James A. Garfield(Redirected from James Garfield)James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States (1881), and the second U.S. President to be assassinated. His term was the second shortest in U.S. history, after William Henry Harrison's. Holding office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in power for a total of just six months and fifteen days. Early lifeHe was born in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, southeast of Cleveland to Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou. He was named for his older brother James Ballou Garfield, who died in infancy, and his father, who died in 1833, when James Abram was 18 months old. He grew up cared for by his mother and an uncle. James Garfield at the age of 16From 1851 to 1854 he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later named Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio. He then transferred to Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856, as an outstanding student who enjoyed all subjects except chemistry. He then taught at the Eclectic Institute. He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year, and was made president of the Institute from 1857 to 1860. Remarkably, the ambidextrous Garfield could simultaneously write in Greek with one hand and in Latin with the other. On November 11, 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph. They had five children. A son, James Rudolph Garfield, followed him into politics and became Secretary of the Interior under Theodore Roosevelt. Garfield decided that the academic life was not for him, and studied law privately. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1860. Even before admission to the bar, he entered politics. He was elected an Ohio state senator in 1859, serving until 1861. He was an enthusiastic Republican all his political life. Notably, Garfield found a new proof for the Pythagorean theorem in 1876. Military careerWith the start of the Civil War, Garfield enlisted in the Union Army, and was assigned to command the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Gen. Don Carlos Buell assigned Garfield the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky in November 1861, giving him the 18th Brigade for the campaign. In December, he departed Catlettsburg, Kentucky, with the 40th and 42nd Ohio and the 14th and 22nd Kentucky infantry regiments, as well as the 2nd (West) Virginia Cavalry and McLoughlin's Squadron of Cavalry. The march was uneventful until Union forces reached Paintsville, Kentucky, where Garfield's cavalry engaged the Confederate cavalry at Jenny's Creek on January 6, 1862. The Confederates withdrew to the forks of Middle Creek, two miles from Prestonsburg, Kentucky, on the road to Virginia. Garfield attacked on January 9. At the end of the day's fighting, the Confederates withdrew from the field, but Garfield did not pursue them. He ordered a withdrawal to Prestonsburg, so he could resupply his men. His victory brought him early recognition. He was transferred in April 1862 to the west, in time to participate in the Battle of Shiloh. He also fought at Chickamauga, eventually rising to the rank of major general. Later political careerPortrait of James GarfieldIn 1863, he re-entered politics, being elected to the United States House of Representatives that year. He succeeded in gaining re-election every two years up through 1878. In the House during the Civil War and the following Reconstruction era, he was one of the most hawkish Republicans, seeking to defeat and later weaken the South at every opportunity. In 1876, when James G. Blaine moved from the House to the United States Senate, Garfield became the Republican Floor Leader of the House. In 1876 Garfield was a Republican member of the Electoral Commission that awarded 22 hotly-contested electoral votes to Rutherford B. Hayes in his contest for the Presidency against Samuel J. Tilden. That year, he also purchased the property in Mentor that reporters later dubbed Lawnfield, and from which he would go on to conduct the first successful front porch campaign for the Presidency. The home is now maintained by the National Park Service as the James A. Garfield National Historic Site. PresidencyIn 1880, Garfield's life underwent tremendous change. It began with the impending end of Democratic U.S. Senator Allen Granberry Thurman's term. The Ohio legislature, which had recently again come under Republican control, chose Garfield as his replacement, commencing in 1881. He would never serve a day in the Senate, however. Later that year at their presidential nominating convention, the Republicans were split between former President Ulysses S. Grant, Maine's James G. Blaine, and Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, a fellow Ohioan. Garfield strongly supported Sherman and made a speech formally nominating him, but early balloting made it clear that Sherman would not be the nominee. With neither Grant, Blaine nor Sherman able to win a majority of delegates after the first day of balloting, on the first ballot of the second day (and 34th overall) Wisconsin's delegation suddenly shifted all its votes to Garfield, who was aghast at the thought that he might be trying to thwart his friend Sherman's effort. The 35th ballot saw an even greater groundswell of support from former Blaine and Sherman supporters (Grant's supporters remained unanimously behind the former President), and on the 36th ballot Garfield was nominated, with virtually all of Blaine and Sherman's delegates breaking ranks to vote for the dark horse nominee. Ironically, the U.S. Senate seat to which Garfield had been chosen ultimately went to John Sherman, whose presidential candidacy Garfield had gone to the convention to support. Garfield defeated the Democratic candidate, Winfield Scott Hancock, another distinguished former Union Army general, by 214 electoral votes to 155. (The popular vote was much closer; see U.S. presidential election, 1880). President Garfield took office on March 4, 1881. During his administration, Garfield did his best to mediate Republican Party infighting. Garfield was a leader of the "Half-Breeds," who supported civil service reform and Hayes's relatively lenient treatment of the postwar South. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur of New York, was a member of the "Stalwarts," who advocated the retention of the patronage system and a tougher stance regarding the former Confederate states. CabinetSupreme Court appointmentsIn his brief term in office, Garfield appointed a single Justice to the Supreme Court of the United States:
AssassinationPresident Garfield just after he was shot, as depicted in engraving from 1881 newspaper.Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881, less than four months after taking office. The President was walking through Union Station in Washington, D.C., accompanied by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. As he was being arrested after the shooting, Guiteau excitedly said, "I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts! I did it and I want to be arrested! Arthur is President now," which briefly led to unfounded suspicions that Arthur or his supporters had put Guiteau up to the crime. Guiteau was upset because of the rejection of his repeated attempts to be appointed as the United States consul in Paris--a position for which he had absolutely no qualifications--and was mentally ill as well. Garfield's assassination was instrumental to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act on January 16, 1883. The second bullet that struck Garfield lodged in his back and could not be found. Alexander Graham Bell devised a metal detector in an attempt to find the bullet, but the metal bedframe Garfield was lying on confused the instrument. This was not realized at the time, bedframes being relatively rare. Garfield became increasingly ill over a period of several weeks due to infection and died 80 days after he was shot, of blood poisoning and bronchial pneumonia at 10:35 p.m. on Monday September 19, 1881 in Elberon, New Jersey. The ailing President had been moved to Elberon, a seaside community, in the vain hope that the fresh air and quiet there might aid his recovery. Most historians and medical experts now believe that Garfield probably would have survived his wound, had the doctors attending him been more capable. Several inserted their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe for the bullet, and one doctor punctured Garfield's liver in doing so. Guiteau was found guilty of assassinating Garfield, despite his lawyers raising an insanity defense. He insisted (with some validity, as is now recognized) that incompetent medical care had really killed the President. Guiteau was sentenced to death, and was executed by hanging on June 30, 1882 in Washington, D.C.. Garfield monument at LakeView cemetryGarfield was buried, with great and solemn ceremony, in a mausoleum in Lakeview Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. He was the last person elected President directly from the United States House of Representatives. One of the most intelligent men ever to live in the White House, Garfield had great - but tragically unfulfilled - potential. Trivia
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One of the most intelligent men ever to live in the White House, Garfield had great - but tragically unfulfilled - potential. Chevron has given campaign donations to California governor Pete Wilson, California attorney general Dan Lungren, California legislator Pete Knight, and San Francisco supervisor Amos Brown. He was the last person elected President directly from the United States House of Representatives. Communities for a Better Environment sued Chevron, Unocal (also an initiative funder), and other oil companies for polluting Latino and African-American communities in Los Angeles. Garfield was buried, with great and solemn ceremony, in a mausoleum in Lakeview Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. Chevron's warning system was delayed for up to a half-hour after the blast. Guiteau was sentenced to death, and was executed by hanging on June 30, 1882 in Washington, D.C.. Hundreds of people living nearby complained of difficulty breathing and vomiting afterwards. He insisted (with some validity, as is now recognized) that incompetent medical care had really killed the President. The 10th accident occurred on 25 March 1999, when the refinery exploded. Guiteau was found guilty of assassinating Garfield, despite his lawyers raising an insanity defense. Chevron had ten refinery accidents in ten years at their refinery in Richmond, Ca. Several inserted their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe for the bullet, and one doctor punctured Garfield's liver in doing so. The Nigerian government is reportedly 80% dependent upon oil production and is condemned by many for its reported treatment of environmentalists. Most historians and medical experts now believe that Garfield probably would have survived his wound, had the doctors attending him been more capable. Soldiers shot the activists and subsequently two activists died from their wounds. The ailing President had been moved to Elberon, a seaside community, in the vain hope that the fresh air and quiet there might aid his recovery. Chevron brought the military in by helicopter. on Monday September 19, 1881 in Elberon, New Jersey. In 1998, activists were staging a demonstration on an oil platform in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Garfield became increasingly ill over a period of several weeks due to infection and died 80 days after he was shot, of blood poisoning and bronchial pneumonia at 10:35 p.m. They settled for $18.3 million. This was not realized at the time, bedframes being relatively rare. 43 of the employees sued Chevron and Monsanto for age discrimination. Alexander Graham Bell devised a metal detector in an attempt to find the bullet, but the metal bedframe Garfield was lying on confused the instrument. "Mother's Day Massacre" : In 1993, the day before Mother's Day, Ortho, a joint division of Chevron and Monsanto, fired more than 60 sales people, 90% of them over 40 years old. The second bullet that struck Garfield lodged in his back and could not be found. Chevron settled the rest of the charges for $7.42 million. Garfield's assassination was instrumental to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act on January 16, 1883. In 1995, they settled the harassment claim for $2.2 million. Guiteau was upset because of the rejection of his repeated attempts to be appointed as the United States consul in Paris--a position for which he had absolutely no qualifications--and was mentally ill as well. In 1992, 777 women filed a class-action suit against Chevron for discrimination and tolerating sexual harassment at Chevron Information Technology Company in San Ramon. As he was being arrested after the shooting, Guiteau excitedly said, "I am a Stalwart of the Stalwarts! I did it and I want to be arrested! Arthur is President now," which briefly led to unfounded suspicions that Arthur or his supporters had put Guiteau up to the crime. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Alabama: 604 Bessemer Super Hwy, Birmingham His Vice President, Chester A. This company would later become known as Texaco. Garfield was a leader of the "Half-Breeds," who supported civil service reform and Hayes's relatively lenient treatment of the postwar South. Another side of the genealogical chart points to the 1901 founding of The Texas Fuel Company, a modest enterprise that started out in three rooms of a corrugated iron building in Beaumont, Texas. During his administration, Garfield did his best to mediate Republican Party infighting. This find led to the formation, in 1879, of the Pacific Coast Oil Company, the predecessor of Chevron Corporation. President Garfield took office on March 4, 1881. The company marked its 125th anniversary in 2004, tracing its roots to an oil discovery at Pico Canyon, north of Los Angeles. presidential election, 1880). The company also has interests in 13 power generating assets in the United States, Asia, and Europe. (The popular vote was much closer; see U.S. The company has a worldwide marketing network in 84 countries with approximately 24,000 retail sites, including those of affiliate companies. Garfield defeated the Democratic candidate, Winfield Scott Hancock, another distinguished former Union Army general, by 214 electoral votes to 155. In addition, the company had a global refining capacity at year-end 2003 of 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m³) of crude oil per day. Senate seat to which Garfield had been chosen ultimately went to John Sherman, whose presidential candidacy Garfield had gone to the convention to support. Daily production in 2003 was 2.5 million net oil-equivalent barrels (400,000 m³) per day. Ironically, the U.S. Chevron employs approximately 53,000 people worldwide and had approximately 12 billion barrels (1.9 km³) of oil-equivalent net proved reserves at December 31, 2003. The 35th ballot saw an even greater groundswell of support from former Blaine and Sherman supporters (Grant's supporters remained unanimously behind the former President), and on the 36th ballot Garfield was nominated, with virtually all of Blaine and Sherman's delegates breaking ranks to vote for the dark horse nominee. . With neither Grant, Blaine nor Sherman able to win a majority of delegates after the first day of balloting, on the first ballot of the second day (and 34th overall) Wisconsin's delegation suddenly shifted all its votes to Garfield, who was aghast at the thought that he might be trying to thwart his friend Sherman's effort. Texaco will remain as a brand under the Chevron Corporation. Garfield strongly supported Sherman and made a speech formally nominating him, but early balloting made it clear that Sherman would not be the nominee. On May 9, 2005, ChevronTexaco announced it would drop the Texaco moniker and return to the Chevron name. Blaine, and Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, a fellow Ohioan. In 2001, the former Chevron corporation merged with Texaco to form ChevronTexaco. Grant, Maine's James G. Its headquarters are in San Ramon at 6001 Bollinger Canyon Road 94583. Later that year at their presidential nominating convention, the Republicans were split between former President Ulysses S. Chevron has facilities in 90 countries. He would never serve a day in the Senate, however. Headquartered in San Ramon, California and active in more than 180 countries, it is engaged in every aspect of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production; refining, marketing and transport; chemicals manufacturing and sales; and power generation. The Ohio legislature, which had recently again come under Republican control, chose Garfield as his replacement, commencing in 1881. Chevron Corporation NYSE: CVX is one of the world's largest global energy companies. Senator Allen Granberry Thurman's term. Carl Ware. It began with the impending end of Democratic U.S. Sugar. In 1880, Garfield's life underwent tremendous change. Ronald D. Garfield National Historic Site. Shoemate. The home is now maintained by the National Park Service as the James A. Charles R. That year, he also purchased the property in Mentor that reporters later dubbed Lawnfield, and from which he would go on to conduct the first successful front porch campaign for the Presidency. Robertson. Tilden. Peter J. Hayes in his contest for the Presidency against Samuel J. Sam Nunn. In 1876 Garfield was a Republican member of the Electoral Commission that awarded 22 hotly-contested electoral votes to Rutherford B. Jenifer. Blaine moved from the House to the United States Senate, Garfield became the Republican Floor Leader of the House. Franklyn G. In 1876, when James G. Carla Anderson Hills. In the House during the Civil War and the following Reconstruction era, he was one of the most hawkish Republicans, seeking to defeat and later weaken the South at every opportunity. Sam Ginn. He succeeded in gaining re-election every two years up through 1878. Eaton. In 1863, he re-entered politics, being elected to the United States House of Representatives that year. Robert J. He also fought at Chickamauga, eventually rising to the rank of major general. Denham. He was transferred in April 1862 to the west, in time to participate in the Battle of Shiloh. Robert E. His victory brought him early recognition. Armacost. He ordered a withdrawal to Prestonsburg, so he could resupply his men. Samual H. At the end of the day's fighting, the Confederates withdrew from the field, but Garfield did not pursue them. O'Reilly (Chairman). Garfield attacked on January 9. David J. The Confederates withdrew to the forks of Middle Creek, two miles from Prestonsburg, Kentucky, on the road to Virginia. Clean System 3 - Texaco. The march was uneventful until Union forces reached Paintsville, Kentucky, where Garfield's cavalry engaged the Confederate cavalry at Jenny's Creek on January 6, 1862. Techron - Chevron. In December, he departed Catlettsburg, Kentucky, with the 40th and 42nd Ohio and the 14th and 22nd Kentucky infantry regiments, as well as the 2nd (West) Virginia Cavalry and McLoughlin's Squadron of Cavalry. Chevron Oils. Don Carlos Buell assigned Garfield the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky in November 1861, giving him the 18th Brigade for the campaign. DEX. Gen. Havoline. With the start of the Civil War, Garfield enlisted in the Union Army, and was assigned to command the 42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Caltex. Notably, Garfield found a new proof for the Pythagorean theorem in 1876. Gulf. He was an enthusiastic Republican all his political life. Texaco (only in the southeastern United states; others are operated by Shell until 2006). He was elected an Ohio state senator in 1859, serving until 1861. Standard Oil. Even before admission to the bar, he entered politics. Chevron. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1860. Garfield decided that the academic life was not for him, and studied law privately. A son, James Rudolph Garfield, followed him into politics and became Secretary of the Interior under Theodore Roosevelt. They had five children. On November 11, 1858, he married Lucretia Rudolph. Remarkably, the ambidextrous Garfield could simultaneously write in Greek with one hand and in Latin with the other. He was an instructor in classical languages for the 1856-1857 academic year, and was made president of the Institute from 1857 to 1860. He then taught at the Eclectic Institute. He then transferred to Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856, as an outstanding student who enjoyed all subjects except chemistry. From 1851 to 1854 he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later named Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio. He grew up cared for by his mother and an uncle. He was named for his older brother James Ballou Garfield, who died in infancy, and his father, who died in 1833, when James Abram was 18 months old. He was born in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, southeast of Cleveland to Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou. . Holding office from March to September of 1881, President Garfield was in power for a total of just six months and fifteen days. history, after William Henry Harrison's. His term was the second shortest in U.S. President to be assassinated. James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States (1881), and the second U.S. History of the United States (1865-1918). presidential election, 1880. U.S. Of the 256 proofs of the Pythagorean Theorm in the "Pythagorean Proposition" by Elisha Scott Loomis, one is attributed to Garfield. Garfield was the first ambidextrous President. Stanley Matthews - 1881. |