Good Morning, VietnamGood Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 comedy/drama film set in Saigon during the Vietnam War, based on the career of Adrian Cronauer, a disc jockey on Armed Forces Radio Saigon (AFRS), who proves hugely popular with the troops serving in South Vietnam, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his "irreverent tendency". Cronauer is played by Robin Williams. It also stars Forest Whitaker, Tung Thanh Tran, Chintara Sukapatana, Bruno Kirby, Robert Wuhl, J.T. Walsh and Noble Willingham. The movie was written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robin Williams). Most of Robin Williams' humorous radio broadcasts were improvised. The movie was shot in Bangkok, Thailand. SynopsisSpoiler warning: Plot or ending details follow.Arrival in VietnamWearing "Cretan camouflage", radio announcer Adrian Cronauer emerges from the air-conditioned US Air Force airliner taking him to his new assignment in sweltering Saigon, where fellow enlisted man Eddie Garlic prepares to drive him to the radio station. Garlic, hugely overweight, turns the ignition key even though the engine is already on. Upon arrival in Army Lieutenant Steven Houck's office, Cronauer immediately encounters a nemesis in Sergeant Major Dickerson. "Where is this man's paperwork?" he thunders, and Houck obsequiously hands over Cronauer's orders to Dickerson. The conversation goes steadily downhill from there, as Dickerson starts dicking Cronauer around about his clothes: "This is not standard issue, Airman!" Cronauer infuriates Dickerson with thinly veiled mock respect and razor-sharp humor, calling him Sir ("I work for a living! What does three up and three down mean to you?" "End of an inning?") On the airGarlic wakes Cronauer the next morning, and the jet-lagged disk jockey struggles to gain sufficient consciousness for his 6:00 A.M. show ("I'm not even in my body yet, I may have to hurt you.") Garlic laughs this off and escorts Cronauer to the cramped studio, rapidly introducing him to the General ("Garlic, have you put on weight? Why the shadow of your ass must weigh twenty pounds.") and the eerie twin news censors ("Hiya."). At 0559 hours, Marty Dreiwitz challenges Cronauer: "Can you say something funny right now?" "I doubt it." Dreiwitz cackles with laughter and says, "By the way, you're on in ten seconds, nine, eight..." At precisely 0600 hours, Cronauer switches his mic on, pauses as if totally lost, then half shouts and half croons, "Good morning, Viet Nammmmmmm!!" He follows this with a rapid fire, apparently ad-libbed stream of topical wisecracks ("This is not a test, this is rock and roll!"), pretends to play a record backwards ("Oof, neef, Freddy is the devil") and introduces the first song of his show: Nowhere to run to. Then he sits casually back, and modestly asks the other guys, "Too much?" Cronauer continues to live life at a frenetic pace, making a hash of army regulations about what he can and cannot say or play over the air while amassing a huge following among the men in the field. Houck is jealous of his comedic ability, and Dickerson hates him because he gets away with being rebellious and disrespectful. But the General supports him ("I heard his show in Crete, and I busted a gut laughing.") Life outside the studioHe spots a pretty Vietnamese girl and follows her to an English class, where he bribes the teacher to let him take over the class so he can meet the girl. ("What subject is this?" "Is it English?" "That's right! Thanks for playing!") Soon he has the entire class convulsed in laughter as he teaches them the way people talk on the streets of New York City. ("Slip me some skin" apparently does not mean a leper handing you a hunk of his face, and so on.) The girl's brother stops him as he tries to follow her out of the class ("You forget the girl...You Americans are all alike, you find a girl with the shape breasts you like, put her in a fancy car, and take her to bed." "What's wrong with that?" "It's more devout here.") Cronauer switches from madcap humor to disarming honesty ("You got me, Sparky. Okay, I bribed my way into the class, but I'm going to stay.") and goes out with him for local food ("fish balls and lizard testicles"). At the club where the radio crew like to hang out, he brings his Vietnamese friend in, but two marines come over to start trouble after Cronauer bribes the bar girls to stop paying attention to the jar heads. "Who brought in the gook?" A fight ensues, and Cronauer is called on the carpet by Sergeant Major Dickerson ("A goddamned bar brawl: talk!" "These two behemoths were abusing a Vietnamese national...") Dickerson threatens Cronauer with an dangerous transfer ("Can you envision some fairly unpleasant alternatives?" "Not without slides.") A terrorist incidentOne afternoon, while Cronauer is drinking in the club, his Vietnamese friend suddenly arrives ("What are you doing here? My sister wants to meet you.") Moments after the pair leave the club, an explosion knocks them to the ground. Cronauer helps the local ambulance crew as rain falls on a corpse. Returning to the studio, Cronauer furiously rips printouts from the news teletypes. Confronted in the hallway with a handful of unofficial news, he adopts an apologetic tone: "Sorry, I was dizzy, the air conditioning, thanks for straightening me out." Then he starts his show. "In news, officially nothing happened today. A bomb unofficially went off in Jimmy Wah's, and 4 G.I.'s unofficially died." Dickerson tries to get in and stop him, but Cronauer had locked himself in the studio, so Dickerson orders the engineer to turn off the transmitter. Cronauer is suspended from broadcasting. On suspensionThe general refuses to discipline Cronauer ("He made a mistake. For now, suspend him.") Dickerson suggests that Lieutenant Houck take over the Cronauer show, and his staff begs him not to: "Sir, you're not funny." "Then why were you laughing when you were typing my jokes?" "I was thinking of something else." Houck adopts a terrible French accent, makes some awfully lame puns, and plays polkas. Phone calls and letters pour into the station, demanding that Houck be taken off the air and Cronauer put back. Garlic reads one: "Hock sucks the sweat from a dead man's balls. I don't know what that means, but it sounds pretty negative to me, sir." "I think the men are trying to tell us something." Over Dickerson's misgivings, the General puts Cronauer back on the air. ("This is a tempest in a teapot, much ado about nothing. Reinstate the man.") Meanwhile, Dickerson plots his revenge. Feeling dejected after recent events, Cronauer takes to hanging out in a local restaurant and drinking. He puts shrimp on the tips of his fingers, and sings, "Set me free, why don't you, babe?" The waiter comes up and asks him why he drinks so much, and his Vietnamese friend translates. "I drink, so I can be this funny." "He say, 'You not funny at all.'" They drive out to the village where his friend lives. He soothes a crying baby with his amazing comedic ability, wearing a kettle top as a hat and singing nonsense. He tries to see the girl, but she tells him, "Vietnamese lady not friends. My country maybe no future." Eddie Garlic tries to get Cronauer to do his show again, but Cronauer refuses ("I'm going to phone it in. I'm out of here.") Garlic tracks him down in a restaurant and confronts him ("What the @#$! A lot of guys went to the mat for you." "Eddie, that's two rude words in one year.") Driving back to their compound, they're caught in traffic behind a GI truck convoy. Garlic has an inspiration. "Hey, guys, guess who I got here?" "Don't do this." "I've got the one and only Adrian Cronauer." "You're a dead man, Garlic." One soldier calls from the back of a truck, "How do we know it's him?" Another asks him to say "Good morning, Vietnam". Cronauer tries to beg off ("C'mon, guys, it's too hot for radio @#$%.") Finally, he gives in and puts on a brief show, replete with Mick Jagger imitations. He asks several of the men to introduce themselves and wishes them luck in the field. It ends when a corporal comes out and shouts, "Say goodbye to the radio star. We're out of here!" Trip to An LacDickerson suggests Cronauer interview some men in the field, taking the precaution to question military intelligence about the safety of the area he's going to. It's definitely not safe, so Dickerson recommends giving a 24-hour pass to Cronauer and Garlic. Their jeep is bombed, and the two wander in the jungle for hours while their friends in the city wonder what happened to them. Cronauer's Vietnamese friend asks one of the disk jockeys where he went. They question the one of the guards at the entrance to the compound. When he hears, "An Lac", he breaks into a run, steals a car and races off. He finds them in the jungle, where they've been walking in circles, as a youthful commando squad lurks nearby. The car won't start, so they head back on foot and flag down a helicopter. Cronauer acts like a girl trying to hitch a ride. ("Hello, sailor!") Last day in countryBack in Saigon, Cronauer is confronted by Dickerson one final time ("Boy, I got your pansy ass in a sling, now. You're on a DC-9 at 1600 hours tomorrow.") Cronauer still doesn't get it. ("Why