside, however it is usually not intended to be utilized by the end user. Because nearly all functions are integrated into the proprietary-design mainboard theoretically to save space and power, laptops are difficult to repair and upgrade. Outright replacement of faulty parts can include the display screen, drives, daughterboards, modem, storage devices and other components, but repair costs can be high, even when feasible (low upgradability). There is not a standard for A4-size laptops.

Performance

Laptop performance has been inferior to desktops for the same price. Desktops have outperformed mobile computers because new technologies expend more heat. These new technologies take time to tranfer over to the laptop market because of its smaller package. While desktops continue to outperform notebooks at the high end, both types of systems generally offer sufficient performance for the mainstream. This still existent difference in performance continues to be minimized.

Misconceptions about laptops

Despite their name, using a laptop on one's lap can be both unpleasant (due to heat from the computer, particularly from its CPU) and possibly even dangerous to the laptop, as it may overheat. It is sometimes preferable to use a laptop on a desk.

The word laptop is often spelled incorrectly as "labtop," "lab top," or "lap top."

Some computer novices assume that laptops are constantly connected to the Internet, even (for example) while located on moving vehicles. This is a myth perpetuated by many commercials, where a person is shown using the company's website from a laptop with no wires plugged into it. This is possible via Wi-Fi or related technologies, but most laptops do not maintain a constant connection to the Internet. The growth of Metropolitan area networks may render a constant connection possible in the future. However, most modern mid-range laptops have integrated WiFi, so only require a wireless router to connect to the internet; or a wireless hotspot.

Laptops & laptop brands

  • Acer - TravelMate and Aspire
  • Alienware - Area 51m, Sentia and Aurora m series
  • Apple Computer - iBook, PowerBook and MacBook Pro
  • ASUS
  • Averatec
  • Bacoc
  • Clevo
  • Compaq - EVO, Armada, LTE, and Presario
  • Dell - Inspiron and Latitude
  • ECS
  • Fujitsu Siemens - Lifebook
  • Gateway
  • Gericom
  • Hewlett Packard - HP Pavilion and HP Omnibook
  • Hypersonic
  • iQon - Qompanion
  • Lenovo - IBM ThinkPad
  • LG - XNOTE
  • Linuxcertified - Linux laptop
  • Medion
  • NEC - VERSA
  • Packard Bell - EasyNote
  • Panasonic - Toughbook
  • Samsung - Sens
  • Sony - VAIO
  • Sager - NP series
  • Tadpole - SPARCbook
  • Toshiba - Dynabook, Portege, Tecra, Satellite, Qosmio, Libretto
  • Relion
  • Rock Direct
  • Voodoo PC - Envy
  • Winbook
  • Zyrex

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However, most modern mid-range laptops have integrated WiFi, so only require a wireless router to connect to the internet; or a wireless hotspot. Simba himself temporarilly joins the protagonists' party, all of whom are transformed into wild animal versions of themselves.(Sora is a black lion cub, Donald Duck is a less anthromorphic, Zazu-esque bird, and Goofy, a tortoise.). The growth of Metropolitan area networks may render a constant connection possible in the future. Simba makes a third appearance in the series in Kingdom Hearts II, along with many other characters from the The Lion King. This is possible via Wi-Fi or related technologies, but most laptops do not maintain a constant connection to the Internet. Simba makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as well as Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories as a summon. This is a myth perpetuated by many commercials, where a person is shown using the company's website from a laptop with no wires plugged into it. However, the first game was criticized for being too difficult, even for seasoned gamers.

Some computer novices assume that laptops are constantly connected to the Internet, even (for example) while located on moving vehicles. Both games received an enthusiastic reception from players and critics alike. The word laptop is often spelled incorrectly as "labtop," "lab top," or "lap top.". A third game was published in 2004 simply called "The Lion King" for GBA but was in fact a game based on the third move with Timon and Pumbaa as the playable characters. It is sometimes preferable to use a laptop on a desk. The second was published in 2000 by Activision and was released on Playstation and Game Boy Color. Despite their name, using a laptop on one's lap can be both unpleasant (due to heat from the computer, particularly from its CPU) and possibly even dangerous to the laptop, as it may overheat. The first was published in 1994 by Virgin and was released on SNES, Game Boy, Sega Megadrive, Game Gear, PC and Amiga.

This still existent difference in performance continues to be minimized. Two video games based on the film have been released. While desktops continue to outperform notebooks at the high end, both types of systems generally offer sufficient performance for the mainstream. When Littlefoot is crying over his mother, an old reptile gives him advice, mentioning "The Great Circle of Life." In the last part of the movie, Littlefoot's mother's ghost appears to him in cloud form and speaks to him; similar to how Mufasa speaks to Simba. These new technologies take time to tranfer over to the laptop market because of its smaller package. The Land Before Time has a few concepts that were apparently borrowed for use in The Lion King. Desktops have outperformed mobile computers because new technologies expend more heat. The story can therefore be dismissed as an urban legend.

Laptop performance has been inferior to desktops for the same price. However, although the scene can provoke laughter and confusion, the scene was not actually removed. There is not a standard for A4-size laptops. To some, the story goes, this looks like the lionesses were crying toilet paper, causing the audience to laugh at an inappropriate moment. Outright replacement of faulty parts can include the display screen, drives, daughterboards, modem, storage devices and other components, but repair costs can be high, even when feasible (low upgradability). When Mufasa dies, the lionesses cry over his dead body: this is enacted using a Japanese bunraku puppet mourning technique in which ribbons flow out of the eyes to symbolize tears. Because nearly all functions are integrated into the proprietary-design mainboard theoretically to save space and power, laptops are difficult to repair and upgrade. It has been said part of a scene was removed from the American version of The Lion King stage musical.

Many laptops also include a MiniPCI slot inside, however it is usually not intended to be utilized by the end user. In July 2004 the family filed suit, seeking $1.6 million in royalties. Often the CPU can also be replaced, and sometimes video card modules are upgradable too. The use of the song "The Lion Sleeps Tonight" has led to disputes between Disney and the family of South African Solomon Linda, who composed the song (originally titled "Mbube") in 1939. Upgradability is severely limited: typically only the RAM and hard drive can be upgraded. During the restoration of the film for IMAX and DVD, the frames were altered to not include the word. Performance is usually lower than that of a comparable desktop because of the compromises necessary to keep weight and power consumption low. An examination of the actual frames in question supports this latter claim, as the lower part of the alleged "E" is indeed astray.

Laptops generally cost more than a desktop computer of similar specification. According to Disney, however, it is supposed to read "SFX" (a common abbreviation of "special effects"), and was a sort of innocent "signature" signed by the effects animation team to the work they did. Some parts for a modern laptop have no corresponding part in a desktop computer:. In one scene of the movie it appears as if animators had embedded the word "sex" into several frames of animation, which conservative activist Donald Wildmon asserted was a subliminal message intended to promote sexual promiscuity. Many parts for a laptop computer are smaller, lighter, or otherwise adapted from the corresponding part in a desktop computer:. The Lion King, in particular, because of Vogler's involvement and its near-perfect adherence to mythic structure, was cited as a major culprit of the trend. The pricing goal is to start at $100 and then steadily decrease. There was backlash by critics who felt that Vogler's treatises on story structre--which actually only codified basic mythic structure--was an industry-wide attempt at making all films formulaic.

Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking may be used to allow many machines Internet access from one connection. At the time of the film's release, studios were clamoring to utilize Vogler's theories on applying mythic structure to screenplays to streamline story development. These machines will be rugged, Linux-based, and so energy efficient that hand-cranking alone will generate sufficient power for operation. The contribution of Vogler itself raised controversy. The laptops will be sold to governments and issued to children by schools on a basis of one laptop per child. The Hamlet argument appears to have been promoted by Disney personnel after the Kimba controversy started. The aim is to design, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently inexpensive to provide every child in the world access to knowledge and modern forms of education. Vogler claims that several further ideas were suggested to Disney but not incorporated into the movie, including possibly a fight of young Simba with some dangerous animal to mark his transition from a child to mature hero.

In 2005, faculty members from the MIT Media Lab including Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop as part of the One Laptop Per Child project. Much of Hamlet's plot has no parallel in The Lion King, however. Among them were:. Later, at the urging of his father's ghost, the prince recalls his duty (although Hamlet vacillates between action and inaction) and ultimately returns from exile to kill his uncle (but Hamlet was not in exile at the time, and Simba does not kill Scar). Several developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented in their design, improving their usability and performance compared to desktop computers. The rightful heir does not avenge his father's death (Simba to Hamlet). As technology improved during the 1990s, the usefulness and popularity of laptops increased while prices went down. Relationship between the two plots includes: The brother to the king (Scar to Mufasa; Claudius to King Hamlet) kills the king (this occurs before the play Hamlet begins).

