Hawaii

The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied. The USS Paducah also served as a naval vessel. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawai‘i. Several US Navy ships have been named USS Kentucky in honor of the state. While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of Hawai‘i is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard English speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments. The United Indoor Football team is:. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the ‘okina. The Minor league baseball teams are:.

Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. The three largest Protestant denominations in Kentucky are:. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized Hawai‘i to be the correct state name. Following is the breakdown amongst belief systems:. As prescribed in the Admission Act of 1959 that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii to be the official state name. Religiously, Kentucky is mostly Protestant. A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. The five largest ancestries in the state are: American (20.9%), German (12.7%), Irish (10.5%), English (9.7%), African American (7.3%).

Laborer emigrants from different countries — China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Portugal — began composing their own words and phrases based on their own language traditions merged with Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. Racially, the population is:. Hawaiian Pidgin finds its origins in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations as laborers from different cultures were forced to find their own ways of communicating and understanding each other. As of 2003, there were 4,117,827 people living in Kentucky. Over the course of Hawaiian history, a third language was developed that is in common use throughout the state today. Originally considered a mere dialect of Hawaiian English, cultural anthropologists have recently reached consensus that Hawaiian Pidgin is a distinct language on its own. Its industrial outputs are transportation equipment, chemical products, electric equipment, machinery, food processing, tobacco products, coal, and tourism. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments. Its Per Capita Personal Income was $26,575, 41st in the nation. Kentucky's agricultural outputs are horses, cattle, tobacco, dairy products, hogs, soybeans, and corn.

Also, the University of Hawai‘i System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. The total gross state product for 2003 was $129 billion. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Northern Kentucky, an assemblage of smaller cities across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, Ohio, also has a large metropolitan population. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. The largest cities in Kentucky in terms of geographic area are the two merged city/county governments of Lexington-Fayette and Louisville Metro, although Louisville and its metropolitan area both have a much larger population than Lexington and its metro area. As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. There are five main regions, the Cumberland Mountains and Cumberland Plateau in the southeast, the north-central Bluegrass Region, the south-central and western Pennyroyal Plateau, also sometimes termed "Pennyrile", the western coal-fields area, and the far-west Jackson Purchase.

For these reasons, careful writers use the modern Hawaiian orthography. Other major rivers in Kentucky include the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River, the Green River and the Licking River. This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. Its western border is the Mississippi River. However, when spelled as lānai it means veranda while Lāna‘i refers to an island. Its northern border is the low-water mark on the north side of the Ohio River. For example, the word lanai means stiff-necked. It touches West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.

Omission of the ‘okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of the word. Kentucky, also known as The Bluegrass State, borders the Midwest and Deep South. When a Hawaiian word is spelled without any necessary ‘okina and kahakō, it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation. See also: List of Kentucky counties. The ‘okina indicates a glottal stop while the macron called kahakō signifies a long vowel sound. The judicial branch of Kentucky is made up of trial courts, called District and Circuit Courts, an intermediate appellate court, called the Kentucky Court of Appeals, and court of last resort, the Kentucky Supreme Court. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation. See List of Kentucky Governors.

The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly correspond to the Hawaiian sounds. Kentucky's General Assembly has two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American Protestant missionaries in Hawai‘i during the early 19th century. The Kentucky Constitution provides for three branches of government: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. Senators are Jim Bunning (Republican) and Mitch McConnell (Republican). Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. Kentucky's two U.S.

Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. The capital of Kentucky is Frankfort and its governor is Ernie Fletcher (Republican). Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. A different version of the name is from the Indian word meaning "dark and bloody hunting ground" which is believed to be due to the fact that many Native American tribes went there to hunt the game-rich forests and often fought each other there. The state of Hawai‘i has two official languages as prescribed by the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: Hawaiian and English. Kentucky's name is possibly derived from the Cherokee word for "meadowland" after the bluegrass pastures that lured early pioneers to the state. Main article: Hawaiian language. On May 20, 1861 during the American Civil War, Kentucky proclaimed its neutrality in the conflict but was forced to take the side of the Union on September 3 when Confederate forces under General Leonidas Polk invaded.

The resolution was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. On June 1, 1792, Kentucky became the fifteenth state in the union and Isaac Shelby, a Revolutionary War hero, was named the first Governor of the Commonwealth Of Kentucky. The movement's most prominent success was the passage of the Apology Resolution of 1993 that made redress for American actions leading to the overthrow of the kingdom. In 1790, Kentucky delegates accepted Virginia's terms for separation and the state constitution was drafted at the final convention in April 1792. Regrets over the demise of the Hawaiian monarchy produced several political organizations that are collectively known as the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. After the war, it became Kentucky County, Virginia and ten constitutional conventions took place at the courthouse of Constitution Square in Danville between 1784 and 1792. Prevalent in post-statehood Hawai‘i was an increase in combative attitudes by some native Hawaiians towards the federal government, which is seen by some as an occupying power. It was a major gateway for early migration to the west through the Cumberland Gap, and was the first major frontier developed west of the Appalachian Mountains. Guns enabled this movement westward, and even the term shotgun was first coined in Kentucky in 1776.

In addition, they sought to promote native control over Hawaiian issues by creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Before the American War of Independence, this land was called Transylvania with its capital at Boonesborough. Its delegates created programs that sought to revive the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture. Kentucky is one of four states to call itself a commonwealth. The Hawai‘i State Constitutional Convention of 1978 heralded what some called a Hawaiian renaissance. Kentucky and its residents are probably most well known for thoroughbred horses and horse racing, local whiskey distilleries, and enthusiasm for basketball (The two principal basketball rivals in the state are the University of Kentucky (blue, Wildcats) and the University of Louisville (red, Cardinals)). The state also worked toward restoring the native Hawaiian culture that was suppressed after the overthrow. The Commonwealth of Kentucky is a southern state of the United States of America and was the 15th state admitted to the Union.

In its place, the Hawai‘i Democratic Party dominated state politics for forty years. See also: Flag of Kentucky. The Hawai‘i Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. State slogan: "Unbridled Spirit". After statehood, Hawai‘i quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. State motto: "United We Stand, Divided We Fall". On March 18, 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Admission Act which made Hawai‘i the 50th state of the Union, a law that became effective on August 21, 1959. State drink: Milk.

Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. State bluegrass song: "Blue Moon of Kentucky" by Bill Monroe (1947). Because they were born in a United States territory, they were legal American citizens. State song: "My Old Kentucky Home" by Stephen Foster (1853). The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. State fossil: Brachiopod. Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. State gemstone: Fresh Water Pearl.

Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawai‘i remained a territory for sixty years. State butterfly: Viceroy Butterfly. In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. State wild animal: Grey Squirrel. The Newlands Resolution was passed on July 7, 1898, formally annexing Hawai‘i as a United States territory. State fish: Kentucky Bass. Main article: Territory of Hawai‘i. State horse: Thoroughbred.

. State tree: Tulip tree (formerly the Kentucky coffeetree). During the kingdom era and subsequent republican regime, Iolani Palace — the only official royal residence in the United States today — served as the capitol building. State flower: Goldenrod. His sister, Lili'uokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893, a coup d'état orchestrated by American plantation owners with the help of an armed militia and the United States Marine Corps. Governance was again passed, this time into the hands of a provisional government and then to an independent Republic of Hawaii. State bird: Cardinal. King Kalākaua reigned until his death in 1891. Lexington Horsemen.

Among other things, it stripped the king of his administrative authorities and deprived native Hawaiians of the right to vote in elections. Florence Freedom (Single-A Frontier League independent). However, American interests effectively rendered the monarchy powerless by enacting the Bayonet Constitution. Lexington Legends (Single-A South Atlantic League affiliate of the Houston Astros). After him, governance was passed on to the House of Kalākaua. Louisville Bats (Triple-A International League affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds). The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the election of King Lunalilo. Lexington.

That led to the Edict of Toleration that established religious freedom in the Hawaiian Islands. Louisville. One of the most important events during those years was the suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church. Presbyterian, Pentecostal and Churches of Christ (tied 2%). He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. Methodist (7%). After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kaua‘i in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. Baptist (43% of the total state population).

Main article: Kingdom of Hawai‘i. Non-religious (9%). Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Other religions (0%). Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. Other Christian (1%). Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawai‘i was visited by foreigners well before the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook. Roman Catholic (13%).

The general trend was towards chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands. Protestant (76%). Warfare was endemic. 1.1% Mixed race. Local chiefs called ali‘i ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. 0.2% Native American. Relations with other Polynesian groups were sporadic during the early migratory periods, and Hawai‘i grew from small settlements to a complex society in near isolation. 0.7% Asian.

These first peoples preserved memories of the early migrations orally through genealogies and folk tales, like the stories of Hawai‘iloa and Pa‘ao. 1.5% Hispanic. Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands approximately 1500 years ago. 7.3% Black. Main article: Ancient Hawai‘i, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology. 89.3% White, non-Hispanic.
. Land Between the Lakes, a National Recreation Area managed by the United States Forest Service.

Other large cities and towns include Hilo, Kahului and Līhu‘e. Red River Gorge Geological Area, part of the Daniel Boone National Forest. The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom due to the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor. Mammoth Cave National Park, featuring tours of the world's longest cave. The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawai‘i to Maui and subsequently to O‘ahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. Cumberland Falls State Park, where a "moon-bow" may be seen in the mists of the falls. Those conditions created made Mount Wai‘ale‘ale the wettest place on earth; it averages 11.7 m (460 in) of rain annually. Cumberland Gap, the first trade-route for European hunters entering Kentucky from Virginia.

The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. The newest volcano to form is Lo‘ihi, deep below the waters off the south coast of the Island of Hawai‘i. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawai‘i happened at Haleakala on Maui in the late 18th century.

This explains why only volcanoes on the the southern half of the Island of Hawai‘i are presently active. All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui and the Island of Hawai‘i. The main islands are the eight high islands at the southeastern end of the island chain.

Nineteen islands and atolls extending across a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) comprise the Hawaiian Archipelago. Main article: Hawaiian Islands.
. Hawai‘i Aloha is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events.

The state song is Hawai‘i pono‘i, written by King Kalākaua and composed by Henri Berger. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language. The official languages are Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. The constitution declares the state motto to be Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono, a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory.

The primary symbol is the state flag, Ka Hae Hawai‘i, influenced by the Union Jack and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. Included are the two statues representing Hawai‘i in the United States Capitol. These include a state bird, state fish, state flower, state gem, state mammal and state tree. The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawai‘i State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawai‘i.

Hawaii is also the namesake and backdrop of a popular 1959 novel by James Michener and its 1966 movie adaptation. Ethnically, it is the only state that does not have a white majority (and one of only three in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. Ecologically and agriculturally, it is the endangered species capital of the world and is the only industrial producer of coffee in the nation. As one of two states outside the contiguous United States (the other being Alaska), it is the only one without territory on the mainland of any continent and is the only state that continues to grow due to active lava flows, most notably from Kīlauea. In addition to possessing the southernmost point in the United States, it is the only state that lies completely in the tropics.

This state most recently admitted into the Union has many distinctions. Honolulu is the largest city and the state capital. Census had a population of 1,211,537 people. Hawaii constitutes the 50th state of the United States, and as of the 2000 U.S.

Hawaii (Hawaiian/Hawaiian English: Hawai‘i, with the ‘okina) is the archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean.