John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth (1825-1829) President of the United States. He was the son of President John Adams and First Lady Abigail Smith. Adams's most important contributions to American history came before and after his relatively ineffective term as President. Before becoming President, he was the most experienced diplomat in the United States. While serving as Secretary of State under President James Monroe, Adams negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain and devised the Monroe Doctrine, both of which were of long lasting importance. For these activities he has been called "the most influential American grand strategist of the nineteenth century" and "perhaps the greatest secretary of state in American history."1

Adams was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1830, one of only two U.S. Presidents to serve in Congress after having been President. (Andrew Johnson was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1875.) As a Congressman, Adams became an opponent of slavery, and because he was an ex-president, he became one of the most prominent supporters of abolition in the country.

Biography

Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually become the separate town of Quincy. His birthplace is open to the public, as is the nearby cairn marking the site from which he viewed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a 7-year-old boy. He acquired his early education in Europe at venerable institutions such as the University of Leiden while accompanying his father while the elder Adams was serving as an American envoy to France and later the Netherlands during the Revolutionary War. He graduated from Harvard University in 1787 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He studied law after which he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston.

President George Washington appointed him Minister to the Netherlands in 1794, Minister to Portugal in 1796 and Minister to Prussia in 1797. While serving abroad, he met Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant living abroad. Despite his father's opposition to him having a foreign-born wife, Adams wed Louisa Johnson in 1797. The couple named one of their sons after George Washington. (As of 2004, Adams is the only U.S. President to do so.)

He afterwards returned to Quincy where he lived in the "Old House" (now a museum). He began his political career in 1802 when he elected to the Massachusetts State Senate. Adams was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. House of Representatives in the same year. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1803, until June 8, 1808, when he resigned, a successor having been elected six months early after Adams broke with the Federalist Party.

He was Minister (Ambassador) to Russia from 1809 to 1814, a member of the commission which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and Minister to the United Kingdom from 1815 to 1817. During this time, Adams and his wife lost to illness an infant daughter, born in 1811.

He was Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President James Monroe from 1817 to 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida and in keeping the United States from becoming dependent on England. He was sometimes called the "Lone Wolf" for his positions during this time because he often did not go with everyone else's opinion. Typically, however, his alone were the ones that Monroe decided upon. As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and helped develop the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European nations not to meddle in affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Adams received one electoral vote in the presidential election of 1820. President James Monroe ran virtually unopposed for re-election, but one elector cast his ballot for Adams, allegedly to ensure that George Washington remained the only American president unanimously chosen by the electoral college.

Presidency

Election to Presidency

John Quincy Adams postage stamp

Although Adams lost in both the popular and electoral votes in the Presidential election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which to the surprise of many elected Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Adams served as President from March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1829. During this time he worked on developing a federal system of roads, canals, bridges, lighthouses, and universities until Jackson, who defeated Adams in the latter's quest for re-election, was sworn in to replace him.

Cabinet


Supreme Court appointments

Adams appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

  • Robert Trimble - 1826

States admitted to the Union

None

Later life

Rather than retire, Adams would go on to win election as a Democratic-Republican to the House of Representatives beginning with the 22nd Congress, serving from March 4, 1831, until his death. He was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (for the 22nd through 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses, respectively), the Committee on Indian Affairs (for the 27th Congress) and the Committee on Foreign Affairs (also for the 27th Congress).

Adams posed for this photograph in 1843, the first taken of a US President

He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1834. In 1841, Adams represented the Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be returned to Spain, but returned home as free people.

Adam's son Charles Francis also pursued a career in politics.

Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848 in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, Massachusetts and he was subsequently reinterred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today.

An Anti-Paine newspaper won him some more political attention.

Trivia

  • He is the first President whose father was also President. The second father-son duo is Presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.
  • John Quincy Adams was the first U.S. President to wear long pants instead of knee britches.
  • John Quincy Adams is the first U.S. President to give an interview to a woman; however, he did not have much choice. Adams had repeatedly refused requests for an interview with Anne Royall, the first female professional journalist in the U.S., so she took a different approach to accomplish her goal. She learned that Adams liked to take nude dips in the Potomac River almost every morning around 5 a.m., so she went to the river, gathered his clothes and sat on them until he answered all of her questions. [1]

Related articles

  • U.S. presidential election, 1820
  • U.S. presidential election, 1824
  • U.S. presidential election, 1828
  • Mount Quincy Adams
  • Adams-Onis Treaty
  • Treaty of Ghent

Notes

  • Note 1: "Influential grand strategist": John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004, ISBN 0674011740), p. 15. "Greatest secretary of state": Samuel Flagg Bemis.

