Hawaii

The issue has often been a source of friction in situations where correct naming conventions are mandated, as people frequently disagree over which spelling is correct or incorrect, and where it is correctly or incorrectly applied. When adjusted for inflation (1999 dollars; comparable to Census data above), the median household income was $50,543. The nuances in the Hawaiian language debate are often not obvious or well-appreciated outside Hawai‘i. According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of San Diego in 2004 was $56,438 (not adjusted for inflation). While in local Hawaiian society the spelling and pronunciation of Hawai‘i is preferred in nearly all cases, even by standard English speakers, the federal spelling is used for purposes of interpolitical relations between other states and foreign governments. Out of the total population, 20.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Private entities, including local mass media, also have shown a preference for the use of the ‘okina. 14.6% of the population and 10.6% of families are below the poverty line.

Official government publications, as well as department and office titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling. The per capita income for the city is $23,609. However, many state and municipal entities and officials have recognized Hawai‘i to be the correct state name. Males have a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. As prescribed in the Admission Act of 1959 that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal government recognizes Hawaii to be the official state name. The median income for a household in the city is $45,733, and the median income for a family is $53,060. A somewhat divisive political issue that has arisen since the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted Hawaiian as an official state language is the exact spelling of the state's name. For every 100 females there are 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.4 males.

Laborer emigrants from different countries — China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Portugal — began composing their own words and phrases based on their own language traditions merged with Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. The median age is 32 years. Hawaiian Pidgin finds its origins in the sugarcane and pineapple plantations as laborers from different cultures were forced to find their own ways of communicating and understanding each other. In the city the population is spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who are 65 years of age or older. Over the course of Hawaiian history, a third language was developed that is in common use throughout the state today. Originally considered a mere dialect of Hawaiian English, cultural anthropologists have recently reached consensus that Hawaiian Pidgin is a distinct language on its own. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.30. Municipal codes were altered in favor of Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments. 28.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older.

Also, the University of Hawai‘i System developed the only Hawaiian language graduate studies program in the world. There are 450,691 households out of which 30.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% are non-families. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, also created by the 1978 constitutional convention, specially designated Hawaiian language immersion schools were established where students would be taught in all subjects using Hawaiian. 25.40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Public and independent schools throughout the state began teaching Hawaiian language standards as part of the regular curricula, beginning with preschool. The racial makeup of the city is 60.18% White, 7.86% African American, 0.62% Native American, 13.65% Asian, 0.48% Pacific Islander, 12.39% from other races, and 4.83% from two or more races. As a result of the constitutional provision, interest in the Hawaiian language was revived in the late 20th century. There are 469,689 housing units at an average density of 559.1/km² (1,448.1/mi²).

For these reasons, careful writers use the modern Hawaiian orthography. The population density is 1,456.4/km² (3,771.9/mi²). This can be a problem in interpreting 19th century Hawaiian texts recorded in the older orthography. As of the census² of 2000, there are 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families residing in the city. However, when spelled as lānai it means veranda while Lāna‘i refers to an island. Additionally, the numerous canyons that run through the city create natural boundaries and obstacles to development. For example, the word lanai means stiff-necked. The city's borders are very irregularly shaped because of the absorption of many suburbs into the city limits.

Omission of the ‘okina and kahakō in printed texts can even obscure the meaning of the word. 840.0 km² (324.3 mi²) of it is land and 123.5 km² (47.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.82% water. When a Hawaiian word is spelled without any necessary ‘okina and kahakō, it is impossible for someone who does not already know the word to guess at the proper pronunciation. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 963.6 km² (372.0 mi²). The ‘okina indicates a glottal stop while the macron called kahakō signifies a long vowel sound. San Diego is located at 32°46'46" North, 117°8'47" West (32.779541, -117.146344)¹. Later, additional characters were added to clarify pronunciation. Almost every major freeway in the county crosses through the city, but all are important to the flow of goods and people into and out of the city.

