Lake

They were once thought by early astronomers to be literal lakes. In addition, the term in English, flaxen-haired, denoting a very light, bright blonde, comes from a comparison to the color of raw flax fiber. There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon, similar to lunar maria but smaller, that are called lacus (singular lacus, Latin for "lake"). The word lintel, a supporting member above a door or window, is not related. Some photographs taken during the Galileo mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur on the surface. This word history has given rise to a number of other terms:. Jupiter's small moon Io is volcanically active due to tidal stresses, and as a result sulfur deposits have accumulated on the surface. The word linen is derived from the Latin for the flax plant, which is linum, and the earlier Greek linon.

Under current conditions this water will quickly evaporate or freeze unless insulated in some manner, such as by a coating of volcanic ash. When being washed for the first time, linen shrinks significantly. It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt the subsurface ice, forming large lakes. The finest linen has a very consistent diameter with no slubs. However geologic evidence appears to confirm that ancient lakes once formed on the surface. However, these are actually defects associated with low quality. At present the surface of the planet Mars is too cold to permit pooling of liquid water on the surface. A characteristic often associated with linen yarn is the presence of "slubs", or small knots that occur randomly along its length.

As of 2005, it is again rapidly losing water, giving rise to the fear that it will be completely dried up by 2010. The natural color of unbleached linen is ecru. Neusiedler See, located in Austria and Hungary, dried up several times for a number years during the past centuries. Linen is usually white to ivory, may be washed at 95°C, and should be ironed when damp. News sources reported government officials theorized that this strange phenomena may have been caused by a shift on soil underneath the lake which drained water to channels leading to Oka River. Linen is available in different qualities varying from almost silk-like to sack-linen. On June 3, 2005 in Bolotnikovo, Russia, a lake called White Lake vanished in a short period of time (minutes). Hoplite cuirass was made of leather.

A prime example of this is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia. Contrary to popular belief, linen was probably never used as material for the Hoplite cuirass because of its price. Some lakes can also disappear seasonally; they are called Intermittent lakes and are typical of karstic terrain. Also because of its strength when wet, Irish linen is the best wrap of pool/billiard cues, due to its absorption of sweat from hands. In the very last stages of succession, more trees would grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest. Due to its strength, in the Middle Ages linen was used for shields and gambeson. In lowland river valleys (allowing the river to meander), the presence of peat is explained by the closing of historical oxbow lakes. Linen is also used for cloth, canvases, sails, tents, and even for books (the only surviving example of which is the Liber Linteus).

Gradually, the lake closes, and young peat may form, forming a fen. Although these are now often made of cotton or synthetic fibers, they are still called "linens," "bed linens," and "table linens.". They become a new habitat for other plants (like peat moss, when conditions are right) and animals, many of which are very rare. These properties led to its use from the early Middle Ages for underwear, shirts, chemises, and other clothing worn next to the body (collectively called "body linen"), and also for sheets and pillowcases, napkins, and tablecloths. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has a water's edge with extensive plant mats. Linen will withstand washing in hot water and scrubbing, and can be bleached by spreading it in the sun to dry. Turbid lakes, and lakes with much plant-eating fish, tend to disappear slower. Very little top-quality linen is produced now, and most is used in low volume applications like hand weaving and as an art material.

Large water plants (typically reeds) accelerate this closing process significantly because they trap sediment. The decrease in use of linen may be attributed to the increasing quality of synthetic fibers, and a decreasing appreciation of buyers for very high quality yarn and fabric that wrinkles easily and requires high-temperature ironing while damp. An important difference exists between lowland and highland lakes: lowland lakes are more placid, are less rocky/more sedimentary, have a less sloping bottom, and generally contain more plant life. As years went by many of the finest factories in those areas closed, and most linen is currently made in China. A lake may be infilled with deposited sediment, and gradually, the lake becomes a wetland, such as a swamp or marsh. In continental Europe where temperatures are higher, dew retting in the fields could take place, this was favoured from an environmental viewpoint. In the daytime, the lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, resulting in a sea breeze; in the night, it can warm it, forming a land breeze. The climates of these locations were ideal for natural processing methods called "retting".In Ireland and Scotland the retting took place in retting dams and rivers, and could lead to pollution.

A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity (4186). Up until the 1950s or so the finest linen yarn was made in Scotland, Ireland (Irish linen), and Belgium. It is commonly used to test eutrophication. This is the number of 840 yard lengths in a pound. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible, is the Secchi depth, and is a measure for transparency. In China they often tend to use the English Cotton system, NeC. This is a 20 cm disk with alternating white and black quadrants. This is the number of 1000m lengths per kilogram.

The light depth or transparency is measured by using a Secchi disk. More commonly used in continental Europe is the Metric system, Nm. Piscivorous fish eat plant-eating (planktonivorous) fish, thus increasing the number of algae (see aquatic trophic cascade). The symbol is NeL. Bottom-dwelling detritivorous fish are responsible for turbid waters, because they stir the mud in search for food. might be 60 lea, and give 60x300 = 18000 yards per pound. The turbidity is a decisive factor in the transparency of the water. The fine yarns used in handkerchiefs, etc.

A sediment particle is in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it. A yarn having a size of 1 lea will give 300 yards per pound. Biological particles are algae and detritus. the number of length units per unit mass. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make water reddish brown. This is a specific length, or indirect grist system, i.e. Decaying plant matter for instance is responsible for a yellow or brown color, while algae result in greenish water. The standard measure of bulk linen yarn is the lea.

These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin and are responsible for the color of the water. After it is spun into yarn it becomes linen. The depth which light can reach in lakes depends on the density and motion of particles. The fiber in its un-spun state is called flax. Limnology divides lakes in three zones: littoral zone, which is a sloped area that is close to land; open-water zone, where sunlight is abundant; and deep-water zone, where little sunlight can reach. It has a long "staple" (individual strand length) relative to cotton and other natural fibers. Artificial lakes can also be made deliberately by digging one or by flooding an open-pit mine. It is one of the few textiles that has a greater breaking strength wet than dry.

Some of the world's largest lakes are reservoirs. It is strong, durable, and resists rotting in damp climates. A reservoir (French: réservoir) is an artificial lake created by flooding land behind a dam. Linen is descriptive of yarns spun entirely from flax fibers, or fabrics woven from linen yarns. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air, and the released carbon dioxide flows down the river valley. . Under these circumstances even carbon dioxide is toxic. Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax (and historically, cannabis) plant.

As the water surfaces, and the pressure drops, a vast amount of gas cab comes out of solution. linoleum, a floor covering made from linseed oil and other materials. The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is pressure related. linseed oil, an oil derived from flax seed. Exceptional events, like earthquakes or landslides, which do cause mixing, that brings up the deep layers, can release a vast cloud of toxic gas. Linnet, a European finch that eats flax seed. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved, and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, and possibly other gases, like sulfur dioxide, if there is even a trace of volcanic activity. lingerie, via French, originally denotes underwear made of linen.

Since the water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature where water reaches its maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. lining, due to the fact that linen was often used to create a lining for wool and leather clothing. The reservoir of deep, cold water allows cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling. line, derived from the use of a linen thread to determine a straight line; other uses such as ocean liner derive ultimately from this use. Deep Temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round. When the density of surface water differs from that of the deeper water there is a marked barrier layer, the thermocline, that prevents mixing.

When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the temperature at which water is most dense all the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen starved water up from the depths, and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius. Because of the unusual relationship between water's temperature and its density, the water in lakes in temperate climates mixes twice a year. The are kept liquid because the overlying ice acts as a thermal insulator retaining energy introduced to its underside by friction, water percolating through crevasses, by the pressure from the mass of the ice sheet above or by geothermal heating below.

There are many such lakes, but Lake Vostok in Antarctica is by far the largest. They can occur under glaciers and ice caps or ice sheets. A subglacial lake is one which is permanently covered by ice. A periglacial lake is one in which part of its margin is formed by an ice sheet, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land.

Such lakes are of little use, and have a poor ecosystem. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to algal blooms. A hypertrophic lake is a water body that has been highly enriched with nutrients.

Eutrophic lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms. Mesotropic lakes have good clarity and an average level of nutrients. Nutrient poor lakes are said to be oligotrophic, and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life. Lakes can be categorized on the basis of their richness of nutrients, which typically effects plant growth.

As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake level. Output sources are evaporation from the lake; surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. The significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake; runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's catchment area; groundwater channels and aquifers, and man-made sources from outside the catchment area. The change in level of a lake is controlled by the difference between the sources of inflow and outflow, compared to the total volume of the lake.

Some lakes come into existence as a result of sinkhole activity. The Crater Lake in Oregon is a lake located within the caldera of an extinct volcano. Some lakes, like Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika are volcanic in origin, and lie on geological fault lines. The pressure from ice and the internal chemical composition means that if the lake were drilled into, it may result in a fissure and spraying in the same manner as a shaken can of soda.

Lake Vostok is an under-ice lake in Antarctica, possibly the largest in the world. This gap now forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up. Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck. The slow-moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends is torn away more rapidly than the inner side.

Small, crescent-shaped lakes called oxbow lakes can form in river valleys as the result of meandering. Examples of salt lakes include the Great Salt Lake, the Caspian Sea and the Dead Sea. Saline lakes can form where there is no natural outlet or the water evaporates rapidly, and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher than normal salt content. When the ice retreated, the result was an immense flood that created the Dry Falls at Sun Lakes, Washington.

An example of the latter occurred during the last ice age in the state of Washington, when a huge lake formed behind a glacial flow. Lakes can also form by means of landslides or by glacial blockages. Such lakes are common in Scandinavia, Siberia and Canada. The advance and retreat of glaciers can scrape depressions in the surface where lakes accumulate.

A recent tectonic uplift of a mountain range can create bowl-shaped depressions that accumulate water and form lakes. There are a number of natural processes that can form lakes. Most lakes are young, as the natural results of erosion will tend to wear away one of the basin sides containing the lake. .

Over 60% of the world's lakes are in Canada; this is because of the deranged drainage system that dominates the country. The Great Lakes of North America originated in the ice age. Finland is known as The Land of the Thousand Lakes (actually there are 187,888 lakes in Finland, of which 60,000 are large) and Minnesota is known as The Land of Ten Thousand Lakes. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro-electric power supply, recreation (swimming, wind surfing,...), water supply, etc.

The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre, which is dry most of the time but becomes filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall. Large lakes are sometimes referred to as "inland seas" and small seas are sometimes referred to as lakes. The majority of lakes are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. A lake is a body of water surrounded by land.

Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001, this status was held by Lake Ramsey, also in Sudbury. The largest lake located completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei in the city of Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Lake Titicaca is the largest freshwater lake in South America. It however lies at sea level with a relatively wide opening to sea, so it is better described as a bay.

Lake Maracaibo can be considered as the largest lake in South America. It is a part of the Great Lakes of Africa. Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa. The largest freshwater lake in Europe is Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega, both in north-western Russia.

Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra is located in what is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth. The largest lake located on an island is Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island. The largest freshwater-lake island is Manitoulin Island on Lake Huron, with a surface area of 2,766 square km. It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration.

The world's lowest lake is the Dead Sea, currently (2005) 418 m (1,371 ft.) below sea level. The world's highest lake is Lhagba Pool in Tibet at 6,368 m. It is also the second largest lake in South America. The highest navigable lake is lake Titicaca, at 3821 m above sea level.

The world's oldest lake is Lake Baikal, followed by Lake Tanganyika (Tanzania). The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia, with a bottom at 1,637m (5,371 ft.) and is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume. All these are part of the Great Lakes of North America. km, sometimes designated Lake Michigan-Huron.

However, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan form a single hydrological system with surface area 117,350 sq. km. The largest freshwater lake, and second largest lake altogether, is Lake Superior with a surface area of 82,414 sq. km., it has a surface area greater than the next six largest lakes combined.

With a surface area of 394,299 sq. The largest lake in the world by surface area is the Caspian Sea.