Drawing

Here are some common software programs used for computer illustration:. Fragrances listed by year of launch:. See, for example, the computer illustrations of Peter Welleman. Sander will buy her company back persist till today. Digital art is fast becoming one of the most popular means of illustration. Rumors that Prada Group plans to sell Jil Sander and that Ms. Drawing may also be done on a computer. Sander herself had always been strictly against launching a secondary line or bridge collection.

Great drawings in the 1900's have been created by Max Beckmann, Willem De Kooning, Jean Dubuffet, Arshile Gorky, Paul Klee, Oscar Kokoschka, Jules Pascin, Pablo Picasso, and Jackson Pollock. Ms. The masters of drawing during the 1800's included Paul Cézanne, Jacques Louis David, Edgar Degas, Theodore Gericault, Jean Ingres, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Vincent Van Gogh. To this day, the house produces only two pricey high-end lines, one for women and one for men. In the 1700's, great drawings were produced by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Francisco Goya, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and Antoine Watteau. Simons’ first women’s collection (he has never designed for women before) for the house of Jil Sander will be shown at the February 2006 fashion shows in Milan. During the 1600's, Claude, Nicolas Poussin, Rembrandt, and Peter Paul Rubens created important drawings. The Fall/Winter collection, however, received accolades from the critics (Reference: IHT).

Masters of drawing in the 1400's and 1500's included Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Michelangelo, and Raphael. (Source: IHT). Since that time, each century has produced artists who have created great drawings. Suzy Menkes, fashion director with the International Herald Tribune and the goddess of fashion criticism, said that some items in the collection “made exceptional pieces” but overall it “was not as strong as” before. This art form first gained widespread popularity among European artists during the 1400's, when paper became generally available. Reactions by the press to the Spring/Summer show have been quite favorable but also reserved. People have made drawings since prehistoric times. Sander and out of respect for the brand he said of the collection that he “wanted to strip it down so there was nothing that wasn't necessary” (Source: Style).

However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art onto itself, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study. In the spirit of Ms. Studies can be used to determine the appearance of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. His Spring/Summer 2006 men’s collection for Jil Sander was presented in Milan in late June 2005, the Fall/Winter 2006/07 collection opened Milan Fashion Week in mid-January 2006. A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. In May 2005, it was announced that Raf Simons, a Belgian industrial designer who also has his own men’s label and is a professor at Vienna's University of Applied Arts, had become creative director for the women’s and men’s collection. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed. The slim fits, so typical of Jil Sander, have meanwhile been adjusted to mainstream sizes.

The exterior is termed the negative space, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Sander’s departure an in-house design team was formed to take care of the collections. When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. For the time after Ms. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features. The losses in 2004 had been almost € 30 million. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. The Prada Group still holds a 98% stake in the company which generated losses of € 10 million after taxes in the first half-year of 2005.

The placement of the light sources can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. The corporation will be transformed into a holding company with the Italian subsidiaries taking over administrative and business duties. The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. All that is left in Germany is an office for press, distribution and marketing personnel, the staff at the boutiques as well as the Hamburg atelier for the women’s collection. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating. Subsequently, the glamorous Jil Sander showroom in Hamburg was closed, production was entirely moved to Italy and of more than 300 jobs only about 50 remained. The artist plans the placement of elements in the art in order to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. But apparently the banks refused Bertelli the necessary loans.

The composition of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of artistic merit. Sander herself had made heavy investments, so that Jil Sander AG could be sold from the Prada Group, already heavily indebted itself. This will reproduce the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground. It is rumored that it had been Bertelli’s turn to financially support the company, after Ms. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the amount of contrast of more distant objects, and also by making the colors more pale. Bertelli. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Sander permanently resigned from her post again after insurmountable differences with Mr.

Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. But in November 2004, Ms. Thus the back wheel of a cart will appear slightly smaller than the front wheel. Everyone was certain that with the spirit of the company back in the house things would get well again. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. She designed two collections that were both shown in Milan, she altered Vukmirovic’s existing sketches for the men’s collection, she redesigned some of her boutiques and even sat down to go through the books herself. Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. She re-invented herself.

Convering the vertical lines to a point in the sky then produces a "three-point perspective". Her designs, bearing the unmistakable Jil Sander signature with a more feminine look, were loved by customers and critics alike. When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a "two-point perspective". Her sensational comeback was celebrated unanimously and with much fanfare by the international press. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures will all typically convert at a vanishing point. Supposedly, Bertelli had begged her to come back. Typically this point of convergence will be along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. Sander, whose heart was probably bleeding when she looked at what Prada had made of her fashion house, returned to the company she had founded more than 30 years before as head designer and partner in May 2003, after her noncompete clause had expired.

The parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, will follow lines that eventually converge at infinity. To everyone’s surprise Ms. Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. It was said that with rapidly sinking sales the Prada Group had to go to great expenses just to keep the house of Jil Sander going. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait. The company had been in the red since 2002. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. Pressured by Prada to cater to a wider audience, Vukmirovic came up with commercially viable sportswear collections in 2002 and 2003 that drove away longstanding Jil Sander patrons and failed to attract new customers.

A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. He unsuccessfully tried to follow in her footsteps. A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. Sander’s successor by Bertelli. The lines of the primitive shapes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Milan Vukmirovic, a former Colette and Gucci designer, had been installed as Ms. Once these basic shapes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. Sander was able to indulge in extensive travelling, sailing, going to the opera and taking care of her gardens after her resignation but the fashion house, not surprisingly, faltered without the designer who defined it.

Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Thus, for the first time in many years, Ms. When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive shapes. Bertelli insisted on giving-up the contributary workshops in Germany in favor of the shops in Italy owned by Prada. The image on the paper is then scaled in reference to this frame. She, an uncompromising perfectionist, had baulked at using less luxurious materials and at bringing the traditionally slim fits in line with standard sizes, he had demanded drastic cost cuts and a more affordable mainstream approach. A similar approach when using an easel is to mount a small, heavy paper frame through which the artist can view the scene. Sander unexpectedly left after confrontations with Prada CEO Patrizio Bertelli, a quick-tempered Italian businessman.

A scaled version of these lines is drawn lightly on the paper, and the outlines of the significant features are copied onto the drawing. Six months later, in January 2000, Ms. The image is subdivided into equally spaced horizontal and vertical lines. Sander needed a financially strong partner, remained creative designer and became chairwoman in the new joint venture. A grid can be used to produce a more accurate portrayal of a photograph. Ms. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. In 1999 Prada Group bought a 75% share in her company.

Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. Less and less people were willing or able to pay the label’s notoriously high prices: a simple white cotton T-shirt would sell for $150, and even enthusiastic Sander fans were beginning to long for some variety. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Sander to concentrate more on the creative design rather than the business, resulted in decreasing sales. A straight drawing implement held horizontally or vertically can be used to measure the angles of different sides. The economic crisis in Asia, a newly launched men’s collection that had been postponed several times before in 1997 and supposedly a desire with Ms. Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the actual subject. From the mid-1990s on, however, things changed and later continued to go downhill.

Instead the shape of the structure is portrayed almost entirely through tones and shading, including contrast with the background. and four floors. Otherwise the image may resemble a paint-by-numbers figure from a coloring book. At the Paris store, opened in 1993, the Jil Sander collections could be shown on more than 9000 sqf. In most drawing mediums, but especially in ink, realistic renditions of an object or structure avoid outlinining the form and features. Sander personally overlooked the design of her stores and strict guidelines were implemented for the sales staff on how to behave and where to stand in the boutique. A light edge next to a dark background will stand out to the eye, and almost appear to float above the surface. Ms.

A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones in close proximity. Her tremendous success overseas resulted in marvellous flagship stores in Tokyo and New York, among many others, whose interior furnishings gobbled up millions. Thus a coarse texture placed next to a smoothly blended area will appear more notable. She used the new capital to expand in Asia and North America. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is draw next to a contrasting texture. Her fashion house was among the first to venture on such a step. In addition to choosing a suitable paper, the type of drawing material and the drawing technique will result in different textures. Sander decided in 1989 to go public with her company.

There are a number of methods for producing texture in the picture. Ms. The chamois cloth in particular is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Sales were steadily increasing, new fragrances wered added to the cosmetics line, and the label's luxurious minimalism proved to be the hit of the late 1980's and early 1990's. When shading and blending is needed, the artist can employ a combination of a tortillon blending stump, chamois or soft tissue, and a specialized putty-rubber eraser. Initially much to the regret of the German media, the decision was the right thing to do. This can only be done when drawing with a material such as graphite or charcoal that is not permanently attached once applied. In 1985, it was decided that her collections would be shown in Milan to more efficiently tackle the international markets.

Blending uses an implement to move the drawing material on the paper so as to hide the original drawing strokes. Later, licenses would be given for eyewear and leather accessory lines. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows, and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image. The internationally successful cooperation with Lancaster Cosmetics allowed her financially to run ads in glamorous magazines on a large scale for her fashion. Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. In the years after 1978, she revolutionized the industry by marketing her first perfume with a campaign that prominently featured her own face. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can negatively affect the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors. Sander was way ahead of her time.

This will hold loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevent it from smearing. With her luxurious simplicity and understatement Ms. Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, when the fashion world was dominated by lavish, garishly colorful and glitzy Dynasty-style designs by the likes of Claude Montana and his broad-shouldered leather look, Jil Sander’s minimalist, sophisticated and strict collections with a focus on fabric quality came close to a revolution in the fashion world and were not accepted next to the, from today’s point of view, vulgar stylishness on the Parisian catwalks. This will protect the surface from receiving any stray marks before it is ready to be filled in. Showing her collection in Paris in 1975 proved a complete failure, though. The shape of the area to be preserved is cut out of the frisket, and the resulting shape is then applied to the drawing surface. She has been described as the Queen of Less, Cashmere-Queen, Master of Minimalism, Cool Blonde, Gentle-Jil or Fashion Reductionist.

A frisket can be used for this purpose. The prices for her clothes have always been horrendous. Sometimes the artist will want to leave a section of the image blank while filling in the remainder of the picture. She created the so-called onion look (Zwiebel-Look) layering various pieces of clothing in one outfit. A right-handed artist will want to draw from left to right in order to avoid smearing the image. The fact that her creations were coordinates which could all be easily combined with each other became a popular characteristic. Typically a drawing will be filled in based on which hand the artist favors. Her trademark look, a somewhat New Look for women conquering executive positions in the 1980s, was that of a perfectly cut pantsuit, a form-fitting simple but elegant coat or a slim blouse made of the most luxurious materials in plain grey, black, blue or white leaving out any unnecessary details, extravagant ornaments or loud colors.

When drawing hair, the lines of the sketch follow the direction of the hair growth. And, with few ups and downs, she founded her eponymous fashion house, Jil Sander GmbH in 1968, at the age of 24. For best results the lines in a sketch are typically drawn to follow the contour curves of the surface, thus producing a depth effect. She started out selling fashion designed by Thierry Mugler or Sonia Rykiel and also a few of her own designs. Sketch drawings use similar techniques, although with pencils and drawing sticks continuous variations in tone can be achieved. Having spent two years as an exchange student at University College in Los Angeles, she worked as a fashion editor at German women's magazine Petra before opening her first boutique in a Hamburg suburb in 1967. Finally stippling, or random placement of dots on a page, can also be used to produce a texture or shade. Jil Sander, born Heidemarie Jiline Sander in Wesselburen near Hamburg, Germany, on 27 November 1943, grew up with her mother near Hamburg and later studied textile design in Krefeld from where she graduated as a textile engineer in 1963.

Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, is used to form lighter tones, and by controlling the density of the breaks a graduation of tone can be achieved. . Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone.
. Ink drawings typically use hatching, which consists of groups of parallel lines. Her work descends from that of Coco Chanel, as opposed to the bleeding-edge esthetic of Lagerfeld and Gaultier or the trendiness of sportswear design, as exemplified by the like of Giorgio Armani and Calvin Klein. The stroke of the drawing implement can be used to control the appearance of the image. Her minimalist trademarks include striking silhouettes, high-end fabrics, and meticulous detail, emphasizing quality over flash.

The different drawing implements can be tried on practice sheets to see what type of pattern they create, and how to apply the implement in order to produce varying tones. It is also the name of the fashion house she founded, Jil Sander AG. Prior to working on an image, the artist will likely want to gain an understanding of how the various media will work. Jil Sander is a German fashion designer known for understated and sleek designs, luxurious fabrics and her perfume line. The use of an easel or slanted table reduces the distorting effects of perspective.
. Other tools that sometimes prove useful are tracing paper, a circle compass, ruler, frisket film, fixative, and drafting tape. 2004 Jil Sander Sport (M).

These include a pencil sharpener, sandpaper, kneaded eraser, blending stubs, and chamois. 2004 Jil Sander Sport (W). Various tools are routinely used in the process of drawing. 2004 Jil Sander Man Pure (new edition). Tracing vellum is often used for experimenting on top of a pencil drawing, prior to committing a technique to the final page. 2003 Jil Sander Woman Pure(new edition). Coldpressed watercolor paper is sometimes favored for ink drawing due to its texture. 2002 Jil Sander Sun (M).

Bristol board makes a hard surface that is especially good for ink or fine detailed graphite drawing. 2000 Jil Sander Sensations (W). For pen and ink work, typing paper is often used for practice drawings, but heavier paper holds up better. 1998 Jil Sander Sun Body Fragrance (W). Thus a more coarse material is useful for producing deeper contrast. 1997 Jil (W). Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper will hold the drawing material better. 1989 Jil Sander Feeling Man.

Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. 1993 Jil Sander Background (M). Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade for practice up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sometimes sold as individual sheets. 1991 Jil Sander Man 3. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. 4 (W). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencil, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. 1990 Jil Sander No.

graphite, charcoal, pastel, Conté, silverpoint), or water-based (marker, pen and ink). 1989 Jil Sander Sun (W). Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. 1988 Jil Sander Man 2. The medium is the means by which ink, pigment, or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. 1985 Jil Sander Woman III. automatic drawing, entoptic graphomania). 1984 Jil Sander Color Pure (decorative cosmetics).

cartoons, caricatures), or abstract (e.g. 1983 Jil Sander Woman 2. sketches), highly stylized (e.g. 1982 Jil Sander Man. traditional portraits), looser approximations of reality (e.g. 1981 Jil Sander Bath and Beauty (W). They may be realistic to the point of lifelike resemblence (e.g. 1981 Jil Sander Man Pure (discontinued).

All drawings are representational, depicting objects or scenes which the artist views, remembers, or imagines. 1980 Jil Sander Woman Pure (discontinued). In digital media, "drawing" often refers to the use of vector-based graphics programs, as distinguished from bitmap-based "painting" software, but this distinction is not universal. 1978 Jil Sander Woman. These distinctions are somewhat arbitrary and subject to change; some artists refer to fully-rendered pastel and colored-pencil compositions as "paintings", and in nineteenth century usage "drawing" also encompassed the use of watercolors. She lives with her longtime companion Dickie Mommsen. One standard for differentiating drawing from painting is that it does not permit the artist to mix colors before applying them; colors can only be blended on the drawing surface, usually by overlaying one upon the other or by putting them close enough together that the eye "mixes" them. She is also said to have bought an apartment in Berlin-Willmersdorf and supposedly spends most of her freetime on her favorite leisure pursuit, gardening.

Etching is similar to drawing but differs in that the tool digs into the surface, which is then used to make prints on a separate surface. Sander currently resides at her estate in Hamburg where she also maintains a city office. Drawing is generally considered distinct from painting, in which colored pigments are suspended in a liquid medium and usually applied with a brush. Ms. . For her notorious (and sometimes ridiculous) habit of mixing German and English words into gibberish sentences when being interviewed in German in the 1990s she was awarded the title of Sprachpanscher ( Sprache = language, panschen = to adulterate) by the Institute of German Language (Verein Deutsche Sprache) in 1997. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a draftsman or draughtsman. She would rarely give interviews and not talk about her private life, a trait that only cultivated the myth about her person, and at the same time she would buy the rights to pictures about her in order to be able to control her public image and meticulously plan all the steps in her company where she was used to being the boss.

The main techniques used in drawing are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. Sander was known for both her shy appearances in public and her power mania trying to bring everything under her control behind the scenes. Digital tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. Ms. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Sander was awarded the Order of Merit by the Federal Republic of Germany for her achievements in the fashion industry. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Ms.

Drawing is a means of making an image, using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. The World Book Encyclopedia Volume 5, 1988, ISBN 0-7166-0089-7. World Book, Inc. Frank Lohan, Pen & Ink Techniques, Contemporary Books, 1978, ISBN 0-8092-7438-8.

Hillberry, Drawing Realistic Textures in Pencil, North Light Books, 1999, ISBN 0-89134-868-9. D. J. Leonardo da Vinci.

Eugeen Van Mieghem. Rembrandt. Andrew Loomis. Albrecht Dürer.

Maurits Cornelis Escher. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Open Canvas. The GIMP.

Microsoft Paint. Pixia. Corel Painter. Paint Shop Pro.

Adobe Illustrator. Adobe Photoshop.