The missionaries assigned letters from the English alphabet that roughly correspond to the Hawaiian sounds. San Diego includes a comprehensive collection of freeways, highways, major arterial roads, and streets that forms circles around the interior and outlying areas in the county. The first written form of Hawaiian was developed by American Protestant missionaries in Hawai‘i during the early 19th century. However, these systems serve limited routes and schedules; the vast majority of transportation in San Diego is by private automobile. Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language was purely a spoken language. San Diego has trolley (LRT), bus [1] (http://www.sdcommute.com/Rider_Information/bus/), Coaster [2] (http://www.gonctd.com/), and Amtrak service. Hawaiian is legally acceptable in all legal documents, from depositions to legislative bills. San Diego is about two and a half hours south of Los Angeles and about half an hour north of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico.

Standard Hawaiian English, a subset of American English, is also commonly used for other formal business. Noted San Diego tourist attractions include:
. Article XV, Section 4 requires the use of Hawaiian in official state business such as public acts, documents, laws and transactions. Among the many attractions are its beaches, and climate, and deserts. The state of Hawai‘i has two official languages as prescribed by the Constitution of Hawai‘i adopted at the 1978 constitutional convention: Hawaiian and English. San Diego is a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world. Main article: Hawaiian language. Largely because of their city's strong military presence, San Diegans have a reputation for being more politically conservative than residents of California's other coastal cities.

The resolution was passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. San Diego has since become a center of the emerging biotech industry and is home to telecommunications giant Qualcomm. The movement's most prominent success was the passage of the Apology Resolution of 1993 that made redress for American actions leading to the overthrow of the kingdom. Following the end of the Cold War the military presence has diminished considerably. Regrets over the demise of the Hawaiian monarchy produced several political organizations that are collectively known as the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Since World War II, the military has played a leading role in the local economy. Prevalent in post-statehood Hawai‘i was an increase in combative attitudes by some native Hawaiians towards the federal government, which is seen by some as an occupying power. San Diego hosted two World's Fairs, the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935.

In addition, they sought to promote native control over Hawaiian issues by creating the Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Naval presence began in 1907 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station. Its delegates created programs that sought to revive the indigenous Hawaiian language and culture. Significant U.S. The Hawai‘i State Constitutional Convention of 1978 heralded what some called a Hawaiian renaissance. San Diego was reincorporated as a city in 1886. The state also worked toward restoring the native Hawaiian culture that was suppressed after the overthrow. In 1885, San Diego was linked to the rest of the nation by railroad.

In its place, the Hawai‘i Democratic Party dominated state politics for forty years. The village was designated the seat of the newly designated "San Diego County" and incorporated as a city. The Hawai‘i Republican Party, which was strongly supported by the plantation owners, was voted out of office. However the population of the town shrank to little over a hundred persons, and by the late 1830s it lost its township until the province of Alta California became part of the United States of America in 1850 following the Mexican-American War. After statehood, Hawai‘i quickly became a modern state with a construction boom and rapidly growing economy. Juan Maria Osuna was elected the first alcalde (or mayor), winning over Pio Pico in the 13 ballots cast. On March 18, 1959, President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Admission Act which made Hawai‘i the 50th state of the Union, a law that became effective on August 21, 1959. The mission was secularized in 1834 and 432 persons petitioned Governor José Figueroa to form a town, and Commandant Santiago Arguello endorsed it.

Expecting to gain full voting rights, they actively campaigned for statehood for the Hawaiian Islands. The governor of Alta California and Baja California moved the capital to San Diego from Monterey. Because they were born in a United States territory, they were legal American citizens. In 1821, Spain recognized Mexico's independence. The power of the plantation owners was finally broken by activist descendants of original immigrant laborers. By 1797 the mission had become the largest in California, with over 1,400 natives associated with it. Plantation owners, like those that comprised the so-called Big Five, found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various other states of the Union. Father Serra organized the rebuilding and two years later a more fire-proof adobe structure was started.

Though several attempts were made to achieve statehood, Hawai‘i remained a territory for sixty years. They killed the priest and two others, and burned the mission. In 1900, it was granted self-governance and retained Iolani Palace as the territorial capitol building. Colonists began arriving in 1774, and the following year, 1775 the native people rebelled. The Newlands Resolution was passed on July 7, 1898, formally annexing Hawai‘i as a United States territory. In 1769, Gaspar de Portolá and his expedition founded a presidio (or military post) and on Sunday July 16, Franciscan Fathers Junípero Serra, Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and blessed a cross, establishing the first mission in Upper California, Mission San Diego de Alcala. Main article: Territory of Hawai‘i. California was then part of the colony of New Spain.

. The explorers camped near a Native American village called "Nipaguay" and celebrated Mass in honor of San (or Saint) Diego de Alcala (Saint Didacus of Alcalá). During the kingdom era and subsequent republican regime, Iolani Palace — the only official royal residence in the United States today — served as the capitol building. The San Diego Bay and the area of present day San Diego were given their present names by Sebastian Vizcaino when he was mapping the coastline of Alta California for Spain in 1602. His sister, Lili'uokalani, succeeded him to the throne and ruled until her dethronement in 1893, a coup d'état orchestrated by American plantation owners with the help of an armed militia and the United States Marine Corps. Governance was again passed, this time into the hands of a provisional government and then to an independent Republic of Hawaii. He named it San Miguel. King Kalākaua reigned until his death in 1891. The first European to visit the region was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, sailing for Spain, in 1542.

Among other things, it stripped the king of his administrative authorities and deprived native Hawaiians of the right to vote in elections. The area has long been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. However, American interests effectively rendered the monarchy powerless by enacting the Bayonet Constitution. North Island is also known as the birthplace of Naval Aviation, (though Pensacola Naval Station makes a rival claim to being the "Cradle of Naval Aviation."). After him, governance was passed on to the House of Kalākaua. N.S. The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V who did not name an heir resulted in the election of King Lunalilo. Several Navy vessels have been named USS San Diego in honor of the city.

That led to the Edict of Toleration that established religious freedom in the Hawaiian Islands. One of the United States Marine Corps' two Recruit Depots is located here. One of the most important events during those years was the suppression of the Hawaii Catholic Church. It is the home port of the largest naval fleet in the world, including two Navy supercarriers, the USS Nimitz and the USS Ronald Reagan, five amphibs, several nuclear submarines, and numerous smaller ships. He established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled over the kingdom until 1872. San Diego is the home of various military facilities including Navy ports, Marine bases, and Coast Guard stations. After a series of battles that ended in 1795 and peaceful cession of the island of Kaua‘i in 1810, the Hawaiian Islands were united for the first time under a single ruler who would become known as King Kamehameha the Great. The city is the second largest in California and the seventh largest in the United States.

Main article: Kingdom of Hawai‘i. As of 2005 the California Department of Finance estimates the city to have 1,305,736 residents. Cook named his discovery the Sandwich Islands in honor of one of his sponsors, John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,223,400. Historians credited Cook with the discovery after he was the first to plot and publish the geographical coordinates of the Hawaiian Islands. It is the county seat of San Diego County, California. The city is noted for its temperate climate and numerous beaches. Vague reports by various European explorers suggest that Hawai‘i was visited by foreigners well before the 1778 arrival of British explorer Captain James Cook. San Diego is a city located in the southwestern corner of the state of California and the southwestern corner of the continental United States.

The general trend was towards chiefdoms of increasing size, even encompassing whole islands. San Diego City Schools. Warfare was endemic. University of San Diego, USD (Roman Catholic). Local chiefs called ali‘i ruled their settlements and fought to extend their sway and defend their communities from predatory rivals. University of California, San Diego, UCSD (University of California). Relations with other Polynesian groups were sporadic during the early migratory periods, and Hawai‘i grew from small settlements to a complex society in near isolation. Thomas Jefferson School of Law.

These first peoples preserved memories of the early migrations orally through genealogies and folk tales, like the stories of Hawai‘iloa and Pa‘ao. San Diego Community College District, (San Diego City College, San Diego Mesa College, San Diego Miramar College). Anthropologists believe that Polynesians from the Marquesas and Society Islands first populated the Hawaiian Islands approximately 1500 years ago. San Diego State University, SDSU (California State University). Main article: Ancient Hawai‘i, Hawaiian mythology, Polynesian mythology. National University.
. Point Loma Nazarene University, PLNU (Nazarene).

Other large cities and towns include Hilo, Kahului and Līhu‘e. California Western School of Law. The largest city, Honolulu, was the one chosen by King Kamehameha III as the capital of his kingdom due to the natural harbor there, the present-day Honolulu Harbor. Alliant International University, AIU (Formerly United States International University-USIU). The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Island of Hawai‘i to Maui and subsequently to O‘ahu explains why certain population centers exist where they do today. Soledad Veteran's Memorial, future National Historic Landmark. Those conditions created made Mount Wai‘ale‘ale the wettest place on earth; it averages 11.7 m (460 in) of rain annually. Mt.

The volcanic activity and subsequent erosion created impressive geological features. USS Midway (CV-41), aircraft carrier museum. The isolation of the Hawaiian Islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and the wide range of environments to be found on high islands located in and near the tropics has resulted in a vast array of endemic flora and fauna. Seaport Village. The newest volcano to form is Lo‘ihi, deep below the waters off the south coast of the Island of Hawai‘i. Berkeley, ferry boat. The last volcanic eruption outside the Island of Hawai‘i happened at Haleakala on Maui in the late 18th century. Star of India, barque sailing ship.

This explains why only volcanoes on the the southern half of the Island of Hawai‘i are presently active. San Diego Presidio. All of the Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanoes arising from the sea floor through a vent described in geological theory as a hotspot. The theory maintains that as the tectonic plate beneath much the Pacific Ocean moves in a northwesterly direction, the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Old Mission Dam in Mission Trails Regional Park. These islands are, in order from the northwest to southeast, Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, Maui and the Island of Hawai‘i. Mission San Diego de Alcala. The main islands are the eight high islands at the southeastern end of the island chain. Mission Beach Roller Coaster at Belmont Park.

Nineteen islands and atolls extending across a distance of 2,400 km (1,500 mi) comprise the Hawaiian Archipelago. Little Italy (see also Little Italy). Main article: Hawaiian Islands. La Casa de Estudillo.
. Balboa Park. Hawai‘i Aloha is the unofficial state song, often sung in official state events. Qualcomm Stadium.

The state song is Hawai‘i pono‘i, written by King Kalākaua and composed by Henri Berger. Petco Park. Hawaiian Pidgin is an unofficial language. Gaslamp Quarter. The official languages are Hawaiian and Hawaiian English. Torrey Pines State Reserve. The constitution declares the state motto to be Ua mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono, a pronouncement of King Kamehameha III meaning, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." It was also the motto of the kingdom, republic and territory. Torrey Pines Golf Course.

The primary symbol is the state flag, Ka Hae Hawai‘i, influenced by the Union Jack and features eight horizontal stripes representing the eight major Hawaiian Islands. SeaWorld. Included are the two statues representing Hawai‘i in the United States Capitol. Old Town. These include a state bird, state fish, state flower, state gem, state mammal and state tree. Mission Bay Park. The state constitution and various other measures of the Hawai‘i State Legislature established official symbols meant to embody the distinctive culture and heritage of Hawai‘i. San Diego Wild Animal Park.

Hawaii is also the namesake and backdrop of a popular 1959 novel by James Michener and its 1966 movie adaptation. San Diego Zoo. Ethnically, it is the only state that does not have a white majority (and one of only three in which non-Hispanic whites do not form a majority) and has the largest percentage of Asian Americans. Ecologically and agriculturally, it is the endangered species capital of the world and is the only industrial producer of coffee in the nation. As one of two states outside the contiguous United States (the other being Alaska), it is the only one without territory on the mainland of any continent and is the only state that continues to grow due to active lava flows, most notably from Kīlauea. In addition to possessing the southernmost point in the United States, it is the only state that lies completely in the tropics.

This state most recently admitted into the Union has many distinctions. Honolulu is the largest city and the state capital. Census had a population of 1,211,537 people. Hawaii constitutes the 50th state of the United States, and as of the 2000 U.S.

Hawaii (Hawaiian/Hawaiian English: Hawai‘i, with the ‘okina) is the archipelago of the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean.