Hawaii

The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied.
. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawai‘i. Mormon theolgy is often a subject of popular culture, usually in a satirical context, as in the case of South Park and its representation of the religion and its adherants. While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of Hawai‘i is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard English speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments. Often their door-to-door missionary work is compared with the Jehovah's Witnesses. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the ‘okina. They are viewed as superstitious and knowledgable about geneology.

Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. Mormons, when they appear in movies and television shows are often presented as blond, having large families, and very religious. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized Hawai‘i to be the correct state name. "Amish" was translated incorrectly to "Mormon". As prescribed in the Admission Act of 1959 that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii to be the official state name. One source of confusion comes from the mistranslation of the movie Witness (starring Harrison Ford) into Spanish, French, and Italian. A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. For example, both Quakers and Mennonites (which include the Amish) are traditionally strict pacifists (and are both peace churches) whereas Mormons are not.

Laborer emigrants from different countries — China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Portugal — began composing their own words and phrases based on their own language traditions merged with Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. The groups also have numerous doctrinal differences. Hawaiian Pidgin finds its origins in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations as laborers from different cultures were forced to find their own ways of communicating and understanding each other. Mormons originated separately from these groups: Mormons originated in the United States; Quakers and Mennonites originally came from Western Europe. Over the course of Hawaiian history, a third language was developed that is in common use throughout the state today. Originally considered a mere dialect of Hawaiian English, cultural anthropologists have recently reached consensus that Hawaiian Pidgin is a distinct language on its own. Despite some misconceptions over similar nicknames and stereotypes, Mormons are not the same religious group as Quakers (or members of the Religious Society of Friends), Mennonites, or Amish. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments. The term "Utah Mormon" is also popularly used today by American members of the LDS Church, to describe perceived cultural differences and/or geographical positioning between members who live in or originated in Utah, as opposed to members elsewhere.

Also, the University of Hawai‘i System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. These new terms have begun to gain a following among historians today. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. Addressing some of the limitations of the Utah/Missouri designations, historian Jan Shipps has now coined the terms Rocky Mountain Saints and Prairie Saints to rename the "Utah" and "Missouri" branches of the movement. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. Both the terms "Utah Mormons" and "Missouri Mormons" are also problematic because the majority of members of each of these branches no longer live in either of these states. The majority of the membership of the LDS church today resides outside of the United States. As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. The Utah Mormon group includes all the organizations descending from those Mormons who followed Brigham Young to what is now Utah, both The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and other smaller breakoff organizations, including groups that still practice plural marriage — the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Kingston clan, the True & Living Church of Jesus Christ of Saints of the Last Days and others scattered in usually isolated communities mostly in Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Colorado, British Columbia, Alberta, and Mexico.

For these reasons, careful writers use the modern Hawaiian orthography. Strang Smith's legitimate successor. This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. Notable exceptions include the Pennsylvania-based Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) which considers Sidney Rigdon Joseph Smith's rightful successor and the Wisconsin-based Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) which considers James J. However, when spelled as lānai it means veranda while Lāna‘i refers to an island. (Not all "Missouri Mormon" groups are based in Missouri, however. For example, the word lanai means stiff-necked. In this scheme, Missouri Mormons are those Mormons who did not travel to Utah, and the organizations formed from them — the Community of Christ, Church of Christ (Temple Lot), Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, etc.

Omission of the ‘okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of the word. Some scholars, such as Melton, in his Encyclopedia of American Religion, subdivide the Mormons into "Utah Mormons" and "Missouri Mormons". When a Hawaiian word is spelled without any necessary ‘okina and kahakō, it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation. Mormonism had a number of similarities to Campbellite teachings, and many of Mormonism's first adherents (including Sidney Rigdon) were previously Campbellites. The ‘okina indicates a glottal stop while the macron called kahakō signifies a long vowel sound. Sometimes "Restorationist" or "Restoration Movement" are used as umbrella terms, for those derived from the Campbellites or Stone-Campbell churches, for example, the Church of Christ and the Disciples of Christ. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation. Despite this perspective, the term "Mormon Fundamentalist" is widely used by Latter Day Saints (including members of the LDS church and the fundamentalists themselves) and by people outside the movement.

The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly correspond to the Hawaiian sounds. Claims for exclusivity of usage are primarily to avoid confusion between the LDS Church and "Mormon Fundamentalist" groups. The LDS Church argues "Mormon", "Mormon fundamentalist" and "Mormon dissident" in reference to organizations or groups outside of the LDS Church (especially those that practice plural marriage) is a misunderstanding of Mormon theology, in particular the principle of continuous revelation and Priesthood authority. The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American Protestant missionaries in Hawai‘i during the early 19th century. In a press release (http://www.lds.org/newsroom/page/0,15606,3899-1---15-168,00.html) from 2001, the LDS Church stated that the word "Mormon" as an adjective in such expressions as "Mormon pioneers", "Mormons" as a noun in reference to church members, and "Mormonism" as a doctrine, culture, and lifestyle were all acceptable. Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. Although the LDS Church objects to the use of the referrent "Mormon Church", it stops short of rejecting the terms "Mormonism" and "Mormon" and occasionally claims these terms as exclusive references only to itself and its members. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. This style suggestion is rarely followed because of the ambiguity of the abbreviation and most still use the previous abbreviation, "LDS Church".

Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. By the 1970s, because the term had become so common, the LDS church began to use the term "Mormon" in advertising, including well-known television commercials which ended: "A message from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: The Mormons." More recently the organization has asked the media to use the church's complete name and follow any second reference with the name "The Church of Jesus Christ", to recognize Jesus Christ's importance to the faith. Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. For many years it was common for members to use quotes around the word "Mormon" — to indicate that this is something non-Mormons called Latter-day Saints. The state of Hawai‘i has two official languages as prescribed by the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: Hawaiian and English. The LDS church has changed its position on the term "Mormon" over time. Main article: Hawaiian language. These groups often refer to themselves as "Mormon fundamentalists" and call members of the LDS church "mainstream Mormons".

The resolution was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. This usage is also problematic regarding churches that split from the LDS Church in the 20th Century — some of which continue to refer to themselves as "Mormons". The movement's most prominent success was the passage of the Apology Resolution of 1993 that made redress for American actions leading to the overthrow of the kingdom. However, this usage is problematic because if it is employed, members of the early Latter Day Saint movement prior to schisms of the Latter Day Saint succession crisis should likewise not be referred to as "Mormons". Regrets over the demise of the Hawaiian monarchy produced several political organizations that are collectively known as the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. churches that resulted from the split after [Joseph] Smith's death.". Prevalent in post-statehood Hawai‘i was an increase in combative attitudes by some native Hawaiians towards the federal government, which is seen by some as an occupying power. The Associated Press Stylebook likewise notes: "The term Mormon is not properly applied to the other ..

In addition, they sought to promote native control over Hawaiian issues by creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Members of the Community of Christ, for example, rarely use the term "Mormon" to describe themselves, and instead apply it to members of the LDS Church. Its delegates created programs that sought to revive the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture. However, some feel the terms "Mormon" and "Mormonism" should be used exclusively to refer to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS Church). The Hawai‘i State Constitutional Convention of 1978 heralded what some called a Hawaiian renaissance. Some scholars feel the terms "Mormon" and "Mormonism" are useful to collectively describe all denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, who claim to originate from the religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. The state also worked toward restoring the native Hawaiian culture that was suppressed after the overthrow. In fact, because many individuals are most familiar with the title "Mormon", the LDS Church maintains an official website presenting its basic beliefs and tenets at www.mormon.org.

In its place, the Hawai‘i Democratic Party dominated state politics for forty years. The official name of the church is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Hawai‘i Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. When speaking of the church itself rather than the members, the term "Mormon Church" is colloquial. After statehood, Hawai‘i quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. Some members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints prefer to be called "Latter-day Saints" or "LDS" rather than "Mormons", while others generally use the term "LDS" when speaking to fellow church members and "Mormon" when speaking to others. On March 18, 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Admission Act which made Hawai‘i the 50th state of the Union, a law that became effective on August 21, 1959. It originated as a derogatory term, but the name soon lost most of its negative connotation, and is generally not considered offensive today.

Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. had been called as a prophet of God, and who accepted "The Book of Mormon" as scripture translated by Smith. Because they were born in a United States territory, they were legal American citizens. The name "Mormon" (also "Mormonite") was first used in the 1830s for those who believed that Joseph Smith, Jr. The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. The term Mormon is a colloquial name most often used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union.

Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawai‘i remained a territory for sixty years. In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. The Newlands Resolution was passed on July 7, 1898, formally annexing Hawai‘i as a United States territory. Main article: Territory of Hawai‘i.

. During the kingdom era and subsequent republican regime, Iolani Palace — the only official royal residence in the United States today — served as the capitol building. His sister, Lili'uokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893, a coup d'état orchestrated by American plantation owners with the help of an armed militia and the United States Marine Corps. Governance was again passed, this time into the hands of a provisional government and then to an independent Republic of Hawaii. King Kalākaua reigned until his death in 1891.

Among other things, it stripped the king of his administrative authorities and deprived native Hawaiians of the right to vote in elections. However, American interests effectively rendered the monarchy powerless by enacting the Bayonet Constitution. After him, governance was passed on to the House of Kalākaua. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the election of King Lunalilo.

That led to the Edict of Toleration that established religious freedom in the Hawaiian Islands. One of the most important events during those years was the suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kaua‘i in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great.

Main article: Kingdom of Hawai‘i. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawai‘i was visited by foreigners well before the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook.

The general trend was towards chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands. Warfare was endemic. Local chiefs called ali‘i ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. Relations with other Polynesian groups were sporadic during the early migratory periods, and Hawai‘i grew from small settlements to a complex society in near isolation.

These first peoples preserved memories of the early migrations orally through genealogies and folk tales, like the stories of Hawai‘iloa and Pa‘ao. Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands approximately 1500 years ago. Main article: Ancient Hawai‘i, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology.
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Other large cities and towns include Hilo, Kahului and Līhu‘e. The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom due to the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor. The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawai‘i to Maui and subsequently to O‘ahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. Those conditions created made Mount Wai‘ale‘ale the wettest place on earth; it averages 11.7 m (460 in) of rain annually.

The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. The newest volcano to form is Lo‘ihi, deep below the waters off the south coast of the Island of Hawai‘i. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawai‘i happened at Haleakala on Maui in the late 18th century.

This explains why only volcanoes on the the southern half of the Island of Hawai‘i are presently active. All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui and the Island of Hawai‘i. The main islands are the eight high islands at the southeastern end of the island chain.

Nineteen islands and atolls extending across a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) comprise the Hawaiian Archipelago. Main article: Hawaiian Islands.
. Hawai‘i Aloha is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events.

The state song is Hawai‘i pono‘i, written by King Kalākaua and composed by Henri Berger. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language. The official languages are Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. The constitution declares the state motto to be Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono, a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory.

The primary symbol is the state flag, Ka Hae Hawai‘i, influenced by the Union Jack and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. Included are the two statues representing Hawai‘i in the United States Capitol. These include a state bird, state fish, state flower, state gem, state mammal and state tree. The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawai‘i State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawai‘i.

Hawaii is also the namesake and backdrop of a popular 1959 novel by James Michener and its 1966 movie adaptation. Ethnically, it is the only state that does not have a white majority (and one of only three in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. Ecologically and agriculturally, it is the endangered species capital of the world and is the only industrial producer of coffee in the nation. As one of two states outside the contiguous United States (the other being Alaska), it is the only one without territory on the mainland of any continent and is the only state that continues to grow due to active lava flows, most notably from Kīlauea. In addition to possessing the southernmost point in the United States, it is the only state that lies completely in the tropics.

This state most recently admitted into the Union has many distinctions. Honolulu is the largest city and the state capital. Census had a population of 1,211,537 people. Hawaii constitutes the 50th state of the United States, and as of the 2000 U.S.

Hawaii (Hawaiian/Hawaiian English: Hawai‘i, with the ‘okina) is the archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean.