Hillary Rodham Clinton

Hillary Rodham Clinton (born Hillary Diane Rodham on October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York, serving her freshman term since January 3, 2001. She is married to President Bill Clinton, and was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Before that she was a prominent lawyer and First Lady of Arkansas. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Early life and education

Rodham family portrait

Hillary Rodham was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in a Methodist family in Park Ridge, Illinois. Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, a conservative, worked in the textile industry, and her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham, was a homemaker.

As a child, Hillary was interested in sports, her church, and her school, a public school in Park Ridge. Prior to graduating from Maine South High School, she attended Maine East High School, where she served as class president, a member of the student council, a member of the debating team, and as a member of the National Honor Society. During her final year of high school (Maine South High School), she received the school's first social science award. Throughout her youth, Rodham was fond of sports, including tennis, skating, ballet, swimming, volleyball, and softball. She earned many awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout [1]. Hillary entered the world of politics in 1964, at the age of 16, by supporting the presidential bid of Arizona Republican Senator Barry Goldwater. Her parents encouraged her to pursue the career of her choice [2] [3].

After completing high school in 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College in Massachusetts where she became active in politics, serving, for a time, as President of the Wellesley College Chapter of the College Republicans. During her junior year at Wellesley in 1968, Rodham was affected by the death of the civil rights leader, Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., whom she had met in person in 1962 [4]. After attending the Wellesley in Washington program at the urging of Professor Alan Schechter, her political views became more liberal and she joined the Democratic Party. Having been named valedictorian of her graduating class at Wellesley, Rodham graduated, in 1969, with departmental honors in Political Science. She became the first student in the history of Wellesley College to deliver a commencement address when she spoke at her own graduation [5]. Her speech received a standing ovation and she was featured in an article published by Life magazine [6].

In 1969, Rodham entered Yale Law School where she served on the Board of Editors of Yale Review of Law and Social Action and worked with underprivileged children at the Yale-New Haven Hospital. During the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at the Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts. During the summer of 1971, she traveled to Washington, D.C. to work on Senator Walter Mondale's subcommittee on migrant workers, researching migrant problems in housing, sanitation, health and education. For the summer of 1972, Rodham worked in the western states for the Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern's campaign. During her second year in law school, she volunteered at the Yale Child Study Center, learning about new research on early childhood brain development. She also took on cases of child abuse at New Haven Hospital and worked at the city Legal Services, providing free legal service to the poor. She received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale in 1973, having written her widely recognized thesis on the rights of children [7], and began a year of post-graduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.

Marriage and family, lawyer and First Lady of Arkansas

During her post-graduate study, Rodham also served as staff attorney for the Children’s Defense Fund. She joined the presidential impeachment inquiry staff advising the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives during the Watergate Scandal. After President Nixon resigned in August of 1974, Rodham became a faculty member (one of only two women in the faculty) at the University of Arkansas Law School, located in Fayetteville, where her Yale Law School classmate and boyfriend Bill Clinton was teaching as well.

In 1975 Rodham and Clinton were married and moved to Little Rock, Arkansas. In 1976, Hillary Rodham joined the venerable and influential Rose Law Firm, specializing in intellectual property cases while doing child advocacy cases pro bono. In 1979, she became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm [8]. President Jimmy Carter appointed Rodham to the board of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978.

In 1978, with the election of her husband as governor of Arkansas, Rodham became Arkansas's First Lady, her title for a total of 12 years. On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to Chelsea, their only child.

In 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his re-election bid for governor and the couple left the statehouse. In February 1982, Bill Clinton announced his bid to regain the office, which would be successful; at the same time, Rodham began using the name Hillary Rodham Clinton. [Living History p. 93]

As first lady, Clinton chaired the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee, where she successfully fought (against some opposition) for improved testing standards of new teachers [9]. She also chaired the Rural Health Advisory Committee and introduced a pioneering program called Arkansas' Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, which trains parents to work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy. Clinton was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984 [10].

Throughout her time as first lady, Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm. In 1988 and 1991 National Law Journal named Clinton one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America [11]. Clinton co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services and the Children's Defense Fund [12].

From 1985 to 1992, Clinton served on the Board of Directors for both TCBY ("The Country's Best Yogurt") and Wal-Mart Stores Inc.[13]

The Clinton family arrives at the White House in 1993.

First Lady of the United States

Official First Lady Portrait of Hillary Rodham Clinton.

After Bill Clinton was elected to the White House in 1992, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States in 1993. She was the first First Lady to hold a post-graduate degree and the first to have her own successful professional career. [14] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history other than Eleanor Roosevelt. [15]

In 1993 the President appointed his wife to head the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. The recommendation of this task force, commonly called the Clinton health care plan and nicknamed "Hillarycare" by its opponents, failed to gain enough support to come to a floor vote in either house of Congress, and was abandoned in September, 1994. In her Living History memoirs, Clinton acknowledged that her political inexperience contributed to the defeat, but also said that many other factors were responsible as well. (A decade later, "Hillarycare" would still be used as a label, sometimes pejoratively, for plans perceived as implementing universal health care. [16] [17])

At the time, some critics called it inappropriate for a First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters, by contrast, argued that Clinton was no different than other White House advisors and that furthermore, voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's Presidency. [18] Indeed, during the campaign Bill Clinton had stated that voting for him would get "two for the price of one." [19] This remark led to the (inaccurate) notion that the two were acting as "co-Presidents" [20], sometimes nicknamed "Billary" [21].

As first lady, Clinton won many admirers for her staunch support for women's rights around the world and her commitment to children's issues [22]. She initiated the Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for those children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage. She also successfully sought to increase the research funding for illnesses such as prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health. The First Lady worked to solve the mystery behind the illnesses that were affecting veterans of the Gulf War. She initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady [23].

Clinton reads to a child during a school visit

Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences that related to children's health, including early childhood development and school violence. She fought for nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and supported an annual drive to encourage older women to seek a mammogram to prevent breast cancer, coverage of the cost being provided by Medicare. With Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped to create the Department of Justice's Violence Against Women office. She was one of the few international figures at the time who spoke out against the treatment of Afghani women by Islamist fundamentalist Taliban that had seized control of Afghanistan. One of the programs she helped create was Vital Voices, a U.S.-sponsored initiative to promote the participation of international women in their nation's political process.

Clinton performed many less political activities in her role as First Lady. With a lifelong interest in regional American history, she initiated the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations to rescue from deterioration and neglect, or restore to completion many iconic historic items and sites, including the flag that inspired the Star Spangled Banner, and the National First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio. Clinton initiated the Millennium Project with monthly lectures that considered both America's past and forecasted its future. One of these lectures became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House. Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden on a rotating basis.

In the White House, Clinton placed the donated handicrafts (pottery, glassware, etc.) of contemporary American artisans on rotating display in the state rooms. She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room on the state floor, and the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the President's study on the second floor. In a unique venue of large white tents on the South Lawn that could accommodate several thousand guests, Clinton hosted many large events such as a St. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, and a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in the public schools. For all the foods served in the White House, Clinton hired a chef whose expertise was in American regional cooking. She hosted a massive New Year's Eve party on the turning of the twentieth century into the twenty-first century, as well as a state dinner honoring the November 2000 bicentennial of the White House, which gathered more former Presidents and First Ladies together in the mansion than had ever been present at any other time in its history.

Relationship with Bill Clinton

Portrait of the President and First Lady at the South Portico of the White House, February 2000.

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton met at Yale Law School where both were students. On October 11, 1975, when Hillary was 27 years old and Bill was 28 years old, the Clintons married in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Before he proposed marriage to Hillary Rodham, Bill Clinton secretly purchased a small house in Fayetteville that she had noticed and remarked that she had liked. When he proposed marriage to her and she accepted, he revealed that they owned the house. They married and lived there, briefly, before relocating to the state capital of Little Rock, Arkansas, from which Bill conducted his first campaign, for U.S. Congress.

In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation and gossip after the Lewinsky scandal when the President admitted to a sexual affair (short of sexual intercourse) with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. During the Lewinsky scandal, Hillary initially claimed that the allegations against her husband were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy. [24]" After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she remained resolute that their marriage was solid. Both Bill's and Hillary's memoirs later revealed that the revelation of the affair was in reality a very painful time in their marriage.

For much of his political career, President Clinton was dogged by rumors of extra-marital affairs. These rumors gained credibility following the Lewinsky scandal. In his memoirs, President Clinton confirmed a "relationship that I should not have had" with Gennifer Flowers, an Arkansas lounge singer [25]. These revelations and rumors resulted in a mix of sympathy and scorn for the First Lady. While many women sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions by showing no interest in obtaining a divorce. In her book Living History, Clinton explains that love is the reason she stays with President Clinton. "[N]o one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met. Bill and I started a conversation in the spring of 1971, and more than thirty years later we're still talking[26]."

When President Clinton required immediate heart surgery in October of 2004, Clinton, who was then the junior senator of New York, cancelled her public schedule to be at his side at the Columbia University Medical Center of New York Presbyterian Hospital.

The 2000 Senate race

When long-time New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement, prominent Democratic politicians and advisors, including Charlie Rangel, urged Clinton to run for the New York Senate seat in the U.S. Senate, 2000, elections. When Clinton chose to run, she became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office. She was initially expected to face New York City's Mayor Rudy Giuliani, but Giuliani withdrew after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and after developments in his personal life attracted negative publicity. Instead, Clinton faced a lesser-known candidate, Rick Lazio, who was a Congressman representing Suffolk County on Long Island. The contest drew considerable national attention and both candidates were well-funded. By the end of the race, Democrat Clinton and Republicans Lazio and Giuliani had spent a combined $78 million [27].

While Clinton had a solid base of support in New York City, candidates and observers expected the race to be decided in upstate New York where 45 percent of New Yorker voters live. During the campaign, Clinton vowed to improve the economic picture in upstate New York, promising that her plan would deliver 200,000 New York jobs over six years. Her plan included specific tax credits with the purpose of rewarding job creation and encouraging business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for targeted personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care [28]. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings. During the race, she spent considerable time in traditionally Republican upstate regions.

Clinton faced charges of carpetbagging since she had never resided in the state. Her supporters pointed out that the state was receptive to national leaders, like Robert F. Kennedy who was elected in 1964 despite similar accusations. After she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York. The Republican effort to make carpetbagging a major issue failed, according to exit polls that showed more than two-thirds of the voters dismissed the issue as unimportant.

Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000 with 55% of the vote to Lazio's 43% [29]. This 12% margin was smaller than Gore's 25% margin over Bush in the state Presidential contest. However, Clinton's 12% margin was larger than Charles Schumer's 10% margin in his initial 1998 election to New York's other Senate seat. The victory of a Democrat in the Senate election was not assured, because in recent decades the Republicans had won about half the elections for governor and senator.

United States Senator

On January 3, 2001, Hillary Clinton is sworn in as a U.S. Senator by Vice President Gore as President Clinton and Chelsea Clinton look on.

When Clinton joined the Senate, she was widely reported to have kept a low public profile and learned the ways of the institution while building relationships with senators from both sides of the aisle, thus countering her polarizing celebrity. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Indeed when Elizabeth Dole (R-North Carolina) joined the Senate in 2003 in somewhat similar circumstances, she modeled her initial approach after Clinton's, as did the nationally visible Barack Obama (D-Illinois) in 2005. [35]

Senator Clinton sits on four Senate Committees with a total of eight subcommittee assignments: the Senate Committee on Armed Services with three subcommittee assignments, on Airland, on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, and on Readiness and Management Support; the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee with three subcommittee assignments on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, on Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water and on Superfund, Waste Control, and Risk Assessment; the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, with two subcommittee assignments, on Aging and on Children and Families; and the Senate Special Committee on Aging.

Senator Clinton has made homeland security one of her top issues following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in downtown New York City, especially regarding obtaining funding for recovery from the attacks and for improving security capabilities in the New York City area. Despite her efforts, she was audibly booed by some in an audience of New York firefighters and police officers during her on-stage appearance at The Concert for New York City on October 20, 2001. [36] Undaunted, Senator Clinton worked with Senator Schumer to secure $21.4 billion in funding to assist clean up and recovery, to provide health tracking for first responders and volunteers at Ground Zero, and to create grants for redevelopment. In 2005, Clinton issued two studies that examined the disbursement of federal homeland security funds to local communities and first responders.

Clinton has used her membership on the Armed Services Committee to take a strong position in favor of U.S. military action in Afghanistan – with the additional benefit that it greatly improved the lives of women in that country, who had suffered terribly under the rule of the Taliban [37] – and a somewhat weaker position regarding action in Iraq (her vote in support of initial military action against Iraq was criticized for being equivocal). Senator Clinton has visited U.S. forces (such as the Fort Drum, New York-based 10th Mountain Division) in both countries. In February 2005 she stated that much of Iraq was functioning well, elections in Iraq had succeeded, and that the insurgency there was failing [38]. In July 2005 she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers. [39] By late 2005, with domestic debate intensifying over whether and when the U.S. should remove its forces from Iraq, Clinton stated that immediate withdrawal would be "a big mistake", leading to Iraq becoming "a failed state", but that the Bush administration's open-ended commitment to stay in Iraq was also misguided, as it gives Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves." [40] This centrist and somewhat vague stance caused frustration among the Democratic party's anti-war activists [41], who have even occasionally protested outside Clinton fundraisers.[42]

Senator Clinton also became a national advocate for retaining and improving health and other benefits for veterans. By the end of 2005, her standing among the military community was much higher than it had been during her days as First Lady. [43]

Senator Clinton was a vocal opponent of the Bush Administration's tax cuts.

Senators Clinton and Frist announce the Health Technology to Enhance Quality (Health TEQ) Act.

Clinton has pressed for education, labor, and technology infrastructure programs to assist economic development in upstate New York and similar regions. For example, in 2003, Clinton solicited offshoring firm Tata Consultancy Services to set up shop in economically beleaguered Buffalo, New York [44]. In 2004, Clinton co-founded and became the co-chair of the U.S. Senate India Caucus with the encouragement and aid of the USINPAC Political Action Committee. In 2005, Clinton co-sponsored with Senator Lindsey Graham the AMTAC proposal regarding incentives and rewards for completely domestic American manufacturing companies [45]. As an advocate for her state, Senator Clinton led a bipartisan effort to bring broadband access to rural communities; co-sponsored the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act; included language in the Energy Bill to provide tax exempt bonding authority for environmentally conscious construction projects; and introduced an amendment calling for funding of new job creation to repair, renovate and modernize public schools.

In May 2005, Senator Clinton joined forces with her former adversary, House Speaker Newt Gingrich, on a proposal for incremental universal health care [46]. In June, 2005, Senator Clinton united with Senator Bill Frist to push for the modernization of medical records, claiming that thousands of deaths caused by medical mistakes, such as misreading prescriptions, can be prevented by greater reliance on computer technology [47].

In July 2005, Senator Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. [48]

In 2005, during the intense debate over the filibustering of some of President George W. Bush's federal judicial nominations, Senator Clinton generally kept a low profile. [49] She was not part of the "Gang of 14" that resolved the dispute short of the "nuclear option", but she did vote to endorse that resolution and end debate on the nominations, thereby allowing the nominations to come to a vote. She subsequently voted against three of the nominees, but all were confirmed. [50] Regarding the Supreme Court nomination of John Roberts, in September 2005 Clinton voted against his confirmation, saying "I do not believe that the Judge has presented his views with enough clarity and specificity for me to in good conscience cast a vote on his behalf," but that she hoped her concerns would be unfounded. [51] Roberts was confirmed by a solid majority, with half the Senate's Democrats voting for him and half against. [52] Regarding the Supreme Court nomination of Samuel Alito, in January and February 2006 Clinton not only joined almost all Senate Democrats in voting against his confirmation, but also joined about half the Democrats in supporting a filibuster against bringing his nomination to a vote [53], saying "He would roll back decades of progress, and roll over when confronted with an administration too willing to play fast and loose with the rules." [54] That effort failed and Alito was confirmed on a largely party-line vote.

Clinton sought to establish an independent, bipartisan panel patterned after the 9/11 Commission to investigate what went wrong with federal, state and local governments' response to Hurricane Katrina. She failed to win over a two-thirds majority needed to overcome procedural hurdles in the Senate rules. [55]

On November 29, 2005, Clinton, together with Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act. The act is intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. Similar bills have been filed in some U.S. states such as Michigan and Illinois, but were ruled to be unconstitutional.

The 2006 Senate race

Clinton announced in November 2004 that she will seek a second term in the Senate in the 2006 New York election for Senator. The two most prominent Republicans contemplating a challenge to Senator Clinton were lawyer Ed Cox (the son-in-law of former President Richard M. Nixon) and Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro. On October 14, 2005, New York Governor George Pataki formally endorsed Pirro, causing Cox to drop out of the race [56]. However, Pirro trailed Clinton badly in fund-raising and in polls, and under pressure from state party officials dropped out of the race herself on December 21, 2005 [57], leaving the Republicans without a well-known candidate. Possible Republican nominees now include Cox and former Yonkers, New York mayor John Spencer.

Clinton also faces opposition for the Democratic party nomination for Senate; it comes from the anti-war base of her own party that has become increasingly frustrated with her support for the Iraq War. In October 2005 New Paltz firefighter and activist Steven Greenfield announced he would run against her. Then on December 6, 2005, labor advocate Jonathan Tasini announced that he would run against her as well [58], calling for immediate withdrawal of troops from Iraq, universal health care and what he terms "New Rules For the Economy," a more labor-centric as opposed to the corporate-centric approach to economic matters espoused by Clinton. Tasini is supported by anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan, who had in October said, "I will resist her candidacy with every bit of my power and strength...I will not make the mistake of supporting another pro-war Democrat for president again." [59]

Speculation about possible 2008 presidential bid

Clinton has expressed interest in the 2008 U.S. presidential race [60]. The last female candidate from a major political party for a major national office was Walter Mondale's Vice Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro; Mondale and Ferraro lost in a landslide against Ronald Reagan in 1984. No woman has ever been nominated for President by a major party.

Clinton has an established national image that makes her possible candidacy in 2008 a popular and controversial topic among media pundits, bloggers, and the public at large. For example, in July 2005 the magazine Washington Monthly ran two side-by-side articles, one thinking that she could win the presidency and one thinking that she could not [61] [62]. In a December 2005 CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll, 41% of Democrats preferred her for the 2008 presidential nomination. [63] In a poll conducted by the same organizations in May 2005, when general voters were asked the likelihood of voting for Senator Clinton for president, 29 percent of respondents were very likely, 24 percent were somewhat likely, 7 percent were not very likely, and 39 percent were not at all likely. In June 2003, in a similar poll, the numbers had been 21 percent very likely, 21 percent somewhat likely, 12 percent not very likely, and 44 percent not at all likely. In May 2005, 55 percent of respondents held a favorable view of Senator Clinton, while 39 percent held an unfavorable view of her [64]. These findings were similar to the June 2003 poll that found 53 percent reacted favorably toward her and 41 percent unfavorably, with the undecided/no opinion bloc representing only 6% of those polled.

Following the 2004 election cycle, Clinton began what some saw as a movement to the political center by supporting health care reform with Contract with America architect and former adversary Newt Gingrich. [65] The alignment represents for both a reconciliation with the past, for it was Gingrich that helped defeat Clinton's health care plan in the early 1990s. Clinton's January 2005, speech on abortion quoted below was viewed by some as part of her alleged move to the center. Liberal media watchdog Media Matters has offered evidence that Clinton's positions have remained consistent with her past [66] [67]. In August 2005, the Los Angeles Times reported that Clinton was positioning herself as a centrist [68]; critics [69] cited her Senate voting record as proof that was not the case.

In February 2005, associates of Republican political consultant Arthur Finkelstein announced he would be forming a PAC entitled Stop Her Now with the stated goal, "to shed light on the REAL Hillary Clinton and the danger she and her ideas pose for America."

In January 2006, the moderate-liberal magazine The New Republic attempted to debunk the "myth" that Senator Clinton's popularity in traditionally Republican upstate New York was unprecedented, arguing both that the region was not as conservative as was often assumed in the national media and that her approval ratings there were comparable to those of other prominent Democrats. The article challenged the assumption that Sen. Clinton's appeal in upstate New York would be the harbinger of her ability to attract support from moderates and conservatives nationwide, setting off a debate throughout the blogosphere as to her presidential prospects [70].

Political views

As a United States Senator and former First Lady, Clinton has articulated her views on issues ranging from terrorism to abortion.

In a Gallup poll conducted during May, 2005, 54% of respondents considered Senator Clinton a liberal, 30% considered her a moderate, and 9% considered her a conservative. [71]. In 2004, the National Journal's study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and a rating of 100 being most conservative [72][73].

Clinton's writings and recordings

Clinton's autobiography Living History

As First Lady, Clinton published a weekly newspaper column entitled "Talking It Over", focusing on her experiences and her observations of women, children, and families she encountered during her travels around the world.

The 1996 book, It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us became a best-seller, and she received the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for her recording of it. Clinton's book references the African proverb that "it takes a village to raise a child."

Other books released by Clinton as First Lady include An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000) and Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998).

Clinton's memoirs, as the 562-page book Living History, were released in 2003. The book sold more than one million copies in the first month following publication. In anticipation of these sales, the publisher Simon & Schuster paid her an advance of $8 million—a record figure at that time. Her recording in that year of Living History earned her a second Grammy nomination in the Best Spoken Word Album category. Living History was translated into several foreign languages including Chinese.

Clinton has been criticized for not giving adequate credit to the ghostwriters of her published works. See Controversies surrounding Hillary Rodham Clinton for more details.

Controversies

Clinton's role in public life has not been free of controversy or criticism. Clinton has faced a number of accusations, ranging from the serious to the lurid.

Cultural matters

As one of the highest-profile American female political figures, Clinton has been involved in a number of situations that attracted attention to cultural matters.

Awards and honors

In May 1998, Clinton received the United Arab Emirates Health Foundation Prize for her work in health and social welfare, especially as it related to women, children, and families. [74]

In April 1999, Clinton was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Children of Chornobyl Relief Fund for her support of that Ukrainian organization's efforts regarding legacy effects of the Chernobyl accident. [75]

In June 1999, Clinton received the "Mother Teresa Award", the highest honor given to civilians by Albania. This was in recognition of her humanitarian efforts following the Kosovo War and worldwide. [76]

On March 26, 2004, Clinton was presented with the inaugural Nursing Health and Humanity Award from the University of Rochester School of Nursing. [77]

On February 13, 2005, Clinton was given the German Media Prize 2004, "Hillary Clinton is a model politician for millions of women around the world" who "represents in an exemplary way women's rights", the jury for the prize said. [78]

On February 15, 2005, Clinton was given the American Medical Women's Association's "President’s Vision & Voice Award", for being an advocate for women's health and related issues. [79]

On July 30, 2005, Clinton was given the Reserve Officers Association's National President's Award. [80] [81]

On October 9, 2005, Clinton was inducted into the Women's Hall of Fame. [82]

Further reading

Clinton's best-selling book It Takes a Village

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[82]. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of "We Belong Together". On October 9, 2005, Clinton was inducted into the Women's Hall of Fame. At the forty-eighth annual Grammy awards ceremony, the song won for "Best Female R&B Vocal Performance" and "Best R&B Song". [80] [81]. A few weeks later, the song won the "Song of the Year" awards on both Pop and Urban/Rhythmic formats at the 2005 Radio Music Awards. On July 30, 2005, Clinton was given the Reserve Officers Association's National President's Award. It was eventually named the "Hot 100 Song of the Year" at the 2005 Billboard Music Awards, the first time Carey achieved this feat.

[79]. At the 2005 World Music Awards, "We Belong Together" won the "World's most-played single" award, representing its airplay. On February 15, 2005, Clinton was given the American Medical Women's Association's "President’s Vision & Voice Award", for being an advocate for women's health and related issues. It failed to win either, losing "Best Female Video" to Kelly Clarkson's "Since U Been Gone" and "Best R&B Video" to Alicia Keys' "Karma". [78]. It also earned two nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards: one for "Best Female Video" and one for "Best R&B Video". On February 13, 2005, Clinton was given the German Media Prize 2004, "Hillary Clinton is a model politician for millions of women around the world" who "represents in an exemplary way women's rights", the jury for the prize said. "We Belong Together" proved to be a success in the adolescent market, performing well on Total Request Live (the video was her second to be retired on the show following "Heartbreaker") and winning the "Choice Music Love Song" at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards.

[77]. As the song has sold more than 600,000 downloads, it has been certified triple platinum by the RIAA. On March 26, 2004, Clinton was presented with the inaugural Nursing Health and Humanity Award from the University of Rochester School of Nursing. To date, the digital download of "We Belong Together" (counting sales of the original version and the remix) has sold over 698,000 copies. [76]. Though other songs such as Gwen Stefani's "Hollaback Girl", Will Smith's "Switch", and Gorillaz' "Feel Good Inc." had also featured free downloads to succeed on the charts, "We Belong Together" is the single that enforced the new digital filters in Billboard's charts: free downloads no longer count towards a song's position. This was in recognition of her humanitarian efforts following the Kosovo War and worldwide. With the situation explained, Carey was accused of using manipulative chart tricks that people believed she had employed when Virgin sold Carey's "Loverboy" (2001) single for an extremely low price.[17] In regard to this, Bronson also stated that all Carey's previous singles had reached number one legitimately and fairly.

In June 1999, Clinton received the "Mother Teresa Award", the highest honor given to civilians by Albania. Had the correct filters been in place, "We Belong Together" would probably not have climbed to number one until the following week.[17]. [75]. According to Billboard's director of charts, Geoff Mayfield, their filters were not in place at the time to enforce their policy about free downloads not counting towards the charts. In April 1999, Clinton was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Children of Chornobyl Relief Fund for her support of that Ukrainian organization's efforts regarding legacy effects of the Chernobyl accident. The situation prompted letters to be written to Billboard columnist Fred Bronson, asking if it was possible that free downloads were accidentally counted while compiling that week's Hot 100 chart.[17] Originally, Bronson stated that the downloads did not help the song reach its position, but subsequently replied in his "Chart Beat Chat" column on June 3, 2005 that Billboard had indeed made a mistake. [74]. Apparently, these free downloads affected the Hot 100 chart placings the week that "We Belong Together" ascended to number one.

In May 1998, Clinton received the United Arab Emirates Health Foundation Prize for her work in health and social welfare, especially as it related to women, children, and families. During the final week of May 2005, the DJ Clue remix of the song, being sold exclusively through iTunes, was offered as a free download through Carey's official website. As one of the highest-profile American female political figures, Clinton has been involved in a number of situations that attracted attention to cultural matters. It also reached number two for four weeks on the Canadian BDS Airplay Charts, and the United World Charts for a total of five consecutive weeks. Clinton has faced a number of accusations, ranging from the serious to the lurid. In the UK the song debuted at number two behind Tupac Shakur and Elton John's "Ghetto Gospel". Clinton's role in public life has not been free of controversy or criticism. It spent two weeks at number one.

See Controversies surrounding Hillary Rodham Clinton for more details. It debuted at number one on Australia's ARIA Singles Chart on June 27, becoming Carey's second single after "Fantasy" (1995) to top the chart. Clinton has been criticized for not giving adequate credit to the ghostwriters of her published works. markets. Living History was translated into several foreign languages including Chinese. The song was a success in several major non-U.S. Her recording in that year of Living History earned her a second Grammy nomination in the Best Spoken Word Album category. 'We Belong Together' is an enduring standard that reaffirms her position as a great songwriter and singer, with the unique ability to merge across all musical genres and cultural boundaries".[16] The song was the most played single of the year, appearing at number-one on the year-end Hot 100 Airplay charts.

In anticipation of these sales, the publisher Simon & Schuster paid her an advance of $8 million—a record figure at that time. Antonio Reid said of the song's success: "Mariah proves once again that the word-of-mouth power of her fan base is unsurpassed in the pop, R&B and hip-hop markets. The book sold more than one million copies in the first month following publication. It became the first song to break the 200 million one-week BDS audience barrier. Clinton's memoirs, as the 562-page book Living History, were released in 2003. It also reached 223 million audience impressions as counted by Nielsen BDS, breaking the record held by Mario's "Let Me Love You". Other books released by Clinton as First Lady include An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000) and Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998). On the Hot 100 Airplay chart, the song remained at number one for sixteen weeks, tying the record with No Doubt's "Don't Speak" (1995) for second place only behind the Goo Goo Dolls' "Iris" (1998) with eighteen weeks.

Clinton's book references the African proverb that "it takes a village to raise a child.". According to Mediabase and Nielsen BDS, "We Belong Together" became responsible for breaking numerous airplay records. The 1996 book, It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us became a best-seller, and she received the 1997 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for her recording of it. On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, the song remained at number one for fourteen weeks, tying the record with Deborah Cox's "Nobody's Supposed to Be Here" as the longest running number-one on the chart. As First Lady, Clinton published a weekly newspaper column entitled "Talking It Over", focusing on her experiences and her observations of women, children, and families she encountered during her travels around the world. Carey also became the first female lead artist to simultaneously occupy the top two positions on the Hot 100 chart when "Shake It Off" (the albums' third single) ascended to number two during "We Belong Together"'s fourteenth week at number one. In 2004, the National Journal's study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and a rating of 100 being most conservative [72][73]. Its run at number one was briefly interrupted by Carrie Underwood's "Inside Your Heaven" when it debuted at number one as a result of strong CD sales, but "We Belong Together" returned to number one the following week.

[71]. On the Billboard Hot 100, the song ascended to number one eight weeks after its debut, and spent a record tying fourteen non-consecutive weeks at the top. In a Gallup poll conducted during May, 2005, 54% of respondents considered Senator Clinton a liberal, 30% considered her a moderate, and 9% considered her a conservative. It also became the first song to simultaneously occupy the number-one position on the Hot 100 Airplay, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay, the Pop 100, Pop 100 Airplay, Top 40 Mainstream, Rhythmic Top 40, and the Adult R&B Billboard Radio Monitor chart. As a United States Senator and former First Lady, Clinton has articulated her views on issues ranging from terrorism to abortion. The song had major cross over success, charting on a record thirteen different Billboard charts. Clinton's appeal in upstate New York would be the harbinger of her ability to attract support from moderates and conservatives nationwide, setting off a debate throughout the blogosphere as to her presidential prospects [70]. Before 2005 and following 1999, Carey's popularity on the radio had declined as a result of the lower airplay chart positions.[15] However, "We Belong Together" became Carey's sixteenth number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 due to strong airplay, and it proved to be the biggest hit of Carey's career; it has also become her label Island Def Jam Records' biggest hit.

The article challenged the assumption that Sen. "We Belong Together" was released to radio on March 26, 2005. In January 2006, the moderate-liberal magazine The New Republic attempted to debunk the "myth" that Senator Clinton's popularity in traditionally Republican upstate New York was unprecedented, arguing both that the region was not as conservative as was often assumed in the national media and that her approval ratings there were comparable to those of other prominent Democrats. but if you weren't a fan of Mariah's work before, you're not going to start now".[13] This sentiment was echoed by a reviewer from Virgin.net, who also wrote that the lyrics were made up of clichés, and "no matter how impeccable her voice [is], it cannot compensate for the sheer lack of inspiration behind this 'music'".[14]. In February 2005, associates of Republican political consultant Arthur Finkelstein announced he would be forming a PAC entitled Stop Her Now with the stated goal, "to shed light on the REAL Hillary Clinton and the danger she and her ideas pose for America.". Helen Duong of UkMusic felt that it was "bearable.. In August 2005, the Los Angeles Times reported that Clinton was positioning herself as a centrist [68]; critics [69] cited her Senate voting record as proof that was not the case. While the song has proved to be popular with fans and critics alike, it also received some unfavorable reviews.

Liberal media watchdog Media Matters has offered evidence that Clinton's positions have remained consistent with her past [66] [67]. pop/R&B song writing".[5]. Clinton's January 2005, speech on abortion quoted below was viewed by some as part of her alleged move to the center. there's a classic sensibility to the lyrics and sound of "We Belong Together" that makes for perfect.. [65] The alignment represents for both a reconciliation with the past, for it was Gingrich that helped defeat Clinton's health care plan in the early 1990s. In its countdown of 2005's best songs, the magazine placed "We Belong Together" at number two.[10] Billboard also noted Carey's voice, hailing the song as a "return-to-form R&B groove ballad...with her vocals taking center stage".[11] In a New York Times article, Kelefa Sanneh proclaimed "We Belong Together" 2005's "song of the summer", and offered the opinion that Carey's different and challenging singing style here may have contributed to its popularity,[12] while Johnny Loftus of Metrotimes opined that the song was "straightforward, heartfelt and classy.. Following the 2004 election cycle, Clinton began what some saw as a movement to the political center by supporting health care reform with Contract with America architect and former adversary Newt Gingrich. Apart from being influenced by Bobby Womack's "If You Think You're Lonely Now" and Babyface's "Two Occasions", Slant wrote that "We Belong Together" is subtly reminiscent of Janet Jackson's "Come Back to Me" (1990), as both had similar themes and simple musical backings.

These findings were similar to the June 2003 poll that found 53 percent reacted favorably toward her and 41 percent unfavorably, with the undecided/no opinion bloc representing only 6% of those polled. A critic for Slant Magazine wrote: "the wobbly diva [keeps] cool with breathy, rapid-fire verses until the final full-voiced climax that, though scratchy, proves that The Voice has indeed returned...Mariah's finally got her own anthem". In May 2005, 55 percent of respondents held a favorable view of Senator Clinton, while 39 percent held an unfavorable view of her [64]. "We Belong Together" received generally positive reviews, and many critics believed that the song marked the true "return of the voice". In June 2003, in a similar poll, the numbers had been 21 percent very likely, 21 percent somewhat likely, 12 percent not very likely, and 44 percent not at all likely. Carey also preformed a remix of the song at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. [63] In a poll conducted by the same organizations in May 2005, when general voters were asked the likelihood of voting for Senator Clinton for president, 29 percent of respondents were very likely, 24 percent were somewhat likely, 7 percent were not very likely, and 39 percent were not at all likely. After performing the song at Live 8 in the UK, Carey was criticized for touting "We Belong Together" as her new song to the audience in attendance; many thought this was inappropriate for such a concert.

In a December 2005 CNN/USA Today/Gallup poll, 41% of Democrats preferred her for the 2008 presidential nomination. It was after the broadcast that the song began being played on daytime-oriented Adult Contemporary radio station formats, leading to its subsequent record-breaking impressions statistics. For example, in July 2005 the magazine Washington Monthly ran two side-by-side articles, one thinking that she could win the presidency and one thinking that she could not [61] [62]. Carey's performance of "We Belong Together" on The View helped expose the song to a daytime audience. Clinton has an established national image that makes her possible candidacy in 2008 a popular and controversial topic among media pundits, bloggers, and the public at large. It was also Launch's most-watched video of 2005, with 7.5 million streamed performances. No woman has ever been nominated for President by a major party. The music video was successful on several music-video countdowns such as VH1's Top 20 Video Countdown, BET's 106 & Park, MuchMusic's Countdown (where it spent two weeks at number one) and MTV's TRL, where it retired at number one.

The last female candidate from a major political party for a major national office was Walter Mondale's Vice Presidential candidate Geraldine Ferraro; Mondale and Ferraro lost in a landslide against Ronald Reagan in 1984. While it is speculated that Carey used the dress as a publicity stunt to help promote her new album, she insists that the video treatment called for a wedding dress, and she simply happened to possess one.[9]. presidential race [60]. The video triggered much publicity as the Vera Wang wedding dress is the one Carey wore at her 1993 wedding to Tommy Mottola, whom she later divorced.[8] The media also compared the Eric Roberts character to Mottola and the Wentworth Miller character to Derek Jeter. Clinton has expressed interest in the 2008 U.S. She runs away from her heartbroken husband-to-be and leaves the ceremony with her former beau. Tasini is supported by anti-war activist Cindy Sheehan, who had in October said, "I will resist her candidacy with every bit of my power and strength...I will not make the mistake of supporting another pro-war Democrat for president again." [59]. It is then when she decides that she had her former boyfriend "belong together".

Then on December 6, 2005, labor advocate Jonathan Tasini announced that he would run against her as well [58], calling for immediate withdrawal of troops from Iraq, universal health care and what he terms "New Rules For the Economy," a more labor-centric as opposed to the corporate-centric approach to economic matters espoused by Clinton. As she reaches the altar, Carey catches sight of her former boyfriend watching the wedding from a distance. In October 2005 New Paltz firefighter and activist Steven Greenfield announced he would run against her. Once the wedding begins, Carey walks down the aisle towards her smiling husband-to-be (played by Eric Roberts). Clinton also faces opposition for the Democratic party nomination for Senate; it comes from the anti-war base of her own party that has become increasingly frustrated with her support for the Iraq War. Leading up to the ceremony, she debates whether her heart belongs with her former boyfriend or her fiancé. Possible Republican nominees now include Cox and former Yonkers, New York mayor John Spencer. The "We Belong Together" video begins the following morning where Carey prepares for the wedding.

However, Pirro trailed Clinton badly in fund-raising and in polls, and under pressure from state party officials dropped out of the race herself on December 21, 2005 [57], leaving the Republicans without a well-known candidate. In the "It's Like That" video, Carey's character was seen at a party the night before her wedding, when a guest (played by Wentworth Miller) revealed himself as a former beau of Carey's. On October 14, 2005, New York Governor George Pataki formally endorsed Pirro, causing Cox to drop out of the race [56]. It serves as the sequel and conclusion to the video for "It's Like That" (the two music videos were filmed simultaneously). Nixon) and Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro. The music video for "We Belong Together" was directed by Brett Ratner and closely follows the theme and storyline of the song. The two most prominent Republicans contemplating a challenge to Senator Clinton were lawyer Ed Cox (the son-in-law of former President Richard M. The third phase presents Carey raising her voice an octave, expressing her sheer frustration and desperation.

Clinton announced in November 2004 that she will seek a second term in the Senate in the 2006 New York election for Senator. After failing to distract herself, she ends up furiously pleading for him to return. states such as Michigan and Illinois, but were ruled to be unconstitutional. The hip hop influence on her vocal delivery becomes more prominent, and she uses just a few notes to deliver a burst of words. Similar bills have been filed in some U.S. In the next, she becomes increasingly agitated, and she tries to distract herself by listening to the radio. The act is intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In the first, Carey sings sadly, regretting the loss of her lover.

On November 29, 2005, Clinton, together with Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act. There are three phases in the song, each containing a different style of singing. [55]. You gotta SING these songs.' When she did that on "We Belong Together" it became such a massive record."[7]. She failed to win over a two-thirds majority needed to overcome procedural hurdles in the Senate rules. I told her, 'that's not gonna work. Clinton sought to establish an independent, bipartisan panel patterned after the 9/11 Commission to investigate what went wrong with federal, state and local governments' response to Hurricane Katrina. She'd gotten into this whisper mode where everything was soft.

[52] Regarding the Supreme Court nomination of Samuel Alito, in January and February 2006 Clinton not only joined almost all Senate Democrats in voting against his confirmation, but also joined about half the Democrats in supporting a filibuster against bringing his nomination to a vote [53], saying "He would roll back decades of progress, and roll over when confronted with an administration too willing to play fast and loose with the rules." [54] That effort failed and Alito was confirmed on a largely party-line vote. He explained, "When I went into the studio with Mariah my first thing to do was to change the format of how she'd been singing. [51] Roberts was confirmed by a solid majority, with half the Senate's Democrats voting for him and half against. Upon Jermaine Dupri's insistence, Carey also employed the full-voiced style that defined her singing during the 1990s, rather than the soft and breathy style that she had often been criticised for. [50] Regarding the Supreme Court nomination of John Roberts, in September 2005 Clinton voted against his confirmation, saying "I do not believe that the Judge has presented his views with enough clarity and specificity for me to in good conscience cast a vote on his behalf," but that she hoped her concerns would be unfounded. It was obvious that if it was touching us, it was going to reach other people too."[2]. She subsequently voted against three of the nominees, but all were confirmed. We realized that once we did it, it was an inspiration in terms of how I was singing it.

[49] She was not part of the "Gang of 14" that resolved the dispute short of the "nuclear option", but she did vote to endorse that resolution and end debate on the nominations, thereby allowing the nominations to come to a vote. Said Carey, "People have to learn the art of subtlety. Bush's federal judicial nominations, Senator Clinton generally kept a low profile. The song also marks a change in Carey's style; a contrast to her favored melismatic style, Carey employed a state of vocal restraint, phrases several words per note, and sometimes sings counter to the rhythm. In 2005, during the intense debate over the filibustering of some of President George W. While it is primarily an R&B ballad featuring a blend of quiet storm and soul ambience,[6] it also contains sensibilities of hip hop music, most evident in Carey's fast-paced singing. [48]. The song begins with a piano playing part of the chorus in C major.[4] As Carey vocalizes, rhythm and bass are added into the background, creating an understated, relaxed tempo[5] in a 4/4 time signature; a quarter note constitutes each beat.[4] The song contains a mixture of different styles and sounds.

In July 2005, Senator Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. As Carey had wanted her vocals to be the song's main force, the musical backing was sparse and unadorned, being led by a beat and simple piano chords. In June, 2005, Senator Clinton united with Senator Bill Frist to push for the modernization of medical records, claiming that thousands of deaths caused by medical mistakes, such as misreading prescriptions, can be prevented by greater reliance on computer technology [47]. Because of the interpolation of these songs, their writers were given co-writing credit on "We Belong Together". In May 2005, Senator Clinton joined forces with her former adversary, House Speaker Newt Gingrich, on a proposal for incremental universal health care [46]. The reference is clearer on the Jadakiss–Styles remix, where she continues singing the rest of the chorus of the earlier song. As an advocate for her state, Senator Clinton led a bipartisan effort to bring broadband access to rural communities; co-sponsored the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act; included language in the Energy Bill to provide tax exempt bonding authority for environmentally conscious construction projects; and introduced an amendment calling for funding of new job creation to repair, renovate and modernize public schools. The latter line is the first line of the chorus of "Two Occasions".

In 2005, Clinton co-sponsored with Senator Lindsey Graham the AMTAC proposal regarding incentives and rewards for completely domestic American manufacturing companies [45]. Immediately after that, she changes radio stations and refers to Babyface's 1987 song recorded by The Deele, "Two Occasions":. Senate India Caucus with the encouragement and aid of the USINPAC Political Action Committee. In the middle phase of "We Belong Together", she mentions Bobby Womack's "If You Think You're Lonely Now" (1981):. In 2004, Clinton co-founded and became the co-chair of the U.S. Carey and Dupri came up with the idea of drawing influence from other hits. For example, in 2003, Clinton solicited offshoring firm Tata Consultancy Services to set up shop in economically beleaguered Buffalo, New York [44]. She wants her ex-lover to come back, as she lost a part of herself when he left, and no one can take his place.

Clinton has pressed for education, labor, and technology infrastructure programs to assist economic development in upstate New York and similar regions. Carey sings, "I didn't mean it when I said/ I didn't love you so.../ I was stupid, I was foolish/ I was lying to myself". Senator Clinton was a vocal opponent of the Bush Administration's tax cuts. The lyrics chronicle a relationship that had ended on the wrong terms, with the protagonist accepting the blame. [43]. Instead, she feels that the song can be seen as a universal love anthem that everyone can relate to. By the end of 2005, her standing among the military community was much higher than it had been during her days as First Lady. When asked about the story behind the song, Carey responded, "Basically, it's about someone you used to be with and you're not with them anymore for whatever reason, but you know in your heart that is the right person for you".[3] The song is not about any of Carey's previously confirmed lovers (Tommy Mottola, Derek Jeter, or Luis Miguel).

Senator Clinton also became a national advocate for retaining and improving health and other benefits for veterans. It was among the last records written for The Emancipation of Mimi; after Dupri and Carey had finished recording the album, Antonio "L.A." Reid, Chairman of Island Def Jam Music Group, felt that something was still missing, so he encouraged them to write more songs."[2] Following considerable experimentation, "It's Like That" (the album's first single) and "We Belong Together" were written. should remove its forces from Iraq, Clinton stated that immediate withdrawal would be "a big mistake", leading to Iraq becoming "a failed state", but that the Bush administration's open-ended commitment to stay in Iraq was also misguided, as it gives Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves." [40] This centrist and somewhat vague stance caused frustration among the Democratic party's anti-war activists [41], who have even occasionally protested outside Clinton fundraisers.[42]. The song was primarily written by Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal, and Johnta Austin, and produced by Carey, Dupri, and Seal. [39] By late 2005, with domestic debate intensifying over whether and when the U.S. . In July 2005 she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers. Billboard charts, it is also considered her comeback single following the commercial failure of the singles from Glitter (2001) and Charmbracelet (2002).[1] "We Belong Together" was also a success outside of the U.S.; apart from peaking at number one in countries including Australia and France, it was named the "song of the year" at the 2005 World Music Awards ceremony.

In February 2005 she stated that much of Iraq was functioning well, elections in Iraq had succeeded, and that the insurgency there was failing [38]. After winning two Grammy Awards and breaking many chart and airplay records on the U.S. forces (such as the Fort Drum, New York-based 10th Mountain Division) in both countries. The song has now become Carey's signature song. Senator Clinton has visited U.S. Its protagonist declares herself "stupid" and "foolish" for ending a relationship on the wrong terms, and she wants her former lover to return as she feels that they "belong together". military action in Afghanistan – with the additional benefit that it greatly improved the lives of women in that country, who had suffered terribly under the rule of the Taliban [37] – and a somewhat weaker position regarding action in Iraq (her vote in support of initial military action against Iraq was criticized for being equivocal). The song is an R&B ballad and has been noted for its quiet storm ambience, laid back piano-driven rhythm and Carey's subdued vocals.

Clinton has used her membership on the Armed Services Committee to take a strong position in favor of U.S. It was released as the second single from the album in 2005 (see 2005 in music), and was both a critical and commercial success. In 2005, Clinton issued two studies that examined the disbursement of federal homeland security funds to local communities and first responders. "We Belong Together" is a pop–R&B song co-written and co-produced by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey for her ninth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). [36] Undaunted, Senator Clinton worked with Senator Schumer to secure $21.4 billion in funding to assist clean up and recovery, to provide health tracking for first responders and volunteers at Ground Zero, and to create grants for redevelopment. "We Belong Together" (Atlantic Soul instrumental). Despite her efforts, she was audibly booed by some in an audience of New York firefighters and police officers during her on-stage appearance at The Concert for New York City on October 20, 2001. "We Belong Together" (Atlantic Soul vocal).

Senator Clinton has made homeland security one of her top issues following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in downtown New York City, especially regarding obtaining funding for recovery from the attacks and for improving security capabilities in the New York City area. "We Belong Together" (Reconstruction club mix). Senator Clinton sits on four Senate Committees with a total of eight subcommittee assignments: the Senate Committee on Armed Services with three subcommittee assignments, on Airland, on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, and on Readiness and Management Support; the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee with three subcommittee assignments on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, on Fisheries, Wildlife, and Water and on Superfund, Waste Control, and Risk Assessment; the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, with two subcommittee assignments, on Aging and on Children and Families; and the Senate Special Committee on Aging. "We Belong Together" (Reconstruction radio mix). [35]. "We Belong Together" (album version). [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] Indeed when Elizabeth Dole (R-North Carolina) joined the Senate in 2003 in somewhat similar circumstances, she modeled her initial approach after Clinton's, as did the nationally visible Barack Obama (D-Illinois) in 2005. "We Belong Together" (remix) featuring Jadakiss And Styles P.

When Clinton joined the Senate, she was widely reported to have kept a low public profile and learned the ways of the institution while building relationships with senators from both sides of the aisle, thus countering her polarizing celebrity. "We Belong Together" (album version). The victory of a Democrat in the Senate election was not assured, because in recent decades the Republicans had won about half the elections for governor and senator. Rauhofer/Atlantic Soul mixes"). However, Clinton's 12% margin was larger than Charles Schumer's 10% margin in his initial 1998 election to New York's other Senate seat. 2 ("P. This 12% margin was smaller than Gore's 25% margin over Bush in the state Presidential contest. DJ Clue, Jadakiss, & Styles P").

Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000 with 55% of the vote to Lazio's 43% [29]. 1 ("Remix feat. The Republican effort to make carpetbagging a major issue failed, according to exit polls that showed more than two-thirds of the voters dismissed the issue as unimportant. Mastered by Herb Powers. After she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York. Mixed by Phil Tan. Kennedy who was elected in 1964 despite similar accusations. Assistant engineer – Tadd Mingo.

Her supporters pointed out that the state was receptive to national leaders, like Robert F. Engineers – Brian Garten, John Horesco IV. Clinton faced charges of carpetbagging since she had never resided in the state. Background vocals – Mariah Carey. During the race, she spent considerable time in traditionally Republican upstate regions. Lead vocals – Mariah Carey. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.

She called for targeted personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care [28]. Her plan included specific tax credits with the purpose of rewarding job creation and encouraging business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. During the campaign, Clinton vowed to improve the economic picture in upstate New York, promising that her plan would deliver 200,000 New York jobs over six years. While Clinton had a solid base of support in New York City, candidates and observers expected the race to be decided in upstate New York where 45 percent of New Yorker voters live.

By the end of the race, Democrat Clinton and Republicans Lazio and Giuliani had spent a combined $78 million [27]. The contest drew considerable national attention and both candidates were well-funded. Instead, Clinton faced a lesser-known candidate, Rick Lazio, who was a Congressman representing Suffolk County on Long Island. She was initially expected to face New York City's Mayor Rudy Giuliani, but Giuliani withdrew after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and after developments in his personal life attracted negative publicity.

When Clinton chose to run, she became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office. Senate, 2000, elections. When long-time New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan announced his retirement, prominent Democratic politicians and advisors, including Charlie Rangel, urged Clinton to run for the New York Senate seat in the U.S. When President Clinton required immediate heart surgery in October of 2004, Clinton, who was then the junior senator of New York, cancelled her public schedule to be at his side at the Columbia University Medical Center of New York Presbyterian Hospital.

Bill and I started a conversation in the spring of 1971, and more than thirty years later we're still talking[26].". Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met. "[N]o one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. In her book Living History, Clinton explains that love is the reason she stays with President Clinton.

While many women sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions by showing no interest in obtaining a divorce. These revelations and rumors resulted in a mix of sympathy and scorn for the First Lady. In his memoirs, President Clinton confirmed a "relationship that I should not have had" with Gennifer Flowers, an Arkansas lounge singer [25]. These rumors gained credibility following the Lewinsky scandal.

For much of his political career, President Clinton was dogged by rumors of extra-marital affairs. Both Bill's and Hillary's memoirs later revealed that the revelation of the affair was in reality a very painful time in their marriage. [24]" After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she remained resolute that their marriage was solid. During the Lewinsky scandal, Hillary initially claimed that the allegations against her husband were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy.

In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation and gossip after the Lewinsky scandal when the President admitted to a sexual affair (short of sexual intercourse) with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Congress. They married and lived there, briefly, before relocating to the state capital of Little Rock, Arkansas, from which Bill conducted his first campaign, for U.S. When he proposed marriage to her and she accepted, he revealed that they owned the house.

Before he proposed marriage to Hillary Rodham, Bill Clinton secretly purchased a small house in Fayetteville that she had noticed and remarked that she had liked. On October 11, 1975, when Hillary was 27 years old and Bill was 28 years old, the Clintons married in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton met at Yale Law School where both were students. She hosted a massive New Year's Eve party on the turning of the twentieth century into the twenty-first century, as well as a state dinner honoring the November 2000 bicentennial of the White House, which gathered more former Presidents and First Ladies together in the mansion than had ever been present at any other time in its history.

For all the foods served in the White House, Clinton hired a chef whose expertise was in American regional cooking. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, and a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in the public schools. In a unique venue of large white tents on the South Lawn that could accommodate several thousand guests, Clinton hosted many large events such as a St. She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room on the state floor, and the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the President's study on the second floor.

In the White House, Clinton placed the donated handicrafts (pottery, glassware, etc.) of contemporary American artisans on rotating display in the state rooms. Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden on a rotating basis. One of these lectures became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House. Clinton initiated the Millennium Project with monthly lectures that considered both America's past and forecasted its future.

With a lifelong interest in regional American history, she initiated the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations to rescue from deterioration and neglect, or restore to completion many iconic historic items and sites, including the flag that inspired the Star Spangled Banner, and the National First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio. Clinton performed many less political activities in her role as First Lady. One of the programs she helped create was Vital Voices, a U.S.-sponsored initiative to promote the participation of international women in their nation's political process. She was one of the few international figures at the time who spoke out against the treatment of Afghani women by Islamist fundamentalist Taliban that had seized control of Afghanistan.

With Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped to create the Department of Justice's Violence Against Women office. She fought for nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and supported an annual drive to encourage older women to seek a mammogram to prevent breast cancer, coverage of the cost being provided by Medicare. Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences that related to children's health, including early childhood development and school violence. She initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady [23].

The First Lady worked to solve the mystery behind the illnesses that were affecting veterans of the Gulf War. She also successfully sought to increase the research funding for illnesses such as prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health. She initiated the Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for those children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage. As first lady, Clinton won many admirers for her staunch support for women's rights around the world and her commitment to children's issues [22].

[18] Indeed, during the campaign Bill Clinton had stated that voting for him would get "two for the price of one." [19] This remark led to the (inaccurate) notion that the two were acting as "co-Presidents" [20], sometimes nicknamed "Billary" [21]. Supporters, by contrast, argued that Clinton was no different than other White House advisors and that furthermore, voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's Presidency. At the time, some critics called it inappropriate for a First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. [16] [17]).

(A decade later, "Hillarycare" would still be used as a label, sometimes pejoratively, for plans perceived as implementing universal health care. In her Living History memoirs, Clinton acknowledged that her political inexperience contributed to the defeat, but also said that many other factors were responsible as well. The recommendation of this task force, commonly called the Clinton health care plan and nicknamed "Hillarycare" by its opponents, failed to gain enough support to come to a floor vote in either house of Congress, and was abandoned in September, 1994. In 1993 the President appointed his wife to head the Task Force on National Health Care Reform.

[15]. [14] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history other than Eleanor Roosevelt. She was the first First Lady to hold a post-graduate degree and the first to have her own successful professional career. After Bill Clinton was elected to the White House in 1992, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States in 1993.

From 1985 to 1992, Clinton served on the Board of Directors for both TCBY ("The Country's Best Yogurt") and Wal-Mart Stores Inc.[13]. Clinton co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services and the Children's Defense Fund [12]. In 1988 and 1991 National Law Journal named Clinton one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America [11]. Throughout her time as first lady, Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm.

Clinton was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984 [10]. She also chaired the Rural Health Advisory Committee and introduced a pioneering program called Arkansas' Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, which trains parents to work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy. As first lady, Clinton chaired the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee, where she successfully fought (against some opposition) for improved testing standards of new teachers [9]. 93].

[Living History p. In February 1982, Bill Clinton announced his bid to regain the office, which would be successful; at the same time, Rodham began using the name Hillary Rodham Clinton. In 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his re-election bid for governor and the couple left the statehouse. On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to Chelsea, their only child.

In 1978, with the election of her husband as governor of Arkansas, Rodham became Arkansas's First Lady, her title for a total of 12 years. President Jimmy Carter appointed Rodham to the board of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978. In 1979, she became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm [8]. In 1976, Hillary Rodham joined the venerable and influential Rose Law Firm, specializing in intellectual property cases while doing child advocacy cases pro bono.

In 1975 Rodham and Clinton were married and moved to Little Rock, Arkansas. After President Nixon resigned in August of 1974, Rodham became a faculty member (one of only two women in the faculty) at the University of Arkansas Law School, located in Fayetteville, where her Yale Law School classmate and boyfriend Bill Clinton was teaching as well. She joined the presidential impeachment inquiry staff advising the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives during the Watergate Scandal. During her post-graduate study, Rodham also served as staff attorney for the Children’s Defense Fund.

She received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale in 1973, having written her widely recognized thesis on the rights of children [7], and began a year of post-graduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center. She also took on cases of child abuse at New Haven Hospital and worked at the city Legal Services, providing free legal service to the poor. During her second year in law school, she volunteered at the Yale Child Study Center, learning about new research on early childhood brain development. For the summer of 1972, Rodham worked in the western states for the Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern's campaign.

to work on Senator Walter Mondale's subcommittee on migrant workers, researching migrant problems in housing, sanitation, health and education. During the summer of 1971, she traveled to Washington, D.C. During the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at the Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1969, Rodham entered Yale Law School where she served on the Board of Editors of Yale Review of Law and Social Action and worked with underprivileged children at the Yale-New Haven Hospital.

Her speech received a standing ovation and she was featured in an article published by Life magazine [6]. She became the first student in the history of Wellesley College to deliver a commencement address when she spoke at her own graduation [5]. Having been named valedictorian of her graduating class at Wellesley, Rodham graduated, in 1969, with departmental honors in Political Science. After attending the Wellesley in Washington program at the urging of Professor Alan Schechter, her political views became more liberal and she joined the Democratic Party.

Martin Luther King Jr., whom she had met in person in 1962 [4]. During her junior year at Wellesley in 1968, Rodham was affected by the death of the civil rights leader, Reverend Dr. After completing high school in 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College in Massachusetts where she became active in politics, serving, for a time, as President of the Wellesley College Chapter of the College Republicans. Her parents encouraged her to pursue the career of her choice [2] [3].

Hillary entered the world of politics in 1964, at the age of 16, by supporting the presidential bid of Arizona Republican Senator Barry Goldwater. She earned many awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout [1]. Throughout her youth, Rodham was fond of sports, including tennis, skating, ballet, swimming, volleyball, and softball. During her final year of high school (Maine South High School), she received the school's first social science award.

Prior to graduating from Maine South High School, she attended Maine East High School, where she served as class president, a member of the student council, a member of the debating team, and as a member of the National Honor Society. As a child, Hillary was interested in sports, her church, and her school, a public school in Park Ridge. Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, a conservative, worked in the textile industry, and her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell Rodham, was a homemaker. Hillary Rodham was born in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in a Methodist family in Park Ridge, Illinois.

. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Before that she was a prominent lawyer and First Lady of Arkansas. She is married to President Bill Clinton, and was First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

Hillary Rodham Clinton (born Hillary Diane Rodham on October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York, serving her freshman term since January 3, 2001.