Kansas

Kansas was first among the states to ban the concept of separate but equal schools. The best-known, as well as biggest, park is Golden Gate Park which is 174 acres larger than New York's Central Park. Kansas schools both public and private continue to have some of the highest standards in the nation. Related topics: Maps of San Francisco, California. The council-manager government was adopted by many larger Kansas cities in the years following World War I while many American cities were being run by political machines or organized crime. The cornerstone of this development is the new SBC Park baseball stadium and an extension of the University of California, San Francisco medical school. Kansas had a reputation as a progressive state with many firsts in legislative initiatives—it was the first state to institute a system of workers compensation (1910). A new neighborhood is being developed at the far eastern end of South of Market that is being called Mission Bay.

Moore is the only Democrat in the delegation; all others are Republicans. The South of Market neighborhood was one of the epicenters of the dot-com boom of the 1990s thus being a showcase of contemporary urban development. The state's current delegation to the United States Congress includes Senators Sam Brownback and Pat Roberts and Representatives Jerry Moran (District 1), Jim Ryun (District 2), Dennis Moore (District 3), and Todd Tiahrt (District 4). Arguably, the point of gravity in terms of demographic and land use change is moving east & south. Their current term will end in January of 2007, and they are able to run for re-election in 2006. The Castro neigborhood has the world's highest concentration of Gays. Both are elected on the same ticket to a maximum of two consecutive 4-year terms. Haight-Ashbury gained prominence during the 1960s as one of the prominent concentrations of hippies.

Moore. Russian Hill is probably most noted for the top end of that portion of Lombard Street that is sometimes referred to as "the crookedest (most winding) street in the world". The top executives of the state are Governor Kathleen Sebelius and Lieutenant Governor John E. The predominantly latino Mission District is one of the oldest neighborhoods, as it was the site of one of the twenty one missions in California. The state capital is Topeka. It also boasts a budding Vietnamese community in the Tenderloin neighborhood, an Italian community in North Beach, a French Quarter and a Russian community in the Richmond district. Famous sport athletes from Kansas include Barry Sanders, Gale Sayers, Wilt Chamberlain, Jim Ryun, Walter Johnson, Maurice Greene and Lynette Woodard. Like many large cities in the US, San Francisco has a Japantown and Chinatown; both are among the largest and oldest in the US.

Kansas was home to President Eisenhower, presidential candidates Bob Dole and Alf Landon, Amelia Earhart, and Carrie Nation. There are also a number of private art schools that operate across the city. Wild Bill Hickok was a deputy marshal at Fort Riley and a marshal at Hays and Abilene. Private schools include:. On August 21, 1863, William Quantrill led Quantrill's Raid into Lawrence destroying much of the city and killing many people. Public Universities include:. On February 19, 1861 it became the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages. Despite its limited geographical space, San Francisco is home to a multitude of Universities and Colleges.

Civil War veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas following the war. San Francisco also boasts of legendary venues such as The Fillmore and The Warfield. Kansas became the 34th state of the Union on January 29, 1861. Major areas of nightlife in San Francisco are: in North Beach, the Mission District, and South of Market. On March 30, 1855 "Border Ruffians" from Missouri invaded Kansas during the territory's first election and forced the election of a pro-slavery legislature. San Francisco also has great nightlife ranging from bars to lounges to clubs. To travellers enroute to Utah, California, or Oregon, Kansas was a waystop and outfitting place. Records aside, the race is best known for its colorful costumes and celebratory community spirit (it was initiated after the disastrous 1906 earthquake as a way to boost the city's spirits).

Fort Leavenworth was the first community in the area around 1827. The city is also the home of the annual Bay to Breakers footrace, which holds the world records for greatest number of participants in a footrace (110K in 1986) as well as longest consecutively running footrace (annually since 1912). territories of Nebraska and Kansas. College sports include the University of San Francisco Dons. The Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on May 30, 1854 and established the U.S. The basketball and ice hockey teams were once based out of San Francisco and played out of the Cow Palace located at the southern border with Daly City. Kansas then became part of the Missouri Territory until 1821. The regional National Hockey League team, the San Jose Sharks play in San Jose.

Kansas, as part of the Louisiana Purchase, was annexed to the United States in 1803 as unorganized territory. The regional National Basketball Association team, the Golden State Warriors play across the bay in Oakland. Main article: History of Kansas. San Francisco is the home of the San Francisco 49ers National Football League team and the San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball team. postal abbreviation for the state is KS. A small fleet of commuter ferries operate from the Embarcadero to points in Marin County, Oakland, and north to Vallejo in Solano County. The U.S. In addition, a commuter rail service, Caltrain, operates between San Francisco, San Jose, California and Gilroy, California.

Kansas, derived from the Siouan word Kansa meaning "People of the south wind", is a midwestern state in the United States. BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) is the regional transit system, which connects San Francisco with the East Bay through an underwater tunnel, and the San Mateo County, California communities on the San Francisco Peninsula. Many Kansans also support the sports teams of Kansas City, Missouri, including the Kansas City Royals and the Kansas City Chiefs. Muni is the city-owned public transit system which operates the Muni Metro light rail system, the F Market heritage streetcar line and the famous San Francisco cable car system (see above), together with buses and electric trolleybuses. Kansas City T-Bones, Wichita Wranglers, Wichita Thunder, Topeka Tarantulas, Wichita Wings (defunct). San Francisco has the most extensive and best connected public transit system on the west coast and one of the most diverse in the country. The Boyer Gallery, a collection of animated sculptures made by Paul Boyer is located in Belleville, Kansas. Going northbound, 101 uses arterial streets, Van Ness Avenue and Lombard Street to the Golden Gate Bridge across to Marin County. Interstate 280 which also begins and ends in the city and goes southbound towards Silicon Valley and Highway 1 which bisects the westside of the city as a arterial thoroughfare.

It is also home to Apollo 13, an SR-71 Blackbird, and many other space artifacts. The major highways in San Francisco are Interstate 80 which begins at the Bay Bridge and goes eastbound; US 101 which begins where 80 ends/begins off and goes southbound towards the Silicon Valley. The museum features the largest collection of artifacts from the Russian Space Program outside of Moscow. Similarly, the Golden Gate Bridge is the only direct road access to Marin County from San Francisco. The Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, located in Hutchinson, Kansas is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institute. The Bay Bridge is the only link that provides road direct access to the east bay from San Francisco. The Horace Greeley museum is located in Tribune, Kansas. Because of its unique geography, and the "Freeway Revolt", San Francisco is one of the few major cities in the US next to Boston and New York City that has opted for European style arterial thoroughfares instead of a large network of major highways.

The National Agriculture Center and Hall of Fame is located in Bonner Springs, Kansas. Related topics: Maps of San Francisco, California. The National Teachers Hall of Fame is located in Emporia, Kansas. Out of the total population, 13.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The Wizard of Oz Museum in Liberal, Kansas features Dorothy's House, a recreation of the farm house featured in the film The Wizard of Oz. 11.3% of the population and 7.8% of families are below the poverty line. The Boot Hill Museum in Dodge City, Kansas features Old West memorabilia and history. The per capita income for the city is $34,556.

(website (http://www.doleinstitute.org)). Males have a median income of $46,260 versus $40,049 for females. The institute is located in Lawrence, Kansas on the campus of the University of Kansas. The median income for a household in the city is $55,221, and the median income for a family is $63,545. Dole Institute of Politics houses the largest collection of papers for a politician other than a president. For every 100 females there are 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.1 males. The Robert J. The median age is 36 years.

(website (http://www.lecomptonkansas.com/index.php?doc=consthall.php)). In the city the population is spread out with 14.5% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 40.5% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who are 65 years of age or older. Constitution Hall in Lecompton, Kansas is the location where the Kansas Territorial Government convened and drafted a pro-slavery constitution. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 3.22. The house of Carrie Nation, now a museum, is located in Medicine Lodge, Kansas. 38.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Abilene, Kansas is also the ending point of the Chisholm Trail where the cattle driven from Texas were rail loaded. There are 329,700 households out of which 16.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% are married couples living together, 8.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 56.0% are non-families.

Eisenhower, the Eisenhower Library, and his grave are located in Abilene, Kansas. The Greyhound Hall of Fame is located in Abilene. The ethnic makeup is 19.6% Chinese, 8.8% Irish, 7.7% German, and 6.1% English. The boyhood home of Dwight D. 14.10% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. The plant sits on over 9000 acres (36 km²) of land which was made up of more than 100 farms. The racial makeup of the city is 49.66% White, 7.79% African American, 0.45% Native American, 30.84% Asian, 0.49% Pacific Islander, 6.48% from other races, and 4.28% from two or more races. The Sunflower Army Ammunition Plant in De Soto, Kansas opened in 1942 to manufactor gunpowder and munition propellants for World War II. There are 346,527 housing units at an average density of 2,865.6/km² (7,421.2/mi²).

Board of Education was filed, is now a National Historic site in Topeka, Kansas. The population density is 6,423.2/km² (16,634.4/mi²), making it the second densest city (and fifth densest county) in the country [3] (http://gislounge.com/features/aa041101c.shtml). Monroe Elementary, the school Linda Brown attended when the historic case Brown v. As of the census² of 2000, there are 776,733 people, 329,700 households, and 145,068 families residing in the city. The John Brown museum is located in Osawatomie, Kansas. See also: List of Mayors of San Francisco, California. The museum features many works of art created by people with no formal training, and it sits only a block or two from the Garden of Eden. The headquarters of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court of California, and the First Appelate District of the California Courts of Appeal are in San Francisco.

Lucas, Kansas is also home to the Grassroots Art Center [2] (http://home.comcast.net/~ymirymir/index2.htm). The current President of the Board of Supervisors is Aaron Peskin. [1] (http://www.missioncreep.com/tilt/dinsmoor.html). The current mayor is Gavin Newsom. Dinsmoor even built his own mausoleum in which you can still see him today in his concrete coffin by paying for the tour. One good place to read about San Francisco politics is at The Usual Suspects, at [2] (http://www.SFUsualSuspects.com). One scene has labor being crucified by a doctor, lawyer, banker, and preacher. Due to its implementation, there was no December runoff election. (Although the city offices are, by state law, non-partisan, there are still considerable political differences among candidates that may generally be identified as being aligned with various parties.).

The garden features sculptures of biblical scenes and political messages. In the Board of Supervisors race in November 2004, Instant Runoff Voting worked well, with many winners known on election night and all winners within a couple of days. Samuel Dinsmoor created the Garden of Eden in Lucas, Kansas in 1905, and opened it up to tourists in 1908. A recent electoral innovation that was to be implemented for the November 2003 elections, but was not prepared in time, is the use of ranked preference voting, also known as instant runoff voting. It is 160 feet tall and weighs 11 million pounds. While most cities in California are General Law Cities, San Francisco is one of a few Charter Cities, theoretically giving the city's voters additional control over governmental structures and allowing the city to exercise considerable control over some lands not located in the city such as those associated with San Francisco International Airport and the Hetch Hetchy water and power system. Big Brutus, the World's second largest Electric Shovel resides in West Mineral, Kansas. The eleven members of the Board are elected to represent eleven districts in the city; current elected members are listed in the table on the right.

The disputed World's Largest Ball of Twine created August 15, 1953, in Cawker City, Kansas, is still growing. It is governed by a mayor, who runs the executive branch of the city, and a Board of Supervisors, which comprises the legislative branch. San Francisco is both a city and a county, and is the only one of California's 58 counties to possess that distinction. LucasArts is located in Marin County, though the company plans to relocate to the Presidio in the next few years. ChevronTexaco (fomerly of San Francisco) and IPIX are based in San Ramon, Safeway is based in Pleasanton, and C & H Sugar Company is based in Crockett.

Outside of Silicon Valley, in the East Bay, Pixar Animation is located in Emeryville. Hewlett Packard is in Palo Alto near Stanford University. Yahoo! is headquartered in Sunnyvale. Google is headquartered (at the "Googleplex") in Mountain View. Cisco Systems and Adobe Systems are headquartered in San Jose. Sun Microsystems, Intel, Applied Materials, and McAfee are headquartered in Santa Clara.

Electronic Arts and Oracle Corporation are based in Redwood City. Apple Computer and Symantec are based in Cupertino. Some 65 km (~ 40 miles) south of San Francisco is the Silicon Valley, which holds much of the computing business in the world. Many major American and international banks and venture capital firms have all set up their regional headquarters in the city.

The Pacific Exchange, a regional stock exchange, is located in the financial district. Mint. Federal Reserve as well as major production facilities for the U.S. It is the home of the twelfth district of the U.S.

West Coast. Because of the California gold rush, San Francisco became and remains the banking and financial center of the U.S. The geographical center of the city is on the east side of Grandview Avenue between Alvarado and Twenty-third Streets. The city itself is often reputed to be roughly a seven mile by seven mile square, but in fact it is slightly smaller, 46.7 mi², of which .33 mi² are the Farallon Islands.

The total area is 79.86% water. 120.9 km² (46.7 mi²) of it is land and 479.7 km² (185.2 mi²) of it is water. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city and county has a total area of 600.7 km² (231.9 mi²). The fog is less pronounced during the month of September, which is generally the warmest, most summer-like month of the year.

Thus, the summer temperatures are significantly lower in San Francisco than in other parts of inland California. The combination of cold ocean water and the high heat of the California mainland mean that San Francisco's western half is often shrouded in fog during the months of July and August. The Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the city is particularly cold year round. Snow is virtually unheard of.

Rain in the summer is extremely rare, but winters can often be very rainy. The weather is remarkably mild all year round, with a so-called Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, foggy summers and relatively warm winters; average daily high temperatures in the summer typically range from 15 -20 degrees Celsius (the upper 60s to low 70s Fahrenheit), while in the winter it virtually never reaches freezing. Surrounded on three sides by water, San Francisco's climate is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean. Coit Tower, a notable landmark dedicated to San Francisco's firefighters, is located at the top of Telegraph Hill.

Along with New Orleans' streetcars, San Francisco's cable cars are one of only two mobile United States National Monuments. It is still possible to take a cable car ride up and down Nob and Russian Hills. San Francisco is also famous for its Cable cars (narrow gauge, 1067 mm (3'6")), which were designed to carry residents up those steep hills. Not to be missed are the beautiful homes and area of the city known as Pacific Heights as well as victorians in the Haight-Ashbury and the "painted ladies" of Alamo Square and the Castro.

On top of Mount Davidson is a 31.4 meter (103 foot) tall cross built in 1934. About 1.2km (1 mile) south of Mount Sutro is San Francisco's highest mountain, Mount Davidson, which is over 282 meters (over 925 feet) high. Nearby are the equally well known Twin Peaks, which are a pair of hills resting at one of the city's highest points. Dominating this area is Mount Sutro, which is the site of Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio transmission tower, that is a well known landmark to city residents.

Near the geographic center of the city and away from the downtown area are a series of less populated hills. Three of San Francisco's notable hill neighborhoods are Nob Hill, Russian Hill, and Telegraph Hill, all located near Downtown. San Francisco is famous for its hills and the streets which run straight up and down them. Such land is extremely unstable during earthquakes; the resultant liquefaction during earthquakes causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.

