Kayak

Kayaks designed for Slalom canoeing have a hull for manouverability and since the early 1970's, low profile decks. In addition, the term in English, flaxen-haired, denoting a very light, bright blonde, comes from a comparison to the color of raw flax fiber. Besides being portable, inflatable kayaks generally are stable and easy to master, but they take more effort to paddle and are slower than traditional kayaks. The word lintel, a supporting member above a door or window, is not related. They are made of hypalon (a kind of neoprene), pvc, or polyurethane coated cloth. This word history has given rise to a number of other terms:. The pressure sounds low, almost always below 3 psi. The word linen is derived from the Latin for the flax plant, which is linum, and the earlier Greek linon.

They can be inflated with foot pumps, a variety of hand pumps, or electric pumps. When being washed for the first time, linen shrinks significantly. Inflatable kayaks usually can be transported by hand using a carry bag. The finest linen has a very consistent diameter with no slubs. Another special type of kayak is the inflatable kayak. However, these are actually defects associated with low quality. Surf Skis were originally created for surf and are still used in surf races in countries such as New Zealand, Australia, South Africa. A characteristic often associated with linen yarn is the presence of "slubs", or small knots that occur randomly along its length.

A highly specialized variant of flatwater racing kayak called a Surf Ski has an open cockpit and can be twenty-one feet long but only eighteen inches wide, requiring expert balance and paddling skill. The natural color of unbleached linen is ecru. Flatwater racing kayaks are closely related to flatwater racing canoes, and are usually paddled out of a common club or team, although it is rare for paddlers to compete in both canoes and kayaks. Linen is usually white to ivory, may be washed at 95°C, and should be ironed when damp. In spite of this, these boats still require fairly large areas to turn. Linen is available in different qualities varying from almost silk-like to sack-linen. The rudder is controlled by the feet of the paddler (the foremost paddler in multiperson designs). Hoplite cuirass was made of leather.

Due to their long length (a one person sprint kayak will be on the order of 17 feet long), sprint boats come equipped with a rudder to help with turning. Contrary to popular belief, linen was probably never used as material for the Hoplite cuirass because of its price. These boats are raced at the Olympic level by both men and women, over courses of 200m, 500m and 1000m. Also because of its strength when wet, Irish linen is the best wrap of pool/billiard cues, due to its absorption of sweat from hands. The most common types of flatwater racing kayaks (sometimes termed 'sprint boats') are K-1, K-2 and K-4. Due to its strength, in the Middle Ages linen was used for shields and gambeson. The beam of a flatwater boat is typically barely wider than the hips of the person who paddles it, allowing for a very long and narrow shape to reduce drag. Linen is also used for cloth, canvases, sails, tents, and even for books (the only surviving example of which is the Liber Linteus).

They require a good level of expertise to paddle well, but are extremely fast in the hands of proficient users. Although these are now often made of cotton or synthetic fibers, they are still called "linens," "bed linens," and "table linens.". They are thin, extremely unstable, and expensive, with a competitive boat running in the $4000 range. These properties led to its use from the early Middle Ages for underwear, shirts, chemises, and other clothing worn next to the body (collectively called "body linen"), and also for sheets and pillowcases, napkins, and tablecloths. Flatwater racing kayaks are generally made out of lightweight materials, and as such, are somewhat weak; they are not intended for anything other than flat water on a relatively calm day. Linen will withstand washing in hot water and scrubbing, and can be bleached by spreading it in the sun to dry. Most canoe/kayak clubs will offer indroductory instruction programs in recreational boats as a way to enter into the sport.[1]. Very little top-quality linen is produced now, and most is used in low volume applications like hand weaving and as an art material.

Using less expensive materials like polyethylene and including fewer options keep these boats inexpensive (USA$300–$800). The decrease in use of linen may be attributed to the increasing quality of synthetic fibers, and a decreasing appreciation of buyers for very high quality yarn and fabric that wrinkles easily and requires high-temperature ironing while damp. Compared to other kayaks recreational kayaks have a larger cockpit for easier entry and exit and a wider beam (27–30 inches) for more stability on the water; they are generally less than twelve feet in length and have limited cargo capacity. As years went by many of the finest factories in those areas closed, and most linen is currently made in China. Recreational kayaks are designed for the casual paddler interested in fishing, photography, or a peaceful paddle on a lake or flatwater stream; they presently make up the largest segment of kayak sales. In continental Europe where temperatures are higher, dew retting in the fields could take place, this was favoured from an environmental viewpoint. Elite waveski surfers are able to more closely imitate surfboard manouveres. The climates of these locations were ideal for natural processing methods called "retting".In Ireland and Scotland the retting took place in retting dams and rivers, and could lead to pollution.

Although the waveski utilises similar dynamics, in terms of paddling technique and surfing performance on the waves, construction can be very similar to surfboard designs. Up until the 1950s or so the finest linen yarn was made in Scotland, Ireland (Irish linen), and Belgium. A variation on the closed cockpit surf kayak is an open cockpit design called a Waveski. This is the number of 840 yard lengths in a pound. While typically seven or eight feet in length, competition surf kayaks can be nearly twelve feet long to increase both planing speed while on a wave and to provide faster paddling speed for catching waves. In China they often tend to use the English Cotton system, NeC. Surf Kayaks are similar in design to whitewater kayaks, except they have a planing hull (flat side to side) to carve into a wave face, like a surfboard. This is the number of 1000m lengths per kilogram.

Ultra-low-volume kayaks that are designed to be paddled both on and below the surface of the water are used in Squirt Boating. More commonly used in continental Europe is the Metric system, Nm. In "freestyle" competition ("kayak rodeo"), whitewater kayakers use features of rapids to do tricks, typically while remaining in one place on the river. The symbol is NeL. Their speed comes from their ability to ride the crest of flowing river. might be 60 lea, and give 60x300 = 18000 yards per pound. Whitewater boats, however, do not need inherent speed. The fine yarns used in handkerchiefs, etc.

Whitewater kayaks are among the most maneuverable types made, however they are much slower than many other styles of boat. A yarn having a size of 1 lea will give 300 yards per pound. The size usually ranges from 6 to 10 feet/2 to 3 metres long; the trend was toward the shorter boats, but this is now reversing slightly to longer boats of around 7 to 8 feet that can become airborne more easily. the number of length units per unit mass. They are shorter than other types of kayaks. This is a specific length, or indirect grist system, i.e. Whitewater kayaks are generally made out of high impact plastic, usually polyethylene. The standard measure of bulk linen yarn is the lea.

Of all modern kayaks, they are closest relatives to the skin-and-frame boats of the past. After it is spun into yarn it becomes linen. Folding kayaks exhibit many of the same paddling characteristics as the original skin-and-frame vessels of the circumpolar north. The fiber in its un-spun state is called flax. Folders are known for their durability, stability, and longevity: The Klepper Aerius I, a single-seater, has been used successfully for white-water kayaking, due to its durability and excellent manouvrability, while many Kleppers have been in frequent use for more than 20 years. It has a long "staple" (individual strand length) relative to cotton and other natural fibers. Many types have integral air sponsons inside the hull, making the kayaks virtually unsinkable. It is one of the few textiles that has a greater breaking strength wet than dry.

A folder is a modern kayak that uses a collapsible frame, of wood, aluminum or plastic, or a combination thereof, and a skin, of some sort of water-resistant and tough fabric. It is strong, durable, and resists rotting in damp climates. A special type of skin-on-frame kayak is the folding kayak, the direct descendant of the original Inuit kayak. Linen is descriptive of yarns spun entirely from flax fibers, or fabrics woven from linen yarns. Lending maneuverability traits more adapted to the local environment. . East Greenland kayaks appear similar to the West Greenland boat, but are often more snugly fitted to the boater and possess a steeper angle between gunwale and stem. Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax (and historically, cannabis) plant.

Possessing often fewer chines they are more angular in shape, the gunwales rising to a point at the bow and stern. linoleum, a floor covering made from linseed oil and other materials. West Greenland kayaks are what most neo-traditional polymer boats are modeled after. linseed oil, an oil derived from flax seed. Their more rounded shape and high number of chines give them an almost Blimp-like appearance. Linnet, a European finch that eats flax seed. Baidarkas, from the Alaskan & Aleutian seas, and are a much older design. lingerie, via French, originally denotes underwear made of linen.

This spelling of the word kayak has evolved to be synonymous with “traditional kayak” and often encompasses three subcategories of boats separated by development local:. lining, due to the fact that linen was often used to create a lining for wool and leather clothing. The Dutch were some of the first Europeans to take interest in the indigenous American boat design, spelling the name for these Inuit & Aleut boats, Qajaq. line, derived from the use of a linen thread to determine a straight line; other uses such as ocean liner derive ultimately from this use. They are often the lightest kayaks, and traditionally made of drift wood pegged and or lashed together and seal skin stretched over it, as those were the easiest materials to source in the arctic regions. Often an umbrella term for several types of kayaks, Skin on Frame boats are primarily considered a more traditional boat in design, materials, construction, and technique.

Greenland style boats are typically narrower, and are paddled with greenland paddles, typically wooden, long and narrow. For the Inuit, without modern floatation devices or cold water protection, being thrown into the freezing waters of the Arctic Ocean was almost certain death in any event. This meant that what is now known as a 'wet exit' (getting out of a kayak that has overturned, righting it, and getting back in) was impossible, leading to the importance of the eskimo roll maneuvre, where the kayak is righted without leaving the cockpit. Because the user was sewn into the boat, it was almost like a piece of clothing, 'worn' by the boater.