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An Anti-Paine newspaper won him some more political attention.
. His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy, Massachusetts and he was subsequently reinterred after his wife's death in a family crypt in the United First Parish Church across the street, where his tomb can be viewed today.
. Adams died of a cerebral hemorrhage on February 23, 1848 in the Capitol Building, Washington, D.C.
. Adam's son Charles Francis also pursued a career in politics. Neither was ever heard of again.

In 1841, Adams represented the Amistad Africans in the Supreme Court of the United States and successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship where they were being held as illegal slaves, should not be returned to Spain, but returned home as free people. One of his favorite jokes was about a woman with two sons, one of whom ran away and went to sea and the other was elected Vice President of the United States. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1834. Upon his election as vice president, Marshall sent President-elect Woodrow Wilson a book, inscribed "From your only Vice." He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour by asking them to "be kind enough to throw peanuts at me." Upon hearing of his nomination as Vice President (he was not present at the convention), Marshall quipped that he wasn't surprised, as "Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents, home of more second-class men than any other state.". He was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (for the 22nd through 26th, 28th and 29th Congresses, respectively), the Committee on Indian Affairs (for the 27th Congress) and the Committee on Foreign Affairs (also for the 27th Congress). The story may be apocryphal, but Marshall was known for having a quick wit. Rather than retire, Adams would go on to win election as a Democratic-Republican to the House of Representatives beginning with the 22nd Congress, serving from March 4, 1831, until his death. During a Senate debate in 1917, a particularly bellicose Senator catalogued what he felt the country needed: "What this country needs is more of this; what this country needs is more of that." Marshall leaned over to a clerk and quipped, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar.".

None. Marshall is best known for a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon. Adams appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:. in 1925 and is interred in Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana.
. Marshall died on a visit to Washington, D.C. During this time he worked on developing a federal system of roads, canals, bridges, lighthouses, and universities until Jackson, who defeated Adams in the latter's quest for re-election, was sworn in to replace him. In 1922-23 he served as chair of the Federal Coal Commission.

Adams served as President from March 4, 1825 to March 3, 1829. He also wrote a number of books on the law as well as his Recollections, a memoir. Although Adams lost in both the popular and electoral votes in the Presidential election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which to the surprise of many elected Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Marshall returned to Indianapolis after his term as Vice President and resumed his law practice. President James Monroe ran virtually unopposed for re-election, but one elector cast his ballot for Adams, allegedly to ensure that George Washington remained the only American president unanimously chosen by the electoral college. While Marshall would perform ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson's term, he would not have opportunity to meet with Wilson to ascertain his condition until their final day in office. Adams received one electoral vote in the presidential election of 1820. The process for declaring a President incapacitated was unclear, and Marshall was fearful of the precedent that might be set in establishing one.

As Secretary of State, he negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty and helped develop the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European nations not to meddle in affairs of the Western Hemisphere. Though Marshall was advised that the President had suffered an infirmity and despite the requests of many to do so, Marshall did not attempt to become the first Acting President of the United States. Typically, however, his alone were the ones that Monroe decided upon. After suffering a more mild one the previous month, on October 2, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson suffered a severe stroke that left him partially paralyzed and almost certainly incapacitated. He was sometimes called the "Lone Wolf" for his positions during this time because he often did not go with everyone else's opinion. Also in his second term Marshall became the first Vice President to conduct cabinet meetings; Wilson left him with this responsibility while travelling in Europe to sign the Versailles treaty and push his League of Nations idea. He was Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President James Monroe from 1817 to 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of Florida and in keeping the United States from becoming dependent on England. This was a job to which Marshall was well suited; he had been earning extra money as a public speaker while Vice President.

During this time, Adams and his wife lost to illness an infant daughter, born in 1811. Wilson sent him out on the road, speaking across the country to encourage Americans to buy war bonds and support the war effort. He was Minister (Ambassador) to Russia from 1809 to 1814, a member of the commission which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, and Minister to the United Kingdom from 1815 to 1817. During his second term, Marshall saw the United States enter World War I. He was elected as a Federalist to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1803, until June 8, 1808, when he resigned, a successor having been elected six months early after Adams broke with the Federalist Party. Wilson, after deliberating, ultimately decided that it would demonstrate party unity if he kept Marshall on; thus in 1916 Wilson and Marshall became the first President and Vice President team to be re-elected since Monroe and Tompkins in the 1820s. House of Representatives in the same year. As Marshall made little news and was viewed as something of a comic foil in Washington, a number of Democratic party insiders wanted him dumped from the 1916 ticket.

Adams was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the U.S. Since that time presidents have rarely relied on their VPs in dealing with the Senate. He began his political career in 1802 when he elected to the Massachusetts State Senate. Before this, Presidents had made a habit of using the Vice President (who serves as President of the Senate) as a go-between with the Senate; Wilson took advantage of the opportunity to show that he had no intention of trusting Marshall with delicate business. He afterwards returned to Quincy where he lived in the "Old House" (now a museum). In 1913 Wilson took the then unheard of step of meeting personally with members of the Senate in the Capitol building. President to do so.). Marshall was not particularly fond of Wilson, and though Wilson invited Marshall to cabinet meetings his ideas were rarely considered.

(As of 2004, Adams is the only U.S. Marshall is currently the last governor to serve two full terms as Vice President. The couple named one of their sons after George Washington. It is said that Marshall initially turned down the nomination, assuming the job would be boring. Despite his father's opposition to him having a foreign-born wife, Adams wed Louisa Johnson in 1797. He was elected on the Wilson ticket in 1912, was reelected in 1916 and served as Vice President until 1921. While serving abroad, he met Louisa Catherine Johnson, the daughter of an American merchant living abroad. For a time it looked as if Marshall might actually end up as a compromise nominee, but ultimately William Jennings Bryan agreed to endorse Woodrow Wilson; Indiana's delegates successfully lobbied to have Marshall named Vice President.

President George Washington appointed him Minister to the Netherlands in 1794, Minister to Portugal in 1796 and Minister to Prussia in 1797. At the 1912 Democratic convention in Baltimore, Marshall's name was put in as Indiana's choice for President. He studied law after which he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston. During his term he saw a child labor law and some anti-corruption legislation passed, but was not successful in passing much of his progressive platform through the state legislature, nor in raising a convention to rewrite the state constitution. He graduated from Harvard University in 1787 and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He was a popular speaker and active in local Democratic Party politics, but was regarded only as a competent small-town lawyer when he was given the nomination as a compromise dark horse candidate. He acquired his early education in Europe at venerable institutions such as the University of Leiden while accompanying his father while the elder Adams was serving as an American envoy to France and later the Netherlands during the Revolutionary War. He served as Governor of Indiana from 1909 to 1913.

His birthplace is open to the public, as is the nearby cairn marking the site from which he viewed the Battle of Bunker Hill as a 7-year-old boy. He was admitted to the bar in 1875 and began his career as a lawyer in Columbia City, Indiana. Adams was born in Braintree, Massachusetts in a part of town which eventually become the separate town of Quincy. Marshall studied law at Wabash College. . Marshall was born in North Manchester, Indiana, where he frequently spent time at the courthouse listening to lawyers; Marshall wrote later of listening to future President Benjamin Harrison present a case. Senate in 1875.) As a Congressman, Adams became an opponent of slavery, and because he was an ex-president, he became one of the most prominent supporters of abolition in the country. .

(Andrew Johnson was elected to the U.S. Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the twenty-eighth Vice President of the United States of America under Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921. Presidents to serve in Congress after having been President. House of Representatives in 1830, one of only two U.S. Adams was elected to the U.S.

For these activities he has been called "the most influential American grand strategist of the nineteenth century" and "perhaps the greatest secretary of state in American history."1. While serving as Secretary of State under President James Monroe, Adams negotiated the Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain and devised the Monroe Doctrine, both of which were of long lasting importance. Before becoming President, he was the most experienced diplomat in the United States. Adams's most important contributions to American history came before and after his relatively ineffective term as President.

He was the son of President John Adams and First Lady Abigail Smith. John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth (1825-1829) President of the United States. "Greatest secretary of state": Samuel Flagg Bemis. 15.

Note 1: "Influential grand strategist": John Lewis Gaddis, Surprise, Security, and the American Experience (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2004, ISBN 0674011740), p. Treaty of Ghent. Adams-Onis Treaty. Mount Quincy Adams.

presidential election, 1828. U.S. presidential election, 1824. U.S.

presidential election, 1820. U.S. [1]. She learned that Adams liked to take nude dips in the Potomac River almost every morning around 5 a.m., so she went to the river, gathered his clothes and sat on them until he answered all of her questions.

Adams had repeatedly refused requests for an interview with Anne Royall, the first female professional journalist in the U.S., so she took a different approach to accomplish her goal. President to give an interview to a woman; however, he did not have much choice. John Quincy Adams is the first U.S. President to wear long pants instead of knee britches.

John Quincy Adams was the first U.S. Bush. Bush and George W. W.

The second father-son duo is Presidents George H. He is the first President whose father was also President. Robert Trimble - 1826.