Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884–December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945 – 1953), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Truman's presidency was very eventful, seeing the dropping of atomic bombs in Japan, the end of World War II, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, the beginning of the Cold War, the desegregation of the U.S. armed forces, the formation of the United Nations, the second red scare, and most of the Korean War. Truman was a folksy, unassuming president, and popularized phrases such as "The buck stops here" and "If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen." He exceeded the low expectations many had at the beginning of his administration, and developed a reputation as a strong, capable leader. Early lifeTruman in ca. 1908Harry S. Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri, the eldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. A brother, John Vivian (1886-1965) soon followed, along with a sister, Mary Jane Truman (1889-1978). When Truman was six years of age, his parents moved the family to Independence, Missouri, and it was there that Truman would spend the bulk of his formative years. After graduating from high school in 1901, Truman worked at a series of clerical jobs before he decided to become a farmer in 1906, an occupation in which he remained for another ten years. He was the last president not to earn a college degree, although he studied for two years toward a law degree at the Kansas City Law School (currently the University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law) in the early 1920s and was a fellow classmate of future United States Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Whittaker. Truman in uniform ca. 1918With the onset of American participation in World War I, Truman enlisted in the National Guard, was chosen to be an officer, and then commanded a regimental battery in France. His unit was Battery D of the 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Division. At his physical his eyesight was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye. Before heading to France, Harry was sent for training at Fort Sill, near Lawton, Oklahoma. While at Ft. Sill he was given the additional duty of running the camp canteen (to provide candy, cigarettes, shoelaces, sodas, tobacco, writing paper, etc.), to the soldiers. This position would mean that nearly every soldier there would come to know Lt. Truman, at least by sight, and his name. To help run the canteen, Harry enlisted the help of his Jewish friend Sergeant Edward Jacobson (Eddie), who had experience in a Kansas City clothing store as a clerk. Another man he would meet at Ft. Sill, who would pay dividends after the war, was Lt. James M. Pendergast, the nephew of Thomas Joseph (T.J.) Pendergast a Kansas City politician. The Trumans' wedding day28 June 1919 In France, Captain Truman's battery performed very well under fire in the Vosges Mountains. Truman later rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the National Guard and always remained proud of his military background. Under his command the artillery battery, Battery D, did not lose a single man. At the war's conclusion, Truman returned to Independence and married his long-time love interest, Bess Wallace, on 28 June 1919. The couple had one child, Margaret (b. 24 February 1924). A month before the wedding, banking on the success they had at Ft. Sill and overseas, the men's clothing store of Truman & Jacobson opened at 104 West 12th St. in downtown Kansas City. The store went bankrupt in 1922 after being very successful the first couple of years, but then the bottom fell out of the grain market, and lower prices for wheat and corn meant less sales of silk shirts. What shirts and ties that they did manage to sell went mainly to former members of the 129th. It was simple economics: in 1919 wheat went for $2.15 a bushel, in 1922 it was 88 cents a bushel. Harry blamed the fall in farm prices on the policies of the Republicans, and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, in Washington, a factor that would influence his decision to become a Democrat. Truman worked for years to pay off the debts. He and Eddie Jacobson were friends for the rest of their lives, and it was to Eddie he turned for advice on the Zionist issue. Political careerIn 1922, with the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine, led by Boss Tom Pendergast, Truman was elected judge of the County Court of Jackson County, Missouri - an administrative, not judicial, position. Although he was defeated for re-election in 1924, he won back the office in 1926 and was re-elected in 1930. Truman performed his duties in this office diligently, and won personal acclaim for several popular public works projects, including the series of 12 Madonna of the Trail monuments to pioneer women dedicated across the country in 1928 and 1929. In 1924, at the urging of his friend Edgar Hinde, who said that it would be "good politics," Truman gave Hinde the $10 membership fee to join the Ku Klux Klan. The complicated evidence about, background for, and interpretation of this episode are discussed in detail in the article Notable Ku Klux Klan members in national politics. As a result of the intricate tactical twists and turns of machine politics, Truman emerged from this period decisively opposed to and opposed by the Klan. The Klan's enmity for him was increased even more during Truman's presidency, which marked the first significant improvement in the federal government's record on civil rights since the nadir of American race relations during the Wilson administration. In a similar paradox, Truman, who sometimes expressed negative views of Jews in his diaries, and referred to New York as "kike-town,"[1] also had a Jewish friend and business partner (Eddie Jacobson), and later became one of the moving forces behind the creation of the state of Israel. In the 1934 election the Pendergast machine selected him to run for Missouri's open Senate seat, and he ran as a New Dealer in support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Once elected, Truman supported the president on most issues and became a popular member of the Senate "club," and was even voted as one of the ten "best-dressed" senators, soon overcoming his initial reputation as a member of the Pendergast machine. Having always taken a keen interest in foreign affairs, Truman first gained national prominence in his second term when his preparedness committee (popularly known as the "Truman Committee") made a scandal of military wastefulness by exposing fraud and mismanagement. His advocacy of common-sense cost-saving measures for the military gained him wide respect, and he emerged as a popular choice for the vice-presidential slot in 1944. He was barely installed as vice president when Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, elevating him to the presidency. A famous story says that when Truman was summoned to the White House on April 12, it was the now former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who informed him that the president was dead. Truman asked if there was anything he could do for her, to which the former First Lady replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now." PresidencyWhen Truman first took office, he was initially preoccupied with foreign policy: the Allied conference in Potsdam, the conclusion of the war in Europe, and then in August, with the decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Truman was also one of the very few U.S. presidents to serve nearly an entire term without a vice president. It was not until Truman's second term, from 1949-1953, that he was joined by a vice president on his election ticket. Realizing that the interests of the Soviet Union were quickly becoming incompatible with the interests of the United States government in the absence of a common enemy, Truman's administration articulated an increasingly hard line against the Soviets. Nonetheless, as a Wilsonian internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and included former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation to the U.N.'s first General Assembly. Although some people were distrustful of his expertise on foreign matters, Truman was able to win broad support for the Marshall Plan, which was offered to the Eastern bloc countries and the Soviet Union, and then for the Truman Doctrine which sought to contain Soviet power in Europe. To get Congress to spend on the Marshall Plan, Truman used an ideological argument about averting Communism to get the funding; although, it is highly unlikely that he believed this because he offered Marshall Plan money to the Soviets and U.S. ambassador George F. Kennan wrote a long message from Moscow known as "The Long Telegram" explaining how Russian policy had nothing to do with the expansion of Communism but was about traditional Russian fears of invasion. Following many years of Democratic majorities in Congress and Democratic presidents, voter fatigue led to a new Republican majority in the 1946 midterm elections, with the Republicans picking up 55 seats in the House of Representatives and several seats in the Senate. Truman fought the Republican Congress in 1947 and 1948 to prevent any reduction in tax rates. Modest cuts were eventually enacted over his veto, but they were short-lived: the onset of the Korean conflict in 1950 once again required an increase in taxes. Truman was widely expected to lose the 1948 election, as shown by this mistaken Chicago Tribune headline.As he readied for the approaching 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, advocating universal health insurance, and the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act in a broad legislative program that he called the "Fair Deal". While it was widely expected that Truman would lose, he campaigned furiously and managed to pull off one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history by defeating Thomas E. Dewey and earning a term in the White House in his own right. Shortly after Truman's inauguration, he presented his Fair Deal program to Congress, but it was not well received and only one of its major bills was enacted. A few months later the nation's attention was focused solidly on foreign policy once again with the "fall of China" to Mao Zedong's Communists. The incident would prove to be catastrophic for the administration, because it signaled the end of the Democrats' ability to manage the early Cold War in the eyes of the American public. Within a year of Nationalist China's collapse, Alger Hiss was accused of being a Communist agent (accusation supported in 1996 by the VENONA project[2]), war had broken out between South Korea and North Korea, and Senator Joseph McCarthy had publicly accused the State Department of being riddled with Communists. The Hiss case damaged the Truman White House and Senator McCarthy initially commanded broad public support, but events at home took a backseat to the war in Korea where Douglas MacArthur had won the imagination of the American people. Following the Chinese intervention in early November 1950, MacArthur advocated extending the war into mainland China. When Truman disagreed with him, MacArthur publicly aired his views and the president responded by relieving him of command. In June of 1950, President Truman issued the following statement[3] and ordered the Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy into the Strait to prevent any conflict between the Republic of China and the PRC.
Truman's dispute with MacArthur was a deeply unpopular action that seriously wounded Truman's credibility with the American people. His unpopularity grew even more pronounced as the military situation in Korea became increasingly stalemated. Realizing that his electoral chances were slim after losing a primary to Estes Kefauver, Truman withdrew his candidacy for the election of 1952. After the election, on January 7, 1953 Truman announced the development of the hydrogen bomb. Unlike other presidents, Truman lived in the White House very little during his term in office. Structural analysis of the building early in his term had shown the White House to be in danger of imminent collapse, partly due to problems with the walls and foundation that dated back to the burning of the building by the British during the War of 1812. While the White House was systematically dismantled to the foundations and rebuilt — a project that also added what is now known as the "Truman Balcony" to the curved portico of the White House — Truman was moved to Blair House nearby, which became his "White House". On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House. In response, Truman allowed for a genuinely democratic plebiscite in Puerto Rico to determine the status of its relationship to the United States. Truman also spent time on Little Torch Key in the Florida Keys during the White House reconstruction. IsraelTruman, who had been a supporter of the Zionist movement as early as 1939, was a key figure in the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. In 1946, an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry recommended the gradual establishment of two states in Palestine, with neither Jews nor Arabs dominating. However, there was little public support for the two-state proposal, and Britain was under pressure to withdraw from Palestine quickly due to attacks on British forces by armed Zionist groups. At the urging of the British, a special U.N. committee recommended the immediate partitioning of Palestine into two states, and with Truman's support, it was approved by the General Assembly in 1947. The British announced that they would leave Palestine by May 15, 1948, and the Arab League Council nations began moving troops to Palestine's borders. There was significant disagreement between Truman and the State Department about how to handle the situation, and meanwhile, tensions were rising between the U.S. and Soviet Union. In the end, Truman, amid controversy both at home and abroad, recognized the State of Israel 11 minutes after it declared itself a nation. Civil rightsAfter a hiatus that had lasted since Reconstruction, the Truman administration marked the federal government's first steps in the area of civil rights. A particularly savage 1946 lynching of two young black men and two young black women near Moore's Ford Bridge in Walton County, Georgia, was an important event that focused attention on civil rights,[4] and was one factor behind the issuing of a 1947 report by the Truman administration titled To Secure These Rights, which advocated, among other civil rights reforms, making lynching a federal crime. In 1948, he submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as voting rights and fair employment practices. This provoked a firestorm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the time leading up to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise, saying "My forbears were Confederates... But my very stomach turned over when I learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of army trucks in Mississippi and beaten."[5] In the same year, he issued Executive Order 9981, racially integrating the U.S. Armed Services following World War II.[6] CabinetPresident Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency that initiates U.S. involvement in the Korean War.(All of the cabinet members when Truman became president in 1945 had been serving under Roosevelt previously.) Supreme Court appointmentsTruman appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
Major legislation signed
Post-presidencyIn 1951, the U.S. ratified the 22nd Amendment, disqualifying presidents from running for a third term (or second if they served more than two years of another's term). The amendment did not apply to Truman, since he was president when it was passed. However, Truman withdrew his candidacy for the election of 1952 after losing the New Hampshire primary to Estes Kefauver. Truman made the most of his post-presidential years, making speeches and writing his memoirs after he left Washington and returned home to take up residence at his mother-in-law's house in Independence, Missouri. His predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had organized his own presidential library but legislation to provide this option for future presidents had yet to be established. Truman worked to garner private donations to build a presidential library that he then donated to the government to maintain, a practice adopted by all his successors. Truman (seated right) and his wife Bess (behind him) attend the signing of the Medicare Bill on July 30, 1965 by President Lyndon Johnson.Former members of Congress and the federal courts had a federal retirement and Truman was the president that ensured that the members of the other branch of government received the same privileges. Truman decided that he did not want to be on any corporate payroll and that taking advantage of such an option would just diminish the integrity of the nation's highest office. It cannot be said, however, that he completely forbore any effort to "cash in" after leaving office, as he received the then-record sum of $600,000 as an advance on the publication of his memoirs. In 1956, Truman took a trip to Europe with his wife and was a sensation everywhere. In Britain he received an honorary degree in Civic Law from Oxford University. He met with his friend Winston Churchill for the last time and on returning to the U.S. gave his full support for Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House. A bad fall in the bathroom in 1964 severely limited his physical capabilities and he could no longer continue his daily presence at his presidential library. On December 5, 1972, he was admitted to Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center for lung congestion. He would then develop heart irregularities, kidney blockages, and digestive problems, and died at 7:50 AM on December 26 at the age of 88. He is buried at the Truman Library. As Vietnam and, later, Watergate, wrenched at the heart of the nation, Truman's reputation steadily rose and even the musical group Chicago wrote a song about the nation's former president. Truman's long-time home (1919-1972), the Wallace House, at 219 North Delaware Street, in Independence, and his grandfather's farm nearby, are maintained as the Harry S. Truman National Historic Site. The headquarters building of the State Department in Washington, DC, is named the Harry S. Truman Building in his honor. Truman's middle initialTruman did not have a middle name, but only a middle initial. It was a common practice in southern states, including Missouri, to use initials rather than names. Truman said the initial was a compromise between the names of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp(e) Truman and Solomon Young. He once joked that the S was a name, not an initial, and it should not have a period, but official documents and his presidential library all use a period. Furthermore, the Harry S. Truman Library has numerous examples of the signature written at various times throughout Truman's lifetime where his own use of a period after the "S" is very obvious. MemorialsUSS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) is a Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy. The keel was laid by Newport News Shipbuilding November 29, 1993 and was christened September 7, 1996. The ship is currently based at Norfolk, Virginia. A 20" x 24" color photograph of the "Madonna of the Trail" hangs in a place of honor in the Captain's quarters.
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Truman (CVN-75) is a Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy. Since then, Sony has continued to introduce its own versions of storage technologies, with varying success. USS Harry S. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketplace and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs and Sony had no choice but to capitulate. Truman Library has numerous examples of the signature written at various times throughout Truman's lifetime where his own use of a period after the "S" is very obvious. The most infamous of these was the videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony marketed its Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. Furthermore, the Harry S. Sony has historically been notable for creating its own in-house standards for new recording and storage technologies instead of adopting those of other manufacturers and standards bodies. He once joked that the S was a name, not an initial, and it should not have a period, but official documents and his presidential library all use a period. Washington Post: Pay Judgment Or Game Over, Sony Warned. Truman said the initial was a compromise between the names of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp(e) Truman and Solomon Young. district court judge ruled on the matter in March, 2005 and not only agreed with the federal jury's ruling but also added another US$8.7 million in damages. It was a common practice in southern states, including Missouri, to use initials rather than names. A U.S. Truman did not have a middle name, but only a middle initial. In 2004 a federal jury agreed with Immersion, awarding the company US$82 million in damages. Truman Building in his honor. of San Jose, California which claimed that Sony's PlayStation "Dual Shock" controllers infringed on Immersion's patents. The headquarters building of the State Department in Washington, DC, is named the Harry S. In 2002, Sony Computer Entertainment America, marketer of the popular PlayStation game consoles, was sued by Immersion Corp. Truman National Historic Site. On September 13th 2004 a Sony-led consortium finalised the deal to purchase famous film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for about $5 Billion, including $2Bn in debts. Truman's long-time home (1919-1972), the Wallace House, at 219 North Delaware Street, in Independence, and his grandfather's farm nearby, are maintained as the Harry S. The new company will be called Sony BMG and will, together with RIAA partner Universal, control 60% of the world wide music market. As Vietnam and, later, Watergate, wrenched at the heart of the nation, Truman's reputation steadily rose and even the musical group Chicago wrote a song about the nation's former president. On July 20th, 2004, the EU approved a 50-50 merger between Sony Music Entertainment and BMG. He is buried at the Truman Library. Sony also owns television channels in India and channels aimed at Indian communities in Europe. He would then develop heart irregularities, kidney blockages, and digestive problems, and died at 7:50 AM on December 26 at the age of 88. Sony acquired Aiwa Corporation in 2002. On December 5, 1972, he was admitted to Kansas City's Research Hospital and Medical Center for lung congestion. In 2000, Sony had sales of US $63 billion and 189,700 employees. A bad fall in the bathroom in 1964 severely limited his physical capabilities and he could no longer continue his daily presence at his presidential library. It was subsequently renamed "Sony Pictures Entertainment" in 1991. gave his full support for Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House. In 1989, Sony acquired Columbia Pictures Entertainment from Coca Cola for US $3.4 billion. He met with his friend Winston Churchill for the last time and on returning to the U.S. It was renamed "Sony Music Entertainment". In Britain he received an honorary degree in Civic Law from Oxford University. In 1988, Sony acquired CBS (Columbia) Records Group from CBS. In 1956, Truman took a trip to Europe with his wife and was a sensation everywhere. [2]. It cannot be said, however, that he completely forbore any effort to "cash in" after leaving office, as he received the then-record sum of $600,000 as an advance on the publication of his memoirs. also announced on the same date that current president, Kunitake Ando, will step down and be replaced by Ryoji Chubachi. Truman decided that he did not want to be on any corporate payroll and that taking advantage of such an option would just diminish the integrity of the nation's highest office. Sony Corp. Former members of Congress and the federal courts had a federal retirement and Truman was the president that ensured that the members of the other branch of government received the same privileges. Sony's decision to replace Idei with Wales native Howard Stringer will mark the first time that a foreigner will run a major Japanese electronics firm. Truman worked to garner private donations to build a presidential library that he then donated to the government to maintain, a practice adopted by all his successors. announced that Nobuyuki Idei will step down as Chairman and Group CEO and will be replaced by Briton Sir Howard Stringer, current Chairman and CEO of Sony Corporation of America, Corporate Executive Officer, Vice Chairman and COO Sony Entertainment Business Group. Roosevelt, had organized his own presidential library but legislation to provide this option for future presidents had yet to be established. On March 7th, 2005, Sony Corp. His predecessor, Franklin D. However, this huge growth in portable transistor radio sales, that saw Sony rise to be the dominant player in the consumer electronics field, [1] was not because of the consumers who had bought the earlier generation of tube radio consoles, but was driven by a distinctly new American phenomenon at the time called Rock and Roll. Truman made the most of his post-presidential years, making speeches and writing his memoirs after he left Washington and returned home to take up residence at his mother-in-law's house in Independence, Missouri. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics." By the mid 1950s, American teens had began buying portable transistor radios in huge numbers, helping to propel the fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958. However, Truman withdrew his candidacy for the election of 1952 after losing the New Hampshire primary to Estes Kefauver. The TR-63 of 1957 cracked open the U.S. The amendment did not apply to Truman, since he was president when it was passed. On page 209 of the book The Portable Radio in American Life by University of Arizona professor Michael Brian Schiffer, Ph.D., he wrote: "Sony was not first, but its transistor radio was the most successful. ratified the 22nd Amendment, disqualifying presidents from running for a third term (or second if they served more than two years of another's term). The TR-63 was a shirt pocket transistor radio that was exported all over the world. In 1951, the U.S. and a great sales success worldwide. Truman appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:. The following year, 1957, Sony came out with the TR-63 model, the then smallest (112 x 71 x 32 mm) set in commercial production. But my very stomach turned over when I learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of army trucks in Mississippi and beaten."[5] In the same year, he issued Executive Order 9981, racially integrating the U.S. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Bank's chairman gave their approval. This provoked a firestorm of criticism from Southern Democrats in the time leading up to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise, saying "My forbears were Confederates.. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company name tied to any particular industry. In 1948, he submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as voting rights and fair employment practices. They pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. A particularly savage 1946 lynching of two young black men and two young black women near Moore's Ford Bridge in Walton County, Georgia, was an important event that focused attention on civil rights,[4] and was one factor behind the issuing of a 1947 report by the Truman administration titled To Secure These Rights, which advocated, among other civil rights reforms, making lynching a federal crime. The move was not without opposition: TTK's principal bank at the time, Mitsui, had strong feelings about the name. After a hiatus that had lasted since Reconstruction, the Truman administration marked the federal government's first steps in the area of civil rights. At the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters instead of Chinese characters to spell its name. In the end, Truman, amid controversy both at home and abroad, recognized the State of Israel 11 minutes after it declared itself a nation. However "Sonny" seemed not to be appropriate since it sounds too much like the Japanese soh-nee which means something like "business goes bad", Akio Morita pushed for a word that does not exist in any language so that they could claim the word "Sony" as their own (which paid off when they sued a candy producer who also used the name who claimed that "Sony" was just an existing word in some language). and Soviet Union. The name "Sony" was chosen for the brand as a mix of the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, the English word "sunny", and from the word Sonny-boys which is Japanese slang for "whizz kids". There was significant disagreement between Truman and the State Department about how to handle the situation, and meanwhile, tensions were rising between the U.S. The primary reason they did not, is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TKK. The British announced that they would leave Palestine by May 15, 1948, and the Arab League Council nations began moving troops to Palestine's borders. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a romanized name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials, TTK. committee recommended the immediate partitioning of Palestine into two states, and with Truman's support, it was approved by the General Assembly in 1947. Today Norio Ohga is Honorary Chairman, Howard Stringer is Chairman and CEO, and Ryoji Chubachi is President and Electronics CEO. At the urging of the British, a special U.N. As it grew into a major international corporation, Sony acquired other companies with longer histories, including Columbia Records (the oldest continuously produced brand name in recorded sound, dating back to 1888). However, there was little public support for the two-state proposal, and Britain was under pressure to withdraw from Palestine quickly due to attacks on British forces by armed Zionist groups. Their first consumer product, in the late 1940s, was a rice boiler. In 1946, an Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry recommended the gradual establishment of two states in Palestine, with neither Jews nor Arabs dominating. Sony was founded by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita on May 7, 1946 as the Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering with about 20 employees. Truman, who had been a supporter of the Zionist movement as early as 1939, was a key figure in the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. . Truman also spent time on Little Torch Key in the Florida Keys during the White House reconstruction. See also Sony Corporation shareholders and subsidiaries. In response, Truman allowed for a genuinely democratic plebiscite in Puerto Rico to determine the status of its relationship to the United States. Sony Corporation is traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange under number 6758 and on the NYSE as SNE through ADR. On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House. It is currently one of the world's largest producers of consumer electronics and is one of the biggest corporations in Japan. While the White House was systematically dismantled to the foundations and rebuilt — a project that also added what is now known as the "Truman Balcony" to the curved portico of the White House — Truman was moved to Blair House nearby, which became his "White House". Sony Corporation (Japanese katakana: ソニー) (TYO: 6758), NYSE: SNE is a global consumer electronics corporation based in Tokyo, Japan. Structural analysis of the building early in his term had shown the White House to be in danger of imminent collapse, partly due to problems with the walls and foundation that dated back to the burning of the building by the British during the War of 1812. (The University of Arizona Press, 1991). Unlike other presidents, Truman lived in the White House very little during his term in office. The Portable Radio in American Life by University of Arizona Professor Michael Brian Schiffer, Ph.D. After the election, on January 7, 1953 Truman announced the development of the hydrogen bomb. SONY Radio, Sony Transistor Radio 35th Anniversary 1955-1990 - information booklet (1990). Realizing that his electoral chances were slim after losing a primary to Estes Kefauver, Truman withdrew his candidacy for the election of 1952. Made in Japan by Akio Morita and SONY, Harper Collins (1994). His unpopularity grew even more pronounced as the military situation in Korea became increasingly stalemated. The story of Sony's foray into the American commercial market is documented in Terry Sanders' film The Japan Project: Made in Japan. Truman's dispute with MacArthur was a deeply unpopular action that seriously wounded Truman's credibility with the American people. PlayStation 3 (Spring 2006). In June of 1950, President Truman issued the following statement[3] and ordered the Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy into the Strait to prevent any conflict between the Republic of China and the PRC. Librie (2004-). When Truman disagreed with him, MacArthur publicly aired his views and the president responded by relieving him of command. Universal Media Disc (UMD) (2004-). Following the Chinese intervention in early November 1950, MacArthur advocated extending the war into mainland China. PlayStation Portable (2004-). The Hiss case damaged the Truman White House and Senator McCarthy initially commanded broad public support, but events at home took a backseat to the war in Korea where Douglas MacArthur had won the imagination of the American people. Qrio (2003-). Within a year of Nationalist China's collapse, Alger Hiss was accused of being a Communist agent (accusation supported in 1996 by the VENONA project[2]), war had broken out between South Korea and North Korea, and Senator Joseph McCarthy had publicly accused the State Department of being riddled with Communists. PSX (2003-). The incident would prove to be catastrophic for the administration, because it signaled the end of the Democrats' ability to manage the early Cold War in the eyes of the American public. Blu-Ray Disc (2003-). A few months later the nation's attention was focused solidly on foreign policy once again with the "fall of China" to Mao Zedong's Communists. Qualia (2003-). Shortly after Truman's inauguration, he presented his Fair Deal program to Congress, but it was not well received and only one of its major bills was enacted. HDV (2003-). Dewey and earning a term in the White House in his own right. SonicStage (2003 - ). While it was widely expected that Truman would lose, he campaigned furiously and managed to pull off one of the greatest upsets in presidential election history by defeating Thomas E. MicroMV (2002-). As he readied for the approaching 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the New Deal tradition, advocating universal health insurance, and the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act in a broad legislative program that he called the "Fair Deal". CLIÉ (2000-2005). Modest cuts were eventually enacted over his veto, but they were short-lived: the onset of the Korean conflict in 1950 once again required an increase in taxes. Aibo (1999-). Truman fought the Republican Congress in 1947 and 1948 to prevent any reduction in tax rates. PlayStation 2 (1999-). Following many years of Democratic majorities in Congress and Democratic presidents, voter fatigue led to a new Republican majority in the 1946 midterm elections, with the Republicans picking up 55 seats in the House of Representatives and several seats in the Senate. Super Audio CD (1998-). Kennan wrote a long message from Moscow known as "The Long Telegram" explaining how Russian policy had nothing to do with the expansion of Communism but was about traditional Russian fears of invasion. HiFD (1998-2001). ambassador George F. Memory Stick (1998-). To get Congress to spend on the Marshall Plan, Truman used an ideological argument about averting Communism to get the funding; although, it is highly unlikely that he believed this because he offered Marshall Plan money to the Soviets and U.S. Ruvi (1998-1999). Although some people were distrustful of his expertise on foreign matters, Truman was able to win broad support for the Marshall Plan, which was offered to the Eastern bloc countries and the Soviet Union, and then for the Truman Doctrine which sought to contain Soviet power in Europe. Digital Mavica (1997-). Nonetheless, as a Wilsonian internationalist, Truman strongly supported the creation of the United Nations, and included former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt on the delegation to the U.N.'s first General Assembly. VAIO (1997-). Realizing that the interests of the Soviet Union were quickly becoming incompatible with the interests of the United States government in the absence of a common enemy, Truman's administration articulated an increasingly hard line against the Soviets. FD Trinitron (1996-). It was not until Truman's second term, from 1949-1953, that he was joined by a vice president on his election ticket. Digital8 (1999-). presidents to serve nearly an entire term without a vice president. Cyber-shot (1996-). Truman was also one of the very few U.S. MiniDV (1995-). When Truman first took office, he was initially preoccupied with foreign policy: the Allied conference in Potsdam, the conclusion of the war in Europe, and then in August, with the decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. DV (1995-). Truman asked if there was anything he could do for her, to which the former First Lady replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now.". Magic Link (1994-1997). A famous story says that when Truman was summoned to the White House on April 12, it was the now former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who informed him that the president was dead. PlayStation (later PS one) (1994-2004). He was barely installed as vice president when Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, elevating him to the presidency. MiniDisc (1992-). His advocacy of common-sense cost-saving measures for the military gained him wide respect, and he emerged as a popular choice for the vice-presidential slot in 1944. NT (1991-??). Having always taken a keen interest in foreign affairs, Truman first gained national prominence in his second term when his preparedness committee (popularly known as the "Truman Committee") made a scandal of military wastefulness by exposing fraud and mismanagement. Video Walkman (1989-). Once elected, Truman supported the president on most issues and became a popular member of the Senate "club," and was even voted as one of the ten "best-dressed" senators, soon overcoming his initial reputation as a member of the Pendergast machine. Hi8 (1989-). Roosevelt. CD-R (with Phillips) (1988-). In the 1934 election the Pendergast machine selected him to run for Missouri's open Senate seat, and he ran as a New Dealer in support of President Franklin D. D2 (1988-). In a similar paradox, Truman, who sometimes expressed negative views of Jews in his diaries, and referred to New York as "kike-town,"[1] also had a Jewish friend and business partner (Eddie Jacobson), and later became one of the moving forces behind the creation of the state of Israel. NEWS (1987-??). The Klan's enmity for him was increased even more during Truman's presidency, which marked the first significant improvement in the federal government's record on civil rights since the nadir of American race relations during the Wilson administration. DAT (1987-). As a result of the intricate tactical twists and turns of machine politics, Truman emerged from this period decisively opposed to and opposed by the Klan. D1 (1987-). The complicated evidence about, background for, and interpretation of this episode are discussed in detail in the article Notable Ku Klux Klan members in national politics. Video8 (1985-??). In 1924, at the urging of his friend Edgar Hinde, who said that it would be "good politics," Truman gave Hinde the $10 membership fee to join the Ku Klux Klan. Handycam (1985-). Truman performed his duties in this office diligently, and won personal acclaim for several popular public works projects, including the series of 12 Madonna of the Trail monuments to pioneer women dedicated across the country in 1928 and 1929. CD-ROM (1985-). Although he was defeated for re-election in 1924, he won back the office in 1926 and was re-elected in 1930. Discman (1984-). In 1922, with the help of the Kansas City Democratic machine, led by Boss Tom Pendergast, Truman was elected judge of the County Court of Jackson County, Missouri - an administrative, not judicial, position. 3½" diskette (1983-). He and Eddie Jacobson were friends for the rest of their lives, and it was to Eddie he turned for advice on the Zionist issue. Compact Disc (1982-). Truman worked for years to pay off the debts. Betacam (1982-). Harry blamed the fall in farm prices on the policies of the Republicans, and Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, in Washington, a factor that would influence his decision to become a Democrat. Mavica (1981-??). It was simple economics: in 1919 wheat went for $2.15 a bushel, in 1922 it was 88 cents a bushel. DASH (1980). What shirts and ties that they did manage to sell went mainly to former members of the 129th. Walkman (1979-). The store went bankrupt in 1922 after being very successful the first couple of years, but then the bottom fell out of the grain market, and lower prices for wheat and corn meant less sales of silk shirts. Elcaset (1976-1980). in downtown Kansas City. Betamax (1975-1998). Sill and overseas, the men's clothing store of Truman & Jacobson opened at 104 West 12th St. U-matic (1971-1983). A month before the wedding, banking on the success they had at Ft. Trinitron (1968-). 24 February 1924). Transistor radios (1955-). The couple had one child, Margaret (b. Reel-to-reel tape recorders (1950-??). At the war's conclusion, Truman returned to Independence and married his long-time love interest, Bess Wallace, on 28 June 1919. The Sony PlayStation Portable uses the proprietary Universal Media Disc format to store games and movies. Under his command the artillery battery, Battery D, did not lose a single man. However, both formats have significant industry backing and it is unclear whether this will prove to be a mistake for Sony, or whether their format will win out. Truman later rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the National Guard and always remained proud of his military background. Sony has been accused of repeating mistakes with its Blu-Ray disc format, which looks likely to compete with Toshiba's HD-DVD format. In France, Captain Truman's battery performed very well under fire in the Vosges Mountains. Until late 2004, Sony's Network Walkman line of digital portable music players did not support the MP3 de facto standard natively, although the software provided with them would convert MP3 files into the ATRAC or ATRAC3 formats. Pendergast, the nephew of Thomas Joseph (T.J.) Pendergast a Kansas City politician. Since the introduction of the MiniDisc format, Sony has attempted to promote its own audio compression technologies under the ATRAC brand, against more widely-used formats like MP3 or even Windows Media Audio. James M. Ultimately SDDS has been vastly overshadowed by the preferred DTS (Digital Theatre System) and Dolby Digital standards in both the motion picture industry and home audio formats. Sill, who would pay dividends after the war, was Lt. Unlike Dolby Digital, SDDS utilized a method of backup by having mirrored arrays of bits on both sides of the film which acted as a measure of reliability in case the film was partially damaged. Another man he would meet at Ft. In 1993 Sony challenged the industry standard Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound format with its newer and more advanced proprietary motion picture digital audio format called SDDS (Sony Dynamic Digital Sound) This format employed eight channels (7.1) of audio opposed to just six used in Dolby Digital 5.1 at the time. To help run the canteen, Harry enlisted the help of his Jewish friend Sergeant Edward Jacobson (Eddie), who had experience in a Kansas City clothing store as a clerk. It also attempted to compete with the Iomega Zip drive and Imation SuperDisk with their HiFD, but this proved a severe failure. Truman, at least by sight, and his name. Sony also makes heavy use of its Memory Stick flash memory cards for digital cameras and other portable devices, which few other manufacturers use. This position would mean that nearly every soldier there would come to know Lt. which left it in an awkward position when rivals later adopted CD-R and MP3. Sill he was given the additional duty of running the camp canteen (to provide candy, cigarettes, shoelaces, sodas, tobacco, writing paper, etc.), to the soldiers. MiniDisc was created by Sony to replace cassette tapes. While at Ft. Before heading to France, Harry was sent for training at Fort Sill, near Lawton, Oklahoma. At his physical his eyesight was 20/50 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye. His unit was Battery D of the 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Division. With the onset of American participation in World War I, Truman enlisted in the National Guard, was chosen to be an officer, and then commanded a regimental battery in France. He was the last president not to earn a college degree, although he studied for two years toward a law degree at the Kansas City Law School (currently the University of Missouri - Kansas City School of Law) in the early 1920s and was a fellow classmate of future United States Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Whittaker. After graduating from high school in 1901, Truman worked at a series of clerical jobs before he decided to become a farmer in 1906, an occupation in which he remained for another ten years. When Truman was six years of age, his parents moved the family to Independence, Missouri, and it was there that Truman would spend the bulk of his formative years. A brother, John Vivian (1886-1965) soon followed, along with a sister, Mary Jane Truman (1889-1978). Truman was born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri, the eldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. Harry S. . Truman was a folksy, unassuming president, and popularized phrases such as "The buck stops here" and "If you can't stand the heat, get out of the kitchen." He exceeded the low expectations many had at the beginning of his administration, and developed a reputation as a strong, capable leader. armed forces, the formation of the United Nations, the second red scare, and most of the Korean War. Truman's presidency was very eventful, seeing the dropping of atomic bombs in Japan, the end of World War II, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, the beginning of the Cold War, the desegregation of the U.S. Roosevelt. Truman (May 8, 1884–December 26, 1972) was the thirty-fourth Vice President (1945) and the thirty-third President of the United States (1945 – 1953), succeeding to the office upon the death of Franklin D. Harry S. dedicated by then Judge Truman. Madonna of the Trail monuments across U.S. Truman State University. Truman (CVN-75). USS Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum in Independence, Missouri. Harry S. History of the United States (1945-1964). presidential election, 1948. U.S. presidential election, 1944. U.S. Truman Sports Complex. Marshall Plan/European Recovery Plan. Truman Doctrine - March 12, 1947. National Security Act - July 26, 1947. Project Paperclip - September, 1946. Sherman Minton - 1949. Tom Campbell Clark - 1949. Vinson - Chief Justice - 1946. Fred M. Harold Hitz Burton - 1945. |