Ladybird

For other uses, see Ladybird (disambiguation).
Subfamilies
Chilocorinae
Coccidulinae
Coccinellinae
Epilachninae
Scymininae
Sticholotidinae
etc. see list of Coccinellidae genera
Mid-larva stage Pupal stage Ladybirds Mating

Ladybirds (Commonwealth English), also known as ladybugs (North American English) or lady beetles (most scientists prefer this name), are a family (Coccinellidae – "little sphere") of beetles. The name is thought to allude to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Catholic faith. Ladybirds are found worldwide, with over 4,500 species described, more than 450 native to North America alone. Ladybirds are small insects, ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 inches), and are usually yellow, orange, or red with small black spots on their carapace, with black legs, head and feelers. As the family name suggests, they are usually quite round in shape. Because they are useful, colourful, and harmless to humans, ladybirds are typically considered cute even by people who hate most insects. Some people consider them to be a sign of good luck.

Biology

Ladybirds are brightly coloured to ward away potential predators. This defence works because most predators associate bright colours (especially orange and black or yellow and black) with poison and other unpleasant properties. This phenomenon is called aposematism. In fact, most ladybirds are indeed toxic to smaller predators, such as lizards and small birds; however, a human would have to eat several hundred ladybirds before feeling any effects. Adult ladybirds are able to reflex-bleed from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a ladybird roughly.

The ladybird beetle copulates for up to nine hours at a time, and males may have three 90-minute orgasms in one session. Ladybirds lay eggs which hatch into a larval state. The larvae then go into a pupal stage before becoming an adult ladybird.

Ladybirds lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases as with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. (Perry & Roitberg, 2005)

Commercial usage

Ladybirds are beneficial to organic gardeners because most species are insectivores, consuming aphids, fruit flies, thrips, and other tiny plant-sucking insects that damage crops. In fact, their name is derived from "Beetle of Our Lady", recognising their role in saving crops from destruction. Today, they are commercially available from a variety of suppliers.

In agriculture, ladybirds, like other beetles, can find protection in beetle banks.

Culture

Ladybirds are and have for very many years been favourite insects of children, who are reputed to regard them tenderly. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, May-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs (Suffolk); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby (Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth.

The ladybird is immortalised in the children's nursery rhyme extant:

and ancient (recounted in an 1851 publication):

The name which the insect bears in the various languages of Europe is clearly mythic. In this, as in other cases, the Virgin Mary has supplanted Freya, the fertility goddess of Norse mythology; so that Freyjuhaena and Frouehenge have been changed into Marienvoglein, which corresponds with Our Lady's Bird. There can, therefore, be little doubt that the esteem with which the lady-bird, or Our Lady's cow, is still regarded and is a relic of ancient beliefs. In parts of Northern Europe, tradition says you get a wish granted if a ladybird lands on you. In Italy, it is said by some that if a Ladybird or Ladybird flies into your bedroom, it is considered good luck. In central Europe, a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she'll get married within the year. In Russia a ladybird is called Божья-Коровка (God's cow) and a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread.

The ladybird is the symbol of the Dutch Foundation Against Senseless Violence, as you can see in the logo here. Other companies using ladybirds as their corporate logo include: Ladybird Books (owned by Pearson PLC and the Ladybird range of children's clothing sold by Woolworth's in the UK.

Notable species

Note that not all individuals show the number of spots suggested by their names:

Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis

For a complete list of genera, see list of Coccinellidae genera.

Additional Photographs

References


This page about Ladybug includes information from a Wikipedia article.
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For a complete list of genera, see list of Coccinellidae genera. View 3D animations of juvenile and adult lion skulls -- both inside and out -- at Digimorph.org. Note that not all individuals show the number of spots suggested by their names:.
. Other companies using ladybirds as their corporate logo include: Ladybird Books (owned by Pearson PLC and the Ladybird range of children's clothing sold by Woolworth's in the UK. Female ligers and female tigons are fertile and can produce offspring if mated to either a pure-bred lion or a pure-bred tiger. The ladybird is the symbol of the Dutch Foundation Against Senseless Violence, as you can see in the logo here. Tigons are also more difficult to produce as male tigers are less attracted to lionesses because of their smaller size and are thought to have difficulty with recognizing lioness breeding cues.

In Russia a ladybird is called Божья-Коровка (God's cow) and a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread. Tigons are not as common as ligers because they are not as visually impressive, thus they do not draw as much attention from audiences. In central Europe, a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she'll get married within the year. Like male ligers, male tigons are sterile, and they all have both spots and stripes, with yellow eyes. In Italy, it is said by some that if a Ladybird or Ladybird flies into your bedroom, it is considered good luck. They can best be described as "housecat-like" in appearance, although with round ears. In parts of Northern Europe, tradition says you get a wish granted if a ladybird lands on you. Because the male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene, tigons are often relatively small, only weighing up to 150 kilograms (350 lb), which is about 20% smaller than lions.

There can, therefore, be little doubt that the esteem with which the lady-bird, or Our Lady's cow, is still regarded and is a relic of ancient beliefs. The tigon is a cross between the lioness and the male tiger. In this, as in other cases, the Virgin Mary has supplanted Freya, the fertility goddess of Norse mythology; so that Freyjuhaena and Frouehenge have been changed into Marienvoglein, which corresponds with Our Lady's Bird. Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. The name which the insect bears in the various languages of Europe is clearly mythic. Ligers share some qualities of both their parents (spots and stripes) however they enjoy swimming, a purely tiger activity, and they are always a sandy colour like the lion. and ancient (recounted in an 1851 publication):. It is said that ligers do not stop growing and will grow constantly through their lifespan, until their bodies cannot sustain their huge size any longer, reaching up to half a tonne.

The ladybird is immortalised in the children's nursery rhyme extant:. Because the lion passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female lion is not present, ligers are larger than either parent. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, May-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs (Suffolk); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby (Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth. The liger originates from mating a male lion and a tigress. Ladybirds are and have for very many years been favourite insects of children, who are reputed to regard them tenderly. These two new breeds are called ligers and tigons. In agriculture, ladybirds, like other beetles, can find protection in beetle banks. Lions have also been known to breed with their close counterparts, tigers (most often Amur), while in captivity to create interesting mixes.

Today, they are commercially available from a variety of suppliers. There have also been recorded attacks on humans by lions in captivity. In fact, their name is derived from "Beetle of Our Lady", recognising their role in saving crops from destruction. Some have speculated that they might belong to an unclassified species of lion, or that they may have been sick and couldn't have easily caught prey. Ladybirds are beneficial to organic gardeners because most species are insectivores, consuming aphids, fruit flies, thrips, and other tiny plant-sucking insects that damage crops. The lions in both the incidents were all larger than normal, lacked manes and seemed to suffer from tooth decay. (Perry & Roitberg, 2005). The Mfuwe and Tsavo incidents did bear some similarities.

The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases as with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. In folklore, man-eating lions are sometimes considered demons. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. In both cases the hunters who slew the lions wrote books detailing the lions' "careers" as man-eaters. Ladybirds lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. Some of the more publicized cases include the Tsavo man-eaters and the Mfuwe man-eater. The larvae then go into a pupal stage before becoming an adult ladybird. While a hungry lion will probably attack a human that passes near, some (usually male) lions seem to seek out human prey.

Ladybirds lay eggs which hatch into a larval state. Verneyi). The ladybird beetle copulates for up to nine hours at a time, and males may have three 90-minute orgasms in one session. l. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a ladybird roughly. melanochaita) and the kalahari lion (P. Adult ladybirds are able to reflex-bleed from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. l.

In fact, most ladybirds are indeed toxic to smaller predators, such as lizards and small birds; however, a human would have to eat several hundred ladybirds before feeling any effects. Notable exceptions would be the cape lion (P. This phenomenon is called aposematism. 55,000 years ago, therefore most sub-saharan lions could be considered a single subspecies. This defence works because most predators associate bright colours (especially orange and black or yellow and black) with poison and other unpleasant properties. Genetic evidence suggests that all modern lions derived from one common ancestor only ca. Ladybirds are brightly coloured to ward away potential predators. The main differences between lion subspecies are location, size and mane appearance, however some of the forms listed below are debatable.

. . Some people consider them to be a sign of good luck.
. Because they are useful, colourful, and harmless to humans, ladybirds are typically considered cute even by people who hate most insects. A white lion has a disadvantage when it comes to hunting; their white color can give away their hiding place. As the family name suggests, they are usually quite round in shape. There is a recessive gene in white lions that gives them their unusual color (also causing white tigers, many white tigers with this gene are bred for zoos and animal shows).

Ladybirds are small insects, ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 inches), and are usually yellow, orange, or red with small black spots on their carapace, with black legs, head and feelers. Although they are not often heard of due to their rarity, white lions do exist, in Timbavati, South Africa. Ladybirds are found worldwide, with over 4,500 species described, more than 450 native to North America alone. The lion can be found in stone age cave paintings. The name is thought to allude to the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Catholic faith. Guggisberg, in his book Simba, says the lion is referred to 130 times in the Bible. Ladybirds (Commonwealth English), also known as ladybugs (North American English) or lady beetles (most scientists prefer this name), are a family (Coccinellidae – "little sphere") of beetles. C.A.W.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. No animal has been given more attention in art and literature. "Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs". Lions appear in the art of China, even though lions have never lived in China. In press. Lions are recurring symbols in the coat of arms of royalty and chivalry, particularly in the UK, where the lion is also a national symbol of the British people. Roitberg. Other extinct subspecies are the Cape Lion, the European Cave Lion (subspecies Panthera leo spelaea) which coexisted with humans throughout the last Ice Age, and the American lion (subspecies Panthera leo atrox), a close relative of the European cave lion (not to be confused with the mountain lion or puma).

Perry, J.C., and B.D. Lions had become extinct in Greece, their last European outpost, by 100 AD. Honek, Ecology of Coccinellidae (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1996). About 300 lions live in a 1412 km² (558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat. Hodek & A. The last remnant of the Asiatic Lion (subspecies Panthera leo persica), which in historical times ranged from Turkey to India through Iran (Persia), lives in the Gir Forest of northwestern India. I. When or if a male coalition takes over a pride and ousts the previous coalition, the conquerors often kill any cubs even if they did father them.

Mealybug Ladybird, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri. Males are expelled from the pride or leave on their own when they reach maturity. Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Typically, males will not tolerate outside males, and females will not tolerate outside females. Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. Both males and females will defend the pride against outside intruders. Twice-stabbed lady beetle, Chilocurus stigma. Although it was once thought that females did most of the hunting in the pride, it is now known that males contribute much more to hunting than the amount for which they had been previously given credit.

Spotted lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata. The family consists of related females, their cubs of both sexes, and one or more unrelated males who mate with the adult females. Thirteen-spotted lady beetle, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata. Lions are predatory carnivores who live in family groups, called prides. Convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens. In the wild lions live for around 10–14 years, while in captivity they can live over 20. Two-spotted lady beetle, Adalia bipunctata. The male lion, easily recognized by his mane, may weigh up to 250 kg (550 lb) Females are much smaller, weighing up to 150 kg (330 lb).

Seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata. It is the largest and most powerful living felid with the exception of the tiger, and the liger. The Lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae. Distinct behaviour and anatomy has been observed in this subspecies. Panthera leo verneyi - Kalahari lion.

Panthera leo somaliensis - Somali lion. Panthera leo senegalensis - West African lion, or Senegal lion. Panthera leo roosevelti - Abyssinian lion. Once widespread from Turkey, across the Middle East, to India and Bangladesh, but large prides and daylight activity made it easier to poach than tigers or leopards.

200 currently exist in the Gir Forest of India. Panthera leo persica - Asiatic lion. Panthera leo nubica - East African lion. Panthera leo melanochaita - Cape lion; extinct in 1860.

Panthera leo massaicus - Massai lion. [1]. Roman notables, including Sulla, Pompey, and Julius Caesar, often ordered the mass slaughter of Barbary lions - up to 400 at a time. Barbary lions were kept by Roman emperors, who ordered the capture of literally thousands of individuals to fight in the gladiator arenas.

The last wild Barbary lion was killed in Morocco in 1922 due to excessive hunting. This was the largest of the lion subspecies, which ranged from Morocco to Egypt. Panthera leo leo - Barbary lion; extinct in the wild. Panthera leo krugeri - South African lion.

Panthera leo hollisteri - Congo lion. From France to the Balkans. Extinct around 100AD due to hunting and competition from feral dogs. Panthera leo europaea - European lion.

Panthera leo bleyenberghi - Katanga lion. Panthera leo azandica - North East Congo lion.