Entire neighborhoods of the city such as the Marina and Hunters Point were created and sit on man made landfill (made up of mud, sand, and rubble from past earthquakes) and other reclaimation projects over the San Francisco Bay when flatland became scarce. New buildings must be built to very high structural standards, while many dollars must be spent to retrofit the city's older buildings and bridges. The threat of another major earthquake like the 1906 one plays a major role in the city's infrastructure development. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, which also did significant damage to parts of the city, is also famous for having interrupted a World Series baseball game between the Bay Area's two Major League Baseball teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics.

The Daly City Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1851, 1858, 1865, and 1868. The most serious earthquake, in 1906, is mentioned above. San Francisco lies near the San Andreas Fault; a major source of earthquake activity in California.

On June 5th, the mayors of 100 cities, including the mayor of San Francisco, signed an accord that made their cities more compliant with the Kyoto Protocol. In 2005, San Francisco hosted the United Nations annual World Enivronment Day, the first time it has been held in the US. While somewhat controversial, the law will go into effect on July 1, 2005. Other California cities have enacted similar outdoor smoking bans (though not as far-reaching), but San Francisco's new anti-smoking policy is significant considering the city's size and cultural influence on the rest of the state and the nation.

California's statewide smoking bans already being some of the toughest in the nation, the new policy in San Francisco represents an even stricter stance on public smoking. San Francisco's history of innovative ordinances was seen again with the 2004 decision to ban outdoor smoking in all city-owned parks, plazas and public sports venues, amongst other outdoor areas. Newsom also helped enact a strong new homeless policy, "Care Not Cash," in which the checks that homeless people previously received were replaced with vouchers for housing. The California Supreme Court later invalidated these licenses.

to issue same-sex marriage licenses in February, 2004. The newly elected Mayor Newsom, who won by a close margin, burst onto the national political scene when, in defiance of state law, he led San Francisco to become the first city in the U.S. The 2003 mayoral election of Matt Gonzalez versus Gavin Newsom was notable in that it was between a candidate of the progressive left and a moderate liberal, conservative candidates having had a hard time in the city. Though top officials were formally indicted, they were soon exonerated, but with considerable damage to their reputations, and having brought the city nationwide ridicule.

The resulting scandal was dubbed "Fajitagate" after it was alleged that high-ranking officers within the Police Department had tried to cover up the incident. In November of 2002, three off-duty police officers (one the son of the assistant chief) allegedly assaulted two civilians over a bag of steak fajitas. The success of Craigslist stands as a testament to the over-production of the dot-com era. Craig Newmark founded the website Craigslist based in his San Francisco home.

South of Market, where many dot com companies were located, had been bustling and crowded with few vacancies, but by 2002 was a virtual wasteland of empty offices and for-rent signs. By 2001, the boom was over, and many people left San Francisco. The resulting backlash resulted in a progressive majority winning control of the Board of Supervisors in the 2000 election. The rising rents forced many people and businesses to leave, and this caused considerable tension in the city's politics.

During the dot-com boom of the 1990s, large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer software professionals moved into the city, followed by marketing and sales professionals, and changed the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became gentrified. Known in most of the United States as the "World Series Quake," but in California and by seismologists as the Loma Prieta earthquake, it caused significant destruction and loss of life throughout the greater bay area. The quake also caused extensive damage in the Marina District and the South of Market. The damage to these freeways was so extensive, that they were eventually demolished.

The quake severely damaged many of the city's freeway's including the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway. On October 17, 1989, an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter magnitude scale struck on the San Andreas Fault near Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz mountains, approximately 70 miles south of San Francisco, during game 3 of the 1989 World Series. Present mayor Gavin Newsom's policy on the homeless is the controversial "Care Not Cash" program where he plans to end the city's generous welfare policies towards the homeless and instead wants the homeless to be put in affordable housing and attend city funded drug rehabilitation and job training programs. His successor, Willie Brown, was able to largely ignore the problem, riding on the strong economy into a second term.

And it did displace them - to the rest of the city. Jordan launched the "MATRIX" program the next year, which aimed to displace the homeless through aggressive police action. Mayor Art Agnos (1988-92) was the first to attack the problem, and not the last; it is a top issue for San Franciscans even today. Agnos allowed the homeless to camp in the Civic Center park, which led to its title of "Camp Agnos." The failure of this lenient policy led to his being replaced by Frank Jordan in 1992. During the 1980s, homeless people began appearing in large numbers in the city, the result of factors that were affecting the country at large, combined with San Francisco's attractive environment and generous welfare policies, economic and social changes, and the availability of addictive drugs are often cited as reasons for the growth of the problem.

This law has become a standard in many of the world's cities today, and pushed skyscraper construction to the South of Market district where it is still ongoing. Similar to the freeway revolt in the city decades earlier, a "skyscraper revolt" forced the city to enact height restriction limits on tall buildings. This was met with widespread opposition with the city's residents who felt that the skyscrapers ruined views and destroyed San Francisco's unique character. Under former Mayor, and now US senator, Diane Feinstein, San Francisco underwent "Manhattanization" when many of the large skyscrapers present in the Financial District and residential condominiums were built across the city in the late 1970s through the 1980s.

San Francisco has more gays and lesbians than any other US city. Today, the gay population of the city is estimated to be at about 15%, and gays remain an important force in the city's politics. In the 1980s, the AIDS virus wreaked havoc on the gay community there. Because of the rise of this new population, as well as the overall change in ethnic and cultural demographics, tensions arose in the city, and these tensions led to tragedy in 1978 when a conservative member of the Board of Supervisors and a former cop, Dan White, murdered San Francisco's first openly gay elected official, Supervisor Harvey Milk and the city's mayor George Moscone on November 27 (see "Twinkie Defense").

In the 1970s, large numbers of gay people moved to San Francisco's Castro district, which previous to their arrival, had been abandoned by Irish-Americans who moved en masse to the more affluent and culturally homogenous suburbs. When drugs and violence began to become a serious problem in the Haight, many lesbians and gays simply moved "over the hill", to the Castro. These lesbians and gays were the prime movers of Gay Liberation and often lived communally, buying (like their straight counterparts) decrepit Victorians in the Haight and fixing them up. The late 1960s also brought in a new wave of lesbians and gays who were more radical and less mainstream and who had flocked to San Francisco not only for its gay-friendly reputation, but for its reputation as a radical, left-wing epicenter.

On the rave scene, the city was the first to host the Love Parade outside its birthplace of Berlin, Germany in 2004. During the 1980s and 1990s San Francisco became a major focal point in the North American--and international-- punk and rave scene. Another peculiar development is that the Church Of Satan was founded and made its headquarters in San Francisco in 1966. At this time, the "San Francisco sound" emerged as an influential force in rock music, with such acts as the Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead achieving international prominence, blurring the boundaries between folk, rock and jazz traditions and further developing the lyrical content of rock.

Thousands of young people poured into the Haight-Ashbury district of the city during 1967, which was known as the Summer of Love. During the latter half of the following decade, the 1960s, San Francisco was the center of hippie culture. Some of the story of the evolving arts scene of the 1950s is told in the article San Francisco Renaissance. San Francisco has often been a magnet for America's counterculture. During the 1950s, City Lights Bookstore in the North Beach neighborhood was an important publisher of Beat Generation literature.

His planning led to the creation of Embarcadero Center, the Embarcadero Freeway, Japantown, the Geary Street superblocks, and Yerba Buena Gardens. He began levelling entire areas in San Francisco's Western Addition and Japantown neighborhoods. Enacting eminent domain whenever necessary, he set upon a plan to tear down huge areas of the city and replace them with modern construction. Critics accused Herman of racism for what was perceived as attempts to create segregation and displacement of African-Americans. Many African-Americans were forced to move from their homes near the Fillmore jazz district to newly constructed projects such as the near the naval base Hunter's Point or even to cities such as Oakland. Justin Herman began an aggressive campaign to renew blighted areas of the city.

In the 1950s San Francisco hired Harvard graduate Justin Herman to head the redevelopment agency for the city and county. The neighborhoods once covered by these freeways have been rebuilt, and the restoration of the Embarcadero, San Francisco's historic bay waterfront, as a public space has been especially successful. Over the course of several referenda, San Francisco's residents elected not to rebuild either structure. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake destroyed the Embarcadero Freeway and portions of the so-called Central Freeway.

Although some minor modifications have been allowed to the ends of existing freeways, the city's anti-freeway policy has remained in place ever since. In 1959, the Board of Supervisors voted to halt construction of any more freeways in the city, an event known as the Freeway Revolt. Caltrans tried to minimize displacement (and its land acquisition costs) by building double-decker freeways, but the crude state of civil engineering at that time resulted in construction of some embarrassingly ugly freeways which ultimately turned out to be seismically unsafe. However, Caltrans soon encountered strong resistance in San Francisco, for the city's high population density meant that virtually any right-of-way would displace a large number of people.

During the early 1950s, Caltrans commenced an aggressive freeway construction program in the Bay Area. The Treaty of San Francisco which established peaceful relations with Japan, was drafted and signed there six years later in 1951. The United Nations Charter was also drafted in San Francisco in 1945. During World War II, San Francisco was the major mainland supply point and port of embarkation for the war in the Pacific.

The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was opened in 1936 and the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937. On July 22, 1916 a bomb exploded on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 and injuring 40. In 1915, the city hosted the Panama-Pacific Exposition, officially to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal, but also as a showcase of the vibrant completely rebuilt city less than a decade after the Earthquake. Unwilling to evict the remains of San Francisco's most prominent founding citizens, however, the above-ground Columbarium of San Francisco was allowed to remain, whose 30,000 deceased residents are the only permitted within the city to this day.

In 1912, this time with no excuse other than the rising value of real estate, all remaining cemeteries in the city were evicted to south of the city limit, where in the modern-day town of Colma the dead now outnumber the living more than ten-thousand to one. [1] (http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/news/10737701.htm) See also: 1906 San Francisco earthquake. With the centennial of the disaster approaching, a city supervisor sponsored a resolution to amend the death toll, noting "there is evidence to show the number was suppressed for political reasons" (namely that the city's reputation would have suffered). Many residents were trapped between the water on three sides and the approaching fire, and a mass evacuation similar to that of the later Battle of Dunkirk to safety across the Bay saved thousands.

The official reported death toll was 478, but most historians agree the true tally was much higher, probably over 3,000. Water mains ruptured throughout San Francisco, and the fires that followed burned out of control for days, destroying the vast majority of buildings in the city. The quake is estimated by modern scientists to have reached 8.25 on the Richter scale. On April 18, 1906, a devastating earthquake resulted from the rupture of over 270 miles of the San Andreas Fault, from San Juan Bautista to Eureka, centered immediately offshore of San Francisco.

A fifteen-block section of Chinatown was quarantined while city leaders squabbled over the proper course to take, but the outbreak was finally eradicated by 1905. Burials moved to the undeveloped area just south of the city limit, now the town of Colma, California. Mistakenly believing that interred corpses contributed to the transmission of plague, and possibly also motivated by the opportunity for profitable land speculation, city leaders banned all cemeteries within the city. In 1900, a ship from China brought with it rats infected with bubonic plague.

Norton. One of most colorful figures of late 19th century San Francisco was "Emperor" Joshua A. The Sisters of Mercy were contracted to run San Francisco's first county hospital at the height of the cholera epidemic, and in 1857, the order opened its own charity hospital, Mercy Hospital of San Francisco, which is still in operation today at its original location on Stanyan Street. The responsibility for caring for the indigent sick had previously rested on the state, but faced with the San Francisco cholera epidemic, the state legislature devolved this responsibility to the counties, setting the precedent for California's system of county hospitals for the poor still in effect today.