Later PowerBooks introduced the first 256-color displays, first true touchpad, and first built-in Ethernet networking. In fact, Christopher Vogler in his book The Writer's Journey, Second Edition: Mythic Structure for Writers (ISBN 0941188701) describes how Disney approached him with a copy of Hamlet asking how to improve the plot of The Lion King by incorporating ideas from Shakespeare. The following year, IBM released its Thinkpad series, offering similar miniaturization. There are recurring assertions of a resemblance to Shakespeare's Hamlet. The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in 1991, heralded many changes that are now standard on laptops, including ergonomic improvements such as the placement of the keyboard at the back of the machine, thus creating a palm rest, and the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). The family of Osamu Tezuka, Kimba's creator, have not filed suit against Disney. In the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; however, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a set of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to buy a new or used Macintosh as well. Disney's official stance is that any resemblances are a coincidence, and the directors Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff claim they were well into the development process before someone pointed out the Kimba similarity.

Another "luggable," rather than laptop, the Mac Portable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, but was a poor seller due to its bulk. Most characters in Kimba have an analogue in The Lion King, and various individual scenes are nearly identical in composition and camera angle. The first Apple Computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh Portable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). The Lion King bears a striking resemblance to a famous Japanese animated television show, Kimba the White Lion [2], and claims have been made that The Lion King was inspired by it. Truly the size of a notebook, they had hard drives and standard-resolution screens. The Lion King was claimed to be the first animated Disney movie to be based on an original story, although the accuracy of this has become disputed. The first notebook computers with standard drives were the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the end of that year. Also, in the "Hakuna Matata" number, the characters sing in a jungle surrounding, lit by spotlights that follow them from the sky.

The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first notebook computer, weighing just over 2 kg; in lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a 2-megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility as well as its size. For instance, the "I Just Can't Wait to Be King" number transitions from a background of natural savannah to abstact blue and pink African tribal patterns the instant the singing begins--and just as quickly back out of it when the music ends. By the end of the 1980s, laptop computers were becoming popular among business people. The film's look changes drastically from the "realistic" world of the drama and the stylized world of the musical numbers. Although it anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer, as a ROM-based machine with a small display it can — like the TRS-80 Model 100 — also be seen as a foreruner of the PDA. With six major musical numbers (including a repeated "Circle of Life" at film's beginning and end), The Lion King is heavily influenced by American musical theater. About the size of an A4 sheet of paper, it ran on standard batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. Computers also aided in the implementation of a classic Disney animation technique called "multiplaning" that was prominently featued in Bambi.

Another notable computer was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. Similar multiplication occurs in the "Be Prepared" musical number with identical marching hyenas. These also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines; the computer could be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted each time. Several distinct wildebeast chracters were drawn into a computer program, multiplied into the hundreds, and given randomized paths down a mountainside to simulate the real, unpredictable movement of a herd. Although limited floppy-based DOS machines (the operating system was stored in ROM), the Toshiba machines were small and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be run off lead-acid batteries. The most notable use of computer-aided animation is in the famous "wildebeast stampede" sequence. Among the first commercial IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM PC Convertible, introduced 1986, and the Toshiba T1000 and T1200, introduced 1987. Significant use of computer-aided designed help the filmmakers on use the old story structure in new, visual ways.

Initial specs included 8 kb of RAM (expandable to 24 kb) and a 3 MHz processor. This is seen in classic films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film), Bambi, and Cinderella (1950 movie). It weighed less than 2 kg (4 lb) with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 x 8.5 x 1.75 inches). Although not specifically based on any previous film, The Lion King borrows the archetypical Disney story of an orphan battling a villain (usually a relative) for control of his or her birthright. Due to its portability, good battery life (and ease of replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low price (as little as US $300), the model was highly regarded, becoming a favorite among journalists. The Renaissance featured a return to traditional Disney standard storytelling modes and motifs, a reliance on ever-expanding filmmaking technology, and a strong influence of musical theater. With its internal modem, it was a highly portable communications terminal. To many, The Lion King represents the peak of the late 1980's to mid 1990's Disney Renaissance in animation.

The computer was not a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen above a full-travel keyboard.
. The Tandy's internal programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and are thought to have been written in part by Bill Gates himself. The CD itself is difficult to obtain, but it has been sighted on eBay, and high-quality downloads of the tracks can be found online. The machines ran on standard AA batteries. The CD is titled The Lion King Complete Score or Lion King Expanded Score and was first mentioned on Hans-Zimmer.com. Although it was at first a slow seller in Japan, it was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, who saw its potential and marketed it as the Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201, and [1] Radio Shack TRS-80_Model_100_line or Tandy 100. The quality is not what one would expect from an official Disney CD, as the tracks were recorded at a slower rate than normal, many of the tracks are in monaural and the tracks are not ordered correctly with their appearance in the film, but it has been a relief to many fans that the music had been placed into CD form.

1983 also saw the launch of what was probably the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. It was assumed that the vast amounts of missing score had been lost, but relatively recently a bootleg CD containing all of the missing score has come to light. Both had LCD displays, and had optional printers that attached to their cases. The tracks included were pieced together from various parts of the film and therefore not entirely representative of the scenes linked to them. Like the GriD Compass, the Gavilan and the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, although primarily running their own system software. The official soundtrack released by Disney contained very little of Hans Zimmer's instrumental score. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop." It was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, installed on a panel above the keyboard. Rhythm of the Pridelands was printed in a very limited quantity, and as such has become something of a collectors item.

Two other noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 (1983) and the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 but first sold in 1984. Several songs featured on the album would later have incarnations in other Lion King-oriented projects, such as the stage musical or the direct-to-video sequels. GRiD Systems Corp was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack). The album -- with many tracks composed by Lebo M -- focused primarily on the African influences of the film's original music, with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages. The GRiD company subsequently earned significant returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. On 28 February 1995, Disney released an album entitled Rhythm of the Pridelands, which featured songs and performances inspired by, but not featured in, the film. military, and was used on the Space Shuttle during the 1980s. More recently, with the making of the Special Edition and its extra song, "The Morning Report", newer CDs include this track:.

However, it was used heavily by the U.S. In most international releases of the CD, Elton John's versions were removed except for the bottom one, and an additional track, "Hyenas" (instrumental by Hans Zimmer) was included. It was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$ 10,000) meant that it was limited to specialized applications. In the original United States version, this CD had the following tracks:. The computer could be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma display and 384-kilobyte bubble memory. A soundtrack CD was sold separately from the film. Enclosed in a magnesium case, it introduced the now familiar clamshell design, in which the flat display folded shut against the keyboard. For instance, Jason Weaver sang for Jonathan Taylor-Thomas as the young Simba, and Joseph Williams sang for Matthew Broderick as the adult Simba.

However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979, and released in 1982. Also, very few of the voice actors in the movie were able to do their own singing, and a majority of the songs were done by vocal doubles. While it was made to be used upon one's lap, it weighed 150 pounds, and therefore could not be deemed truly portable. Aside from the John/Rice songs, the incidental music was by Hans Zimmer with additional material arranged by Lebo M. Another claim to be the "first laptop" was made by a novice programmer Thomas Kelly in 1982. The Lion King was nominated for the following Tony Awards in 1997:. (IBM's own later Portable Computer, which arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM-compatible than the Compaq.). The show is produced by Disney Theatrical.

Although scarcely more portable than the Osborne machines, and also requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the first true IBM clone. International productions of the show are now playing in London, England; Melbourne, Australia; Hamburg, Germany; Tokyo, Japan; and Scheveningen, Netherlands. A more enduring success was the Compaq Portable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which time the IBM Personal Computer had become the standard platform. The tour version is very similar to the original Broadway production; however, certain scenic elements which rise out of the stage floor (such as Pride Rock, the stampede, and the grasslands) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions. However, it was not possible to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in. touring productions. The Osborne was about the size of a portable sewing machine, and importantly could be carried on a commercial aircraft. There are currently two U.S.

This and other "luggables" were inspired by what was probably the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker, developed at Xerox PARC in 1976; however, only ten prototypes were built. In June of 2006, the Broadway production will move to the Minskoff Theater to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins. Although it was large and heavy compared to today's laptops, with a tiny CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their computer and data with them for the first time. A version later opened in London, and another in Toronto, playing there until January 2004. The first commercially available portable computer was the Osborne 1 in 1981, which used the CP/M operating system. The stage show first opened on July 31st, 1997 in Minneapolis at the Orpheum Theatre, and was an instant and tremendous success, moving permanently to the New Amsterdam Theater on Broadway in New York that October. Before laptop computers were technically feasible, similar ideas had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s. The movie was also adapted into an award-winning Broadway stage musical with the same title, directed by Julie Taymor, featuring actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets.

. The Lion King II: Simba's Pride was re-released in a 2 disc Special Edition on August 31, 2004. In addition to a built-in keyboard, they may utilize a touchpad (also known as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external mouse or keyboard can usually be attached. A boxed set of the three films (in double-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. Laptops usually have liquid crystal displays and use SO-DIMM (Small Outline DIMM) modules (rather than the larger DIMMs used in desktop computers) for their RAM. By means of seamless branching, the movie could be viewed either with or without the extra scene. Laptops contain components that are similar to those in their desktop counterparts and perform the same functions but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Among the extra features on the disc was an extended version of one scene, where a short conversation has been replaced with a complete song, "The Morning Report", which was originally written for the stage musical (see below).

Laptops are capable of many of the same tasks that desktop computers perform, although they are typically less powerful for the same price. The DVD release featured a remastered version of the film created for the IMAX release. Laptops usually run on batteries, but also from adapters which also charge the battery using mains electricity. On October 7, 2003, the original film was released as The Lion King: 2-Disc Special Edition, part of Disney's Platinum Edition line of DVDs. Terms for subtypes of notebooks (and related computer types) include:. A second direct-to-video sequel (or perhaps midquel), The Lion King 1½ (also known as The Lion King 3: Hakuna Matata), was released on February 10, 2004, and takes place on a parallel time line that interweaves with the original Lion King, but from Timon and Pumbaa's perspective. A laptop computer (also known as notebook computer) is a small mobile personal computer, usually weighing from 1 to 3 kilograms (2 to 7 pounds). A spin-off television series called Timon and Pumbaa focused on the Meerkat and Warthog duo, and implied that the story took place during the mid Twentieth Century through the appearance of humans, human clothing and technology.

Zyrex. The Lion King was so successful that Disney's television animation arm created a direct-to-video sequel (as it did with numerous other succesful animated films) called The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998), focusing on Simba's daughter Kiara. Winbook. Singing voices. Voodoo PC - Envy. (See == Controversies == below). Rock Direct. The plot also bears similarities to both Shakespeare's play Hamlet and the 1942 Disney animated feature Bambi.

Relion. The official Disney company response, as reported in the Chronicle, was that The Lion King was an original work, and that none of the people involved in creating The Lion King "were aware of Kimba or Tezuka." Animators - or anyone for that matter - not being aware of the creator of "Kimba the White Lion" and other works such as Atom Boy (Astro Boy) is very hard to believe indeed. Toshiba - Dynabook, Portege, Tecra, Satellite, Qosmio, Libretto. See: Dreamland and Kimba The Lion. Tadpole - SPARCbook. A major point of contention among fans of Japanese anime and in particular Osamu Tezuka - is the fact that many of the characters, key scenes and story are almost identical to "Jungle Taitei" - translated as "The Jungle Emporer" or as we know it - "Kimba the White lion". Sager - NP series. Simba and Nala have a baby cub that is presented in a triumphant ceremony mirroring the film's beginning.

Sony - VAIO. In a powerful and beautifully depicted climax, Simba is finally declared the true lion king and leads the Pride Lands back into times of prosperity and glory. Samsung - Sens. Scar jumps through the flames to finish Simba off but it is Simba who throws his uncle over the cliff edge and watches as Scar's former hyena allies turn on the dictator, after hearing him tell Simba they were 'the enemy'. Panasonic - Toughbook. There is a climactic battle and Simba is thrown to the edge of the cliff. Packard Bell - EasyNote. Simba is surprised at this and Scar attacks once again.

NEC - VERSA. Scar begins to slink off when he throws some burning embers into Simba's face. Medion. Scar remembers those words; they were the exact words that he used to manipulate Simba after Mufasa died. Linuxcertified - Linux laptop. Scar attempts to blame everything on the hyenas (who hear this); Simba shows mercy and tells Scar to run away from the kingdom and never return. LG - XNOTE. The battle begins, and as the lionesses and hyenas fight, Simba does battle with Scar on the summit.

Lenovo - IBM ThinkPad. Simba, enraged at the truth of the murder and how he was played a fool in it, leaps upon Scar and forces the tyrant to publicly confess to his crime. iQon - Qompanion. Just before Scar kills Simba the same way he killed Mufasa, he whispers the awful truth to Simba: that it was he, Scar, who killed Mufasa. Hypersonic. Scar recalls Mufasa's death and just as the dictator had done to Mufasa, latches into Simba's paws with his claws. Hewlett Packard - HP Pavilion and HP Omnibook. Simba slips and hangs onto the rock as Mufasa did years before.

Gericom. Then Scar backs Simba to the edge of the cliff as lightning ignites the kingdom. Gateway. Scar remains confident and with his hyenas forces Simba to confess to his responsibility for the death of Mufasa. Fujitsu Siemens - Lifebook. With the support of Nala who has rallied the lionesses (including Simba's aged and yet still proud mother, the erstwhile Queen Sarabi), Simba confronts his uncle. ECS. When he arrives, Simba is incensed to find that his once joyful and prosperous kingdom has crumbled into a barren wasteland under King Scar's rule.

Dell - Inspiron and Latitude. After Rafiki the witch doctor mandrill (referred to as a baboon in the film) shows Simba that Mufasa's spirit still lives on inside him, and Mufasa appears to him as a ghost and demands of him to look inside himself and understand that he is the only rightful king, Simba decides to go back home. Compaq - EVO, Armada, LTE, and Presario. Although the pair have fallen in love, they part: Nala angry with what she sees as Simba's irresponsibility, and Simba angry with Nala for scorning him. Clevo. She urges Simba to return to the Pride Lands and retake his rightful throne, but he refuses, happy with his new "no worries" lifestyle -- and still traumatized by the false belief that he caused his father's death. Bacoc. After growing up with the pair, the adult Simba encounters his childhood friend, a beautiful and formidable young lioness named Nala, who has fled Scar's dictatorial rule to seek help.

Averatec. There the cub is saved and befriended by Timon and Pumbaa (a meerkat and warthog respectively), who teach Simba their philosophy of "hakuna matata" (no worries). ASUS. Exhausted, Simba collapses in the desert. Apple Computer - iBook, PowerBook and MacBook Pro. Scar accepts the story, and assumes the throne, becoming the lion king. Alienware - Area 51m, Sentia and Aurora m series. In the chase that follows, Simba escapes the hyenas who fear Scar's wrath and lie to him, saying that they captured and killed the young prince.

Acer - TravelMate and Aspire. Scar manipulates Simba into thinking he is responsible for his father's death by getting caught in a stampede, and advises him to "run away and never return." As a sobbing, devastated Simba runs off, Scar orders his hyena henchmen to kill Simba. These devices weigh about 500 g (about 1 lb) and often take the name "power brick.". Scar throws Mufasa back off the rock with the mocking words, "Long live the king." Mufasa is crushed under the hooves of the wildebeest. Most laptops are powered or recharged from an external AC converter that usually takes the form of a plain black rectangular box. Mufasa pleads to Scar for help, who gazes down on his brother and then suddenly latches his sharp claws into Mufasa's paws. Docking stations may be used for expanding connectors and quickly connecting many components to the laptop, although they are falling out of favour as laptops' integral capabilities increase and USB allows several peripherals to be connected through one plug. As Mufasa climbs higher, he looks up to see Scar standing on the ledge above him.

Batteries gradually degrade over time and eventually need to be replaced, depending on the charging and discharging pattern, from one to five years. However as all hope seems lost, Mufasa makes one last great leap to cling to the rockface. Typical battery life for most laptops is two to five hours with light-duty use, but may drop to as little as one hour with intensive use. Together with his hyenas, he engineers a wildebeest stampede in which Mufasa rescues Simba but he himself is lost in the stampede. Current models use lithium ion batteries, which have largely replaced the older nickel metal-hydride technology. Scar allies himself with some starving hyenas in an attempt to overthrow his brother. At one point, the Pismo G3, at up to 500 MHz, was faster than the fastest desktop G3 (then the B&W G3), which ran at 450 MHz. Mufasa teaches Simba about the Circle of Life and that everything is connected in a balance.

However, the PowerPC G3 and G4 processor generations have been able to offer almost the same performance as their desktop versions, limited mostly by lower performance in other parts of the system bus bandwidth and peripheral units) in Apple's notebooks; recently, though, with the introduction of the G5s, they have been far outstripped. However, Mufasa's younger brother Scar is jealous of his nephew's position as heir and so plots to usurp the throne. Generally, notebook processors are less powerful than their desktop counterparts, owing to the need to conserve electricity and reduce heat output. He rules the kingdom with kindness and wisdom. Motorola and IBM develop and manufacture the PowerPC chips for Apple notebooks. Simba's father, King Mufasa, is the lion king. Notebook processor: There are a wide range of notebook processors available from Intel (Pentium M (with Centrino technology), Celeron, Intel Core Duo and Centrino Duo) and from AMD (Athlon, Turion 64, and Sempron). However, the major musical praise focused on Hans Zimmer's score which was supplemented with traditional African music and choir elements arranged by Lebo M, which many critics felt played a crucial role in establishing the grand mythic tone of the African story.

Modern laptops can often handle sophisticated games, but tend to be limited by their fixed screen resolution and display adapter type. John performs "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" during the end credits. Display adapters and sound cards are integrated. Elton John and Tim Rice wrote five original songs for this film. Internal hard disks are smaller—2.5 inch (64 mm) compared to the standard desktop 3.5 inch (90 mm) drive—and usually have lower performance and power consumption. With hindsight, the film can be seen as marking the peak of the popular success of the late-80s-to-mid-90s "renaissance" of Disney animation. Most modern laptops use an active matrix display with resolutions of 1024 by 768 pixels (XGA) and above, screen sizes 10 inch (250 mm) or larger, and have a PC-Card expansion bay for expansion cards, formerly called PCMCIA. The film made $328,541,776 in domestic gross income and $783,841,776 worldwide.

Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops made it easier to work away from home; the addition of Ethernet networking ports and, from 1997, USB, and from 1999, Wi-Fi, made laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer. Upon general release, the film more than confirmed that suspicion by becoming the most successful film of the year and the most successful animated feature film ever at the time (though with inflation factored in it would be fourth). Improved interconnectivity. Furthermore, when the film was in limited release in two major theatres, the film did very impressive business which suggested that this "secondary project" promised to be popular. As thin, high-capacity hard disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available, users could store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. However, as the film was being marketed, the studio noticed that the released teaser, which consisted of the entire opening sequence featuring the song, "Circle of Life", was getting a strongly enthusiastic reaction from audiences. Early laptops had only floppy disk drives. Many of the Disney Feature Animation staffers preferred to work on Pocahontas, thinking that film would be the more prestigious and successful of the two.

Improved hard disk technology. During its production, The Lion King was considered a secondary project to Pocahontas, which was in production at the same time. Improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher display resolution, and could display color with great accuracy, making them an acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor. Computer animation was used extensively in the creation of the movie, particularly during the "Circle of Life" and the technologically innovative stampede sequences. Early laptop screens were black and white or grayscale passive-matrix LCD displays prone to heavy shadows and blurry movement (some portable computer screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, but these drew too much current to be powered by batteries). The film was also the first Disney animated feature to have a non-villain main character die on-screen. Improved liquid crystal display design, in particular active-matrix display technology, and increasingly, color screens. Robin Hood featured only anthropomorphized animals who lived like humans, while Bambi featured only unseen human characters; whether this makes The Lion King Walt Disney's first "non-human animals-only" film is open to interpretation, but it is one film that is free of "human elements".

While laptops in 1991 were limited to the slower 80286 processor because of the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SX processor, designed for the specific power needs of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in processor design. The Lion King, though a very humanistic story, remains the only Disney film to lack any trace of human existence. Power-saving processors. . The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more efficient technologies, first nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion and lithium polymer. Many of the John/Rice tunes became Disney standards or pop hits in their own right, and Zimmer's score also drew substantial praise. Improved battery technology. The Lion King is a musical film, with songs written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, and a film score by Hans Zimmer.

Computers larger than PDAs but smaller than notebooks are also sometimes a called palmtops. Unlike previous Disney animated films, which featured only a select few famous voice actors alongside lesser-known performers, nearly all of the voice acting work for this film was done by well-known actors, including Matthew Broderick, James Earl Jones, Jeremy Irons, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Robert Guillaume, Moira Kelly, Rowan Atkinson, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin and Jim Cummings. Powerful laptops (often heavy) designed to compete with the computing power offered by a typical desktop are sometimes known as desktop replacements. The filmmakers do, however, acknowledge the prominent influences of both Shakespeare's play Hamlet and the 1942 Disney animated feature Bambi. Notebooks weighing around 5 kg are sometimes termed desknotes (desktop/notebook). It is frequently alleged that The Lion King was based on Osamu Tezuka's 1960s animated series Kimba the White Lion, although the filmmakers deny this. Notebooks smaller than a A4 sheet of paper and weighing around 1 kg are sometimes called sub-notebooks or subnotebooks. The film is about a young lion cub named Simba who learns about his place on the throne of Pride Rock and his role in the circle of life.

A digitally retouched and enhanced Special Edition version of the film was released in IMAX format on December 25, 2002. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, originally released to selected cities by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution on June 15, 1994, and put into general release on June 24, 1994. The Lion King is the thirty-second animated feature in the Disney animated feature canon, and the highest-grossing traditionally animated feature film ever released in the United States. The Lion King: Simba's Mighty Adventure (developed by Activision).

The Lion King (developed by Virgin). "The Morning Report" (James Earl Jones, Jeff Bennett, Evan Saucedo). "Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Elton John Remix). "Can You Feel The Love Tonight End Title" (Elton John).

"I Just Can't Wait To Be King" (Elton John). "Circle Of Life" (Elton John). "King Of Pride Rock" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "Under The Stars" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer).

"To Die For" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "This Land" (instrumental, by Hans Zimmer). "Can You Feel The Love Tonight" (Joseph Williams, Sally Dworsky, Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Kristle Edwards). "Hakuna Matata" (Nathan Lane, Ernie Sabella, Jason Weaver, Joseph Williams).

"Be Prepared" (Jeremy Irons, Whoopi Goldberg, Cheech Marin, Jim Cummings). "I Just Can't Wait To Be King" (Jason Weaver, Rowan Atkinson, Laura Williams). "Circle Of Life" (by Carmen Twillie). Tony Award for Best Orchestrations.

Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical (Julie Taymor) WINNER. Tony Award for Best Choreography WINNER (Garth Fagan). Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Musical WINNER. Tony Award for Best Costume Design of a Musical (Julie Taymor) WINNER.

Tony Award for Best Scenic Design of a Musical WINNER. Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical (Tsidii Le Loka). Wright). Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical (Samuel E.

Tony Award for Best Original Score. Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical. Tony Award for Best Musical WINNER. News from the underground.") but is generally designated as a minor role.

This is in contrast to the gopher who also speaks only one line ("Zazu, Sir. Nevertheless, the end credits as well as the vast majority of fan material appear to consider her a major character. Her name is never spoken in the movie, and indeed her dialogue consists only of a single line ("Hm, what do you think, Sarabi?"). Sarafina - Nala's mother.

Sarabi - Mother of Simba and Mufasa's mate (Swahili for "mirage"). Shenzi is Swahili for "uncouth"; banzai means "skulk" or "lurk.". However in the end, it is these three devious hyenas who kill Scar. Shenzi, Banzai and Ed - Three hyenas who assist Scar in murdering Mufasa and exiling Simba.

Zazu - A pompous hornbill who is King Mufasa's majordomo (advisor). The film never specifies this, for obvious reasons of taste, though it is consistent with the real-life behavior of lions. According to co-director Rob Minkoff, speaking in 2004, the general assumption during production was that Nala was the offspring of either Scar or Mufasa. Nala (Niketa Calame (cub) and Moira Kelly (adult)) - Friend and future mate of Simba (Swahili for "gift").

Rafiki's tree is a baobab tree; baobab trees are occasionally known colloquially as "monkey-bread trees". Rafiki - Mandrill and wise old shaman, Simba's spiritual guide (Swahili for "friend"). Pumbaa means "simpleton" in Swahili. Pumbaa - Clumsy warthog who adopts Simba with Timon.

Timon could be named after a Greek philosopher or after the title character of Shakespeare's play Timon of Athens. They adopt and raise Simba under the philosophy of "Hakuna Matata" (Swahili for "no worries"). Timon - Comical meerkat who is best friends with warthog Pumbaa. Scar rules as a tyrant and goes unchallenged until Simba returns years later to reclaim his birthright.

He succeeds in killing Mufasa, but his henchmen the hyenas allow Simba to escape. The villain of the movie, Scar aspires to become king by overthrowing Mufasa and Simba. Scar - Brother of Mufasa and Simba's uncle. Mufasa was reportedly the name of the last king of the Bagada people, who were dispersed during the English colonization of Kenya (see [1]).

Tragically, his reign is cut short by his jealous brother Scar. Mufasa - King of the Pride Lands, father of Simba and mate of Sarabi, a wise and fair ruler, who understands and rules according to The Circle of Life. The word simba in the Swahili language means "lion.". Simba - The future ruler of the Pride Lands, son of Mufasa, who exiled himself after his father is killed.