Kayaks were used to hunt on the coastal and open waters of the Arctic Ocean, usually with harpoons and lances, but also with bird hooks. This measurement style confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak because each kayak was a little different. The man would measure the frame for the kayak based on his forearm, and a typical kayak is about 19ft long. The skin jacket of the hunter is then sewn into the skins of the kayak, to create a waterproof seal.

Kayaks were originally built by the man who would use them (with substantial assistance from his wife, who would typically sew the skins). These first kayaks were constructed as a wooden frame covered by an animal skin such as seal skin. The word "kayak" means "man's boat". Kayaks were originally developed by the Inuit, the indigenous peoples living in the Arctic regions of North America and Greenland.

. A special type of kayak using pedals allows the kayaker to propel the vessel with underwater "flippers" . Most kayaks are rigid hulled, although folding kayaks that can be transported easily, and inflatable kayaks are not uncommon. There are, of course, many more elements of kayak design— see the external links for more information.

Radical changes in design philosophy, however, have lead to whitewater kayaks with very flat hulls that allow them to sit on top of the water (planing hull) rather than in the water (displacement hull) like most other boats. Until recently, whitewater kayaks had very rounded hulls. Thus, sea kayaks, which are meant to be taken into open water and rough conditions, are generally narrower (22-25 inches) and less stable feeling than recreational kayaks, which are wider (26-30+ inches) and have a flatter hull shape. The same boats that have lower primary stability will generally be easier to right once they are tipped too far in one direction.

Secondary stability refers to the ease of righting a kayak once it has been put off balance. However, if one plans to take his or her kayak into rough water, secondary stability may be more important. Although every kayak will have some amount of side-to-side rocking, a wide kayak normally feels less likely to capsize than a narrow one, and a flat-bottomed boat will feel more stable than one with a rounded or V-shaped hull. Primary stability refers to the feeling of "tippiness" one has when seated in the kayak on flat water.

After directional stabilty, the next most important design difference among kayaks is the tradeoff between primary and secondary stability. Similarly, although a whitewater boat may only be a few feet shorter than many recreational kayaks, because the whitewater boat is heavily rockered its waterline is far shorter and its maneuverability far greater. Although kayak hulls are not so extremely curved as a hoop, it is analogous to what happens when a kayak with rocker is sitting in the water: although the overall length of the boat may be 18 feet, the length at waterline may only be 16 feet. When set on its edge on a table, only a small portion of that hoop touches the table.

For example, imagine a hoop 30 inches in diameter. A heavily "rockered" boat curves more than a boat with little or no rocker, meaning that the effective waterline of the rockered boat is less than for a kayak with no rocker. A second design element that should be considered is rocker, or the curvature of the kayak from bow to stern. Although length is an important feature of directional stability, length alone is a poor basis for guessing at the maneuverability of a kayak.

The design of recreational kayaks is an attempt to compromise between tracking and maneuverability, while keeping costs reasonable; their length generally ranges from nine to fourteen feet. These kayaks rarely exceed eight feet in length, and some specialized boats such as playboats may be only six feet long. Whitewater kayaks, which generally depend upon river current for their forward motion, are built quite short, to maximize maneuverability. Flat water racing kayaks, which are built for maximum speed and efficiency, may be over 20 feet in length.

Kayaks that are built to cover longer distances such as touring and sea kayaks are themselves longer, generally between 15 and 18 feet. Longer boats also have a higher maximum non-planing hull speed, but the effect is largely offset by increased friction, and only becomes a significant factor at racing speeds. A longer hull creates a smoother transition from the narrow bow to the widest part of the boat and so "cuts" through the water with less resistance much like a sharp knife cuts more easily than a dull one. As a general rule, a longer boat is faster while a shorter boat may be turned more quickly.

The first trade-off important to all kayaks is between directional stability ("tracking") and maneuverability. The design of different types of kayak is largely a matter of two types of trade-offs. Some sit-on-top boats are also called kayaks, as the paddler propels the boat with a double-ended paddle. They come in one, two, and occasionally three person models.

Modern kayaks are made of plastic, fiberglass, kevlar, carbon fiber, canvas, other fabrics, or wood. These types may also be subdivided. In modern times kayaks have been further developed into several types including: whitewater, playboats, surfing, sea kayaks, flat-water racing, downriver racing, slalom, canoe polo and recreational. This manoeuvre is known as an Eskimo Roll.

This stops water splashing over the boat from entering it, and makes it possible that, should the kayak (capsize), the kayak will not fill with water, and the paddler, with skill, can right the kayak again without taking on water. The paddler sits in a hole in the cockpit which may be sealed off with a spray skirt (or spraydeck). The top of the kayak is covered with a deck. The user or paddler sits down in the kayak with feet facing forward.

A kayak is a type of small human-powered boat and is a covered variant of a canoe, it is often called a canoe in Great Britain and Ireland, typically used with a double-bladed paddle instead of a canoe's single bladed paddle.