are you doing this?" "Isn't it strange how a Vietnamese boy is able to get in and out of VC territory? Didn't you wonder how he got you out of that bar moments before it blew up, or are you normally not that inquisitive?" "You're crazy, he's not a terrorist." "These are photographs of terrorists, executed by South Vietnamese police. Your friend is next: Phan Duc To.") Cronauer finds his friend's sister and asks where he is. She says she doesn't know. He explains carefully, "The police know about your brother. They are going to kill him. If you want to continue to have a brother, take me to him now!" They go to a really run-down neighborhood of filthy back alleys, the underbelly of a third world city. Cronauer has to make sure of what Dickerson told him, calling out "Phan Duc To", and his Vietnamese friend runs. Cronauer chases him at top speed, but the well-prepared spy disappears into a courtyard. Cronauer confronts his hidden friend verbally. "They know about the bombing, Sparky. I have to leave the country because of my association with you. I fought to get you into that bar, and you blew it up. My friend is the goddamned enemy." "Enemy? Who is the enemy? You think we're little Vietnamese. You're the enemy." "This is not going to look good on a resume!" This page about Good Morning, Vietnam includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Good Morning, Vietnam News stories about Good Morning, Vietnam External links for Good Morning, Vietnam Videos for Good Morning, Vietnam Wikis about Good Morning, Vietnam Discussion Groups about Good Morning, Vietnam Blogs about Good Morning, Vietnam Images of Good Morning, Vietnam |
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"This is not going to look good on a resume!". This is one of three Tom Hanks movies, (along with Forrest Gump and Apollo 13) where socks play a role in the plot. The G.I.s use socks for the shells of their sticky bombs. You're the enemy.". Months later, the FCC released a statement that stated the affiliates would not have been banned if they presented the film. "Enemy? Who is the enemy? You think we're little Vietnamese. Other stations showed infomercials, while other affiliates showed their own tributes to Veterans Day. My friend is the goddamned enemy.". In its stead, affilates showed alternative films, such as Hoosiers, Far & Away, and Return to Mayberry. I fought to get you into that bar, and you blew it up. The affiliates which chose not to broadcast the film represented over a third of the network's potential viewing audience; besides Sinclair, some ABC stations owned by Cox Television, Belo, Hearst-Argyle, McGraw-Hill, and EW Scripps all chose to preempt the film. I have to leave the country because of my association with you. Although the film had been broadcast by all ABC affiliates in two prior years, the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy and the subsequent FCC response led at least 66 stations to choose not to broadcast it, including:. "They know about the bombing, Sparky. A significant number of ABC affiliates decided to preempt the network's broadcast due to concerns of repercussions from the FCC due to the film's depiction of violence and profanity. Cronauer confronts his hidden friend verbally. The film was the focus of some controversy leading up to a Veterans Day 2004 broadcast of the film by ABC. Cronauer chases him at top speed, but
the well-prepared spy disappears into a courtyard. Locations for the film include:. Cronauer has to make
sure of what Dickerson told him, calling out "Phan Duc To", and his Vietnamese friend runs. See the page at
the Internet Movie Database (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120815/) for a more
comprehensive cast list. They go to a really run-down neighborhood of filthy back alleys, the underbelly of a third world city. They are going to kill him. Fr. He explains carefully, "The police know about your brother. Additionally, the brother believed killed in the Far East turned out to have been captured and later returned home. She says she doesn't know. There was no behind-the-lines Ranger rescue mission, Niland was not a simple private, his mother was not a widow, nor is she believed to have received all three telegrams together. Cronauer finds his friend's sister and asks where he is. Sampson arranged passage back to Britain and thereafter to his parents, Augusta and Michael Niland, in Tonawanda. ("Why are you doing this?" "Isn't it strange how a Vietnamese boy is able to get in and out of VC territory? Didn't you wonder how he got you out of that bar moments before it blew up, or are you normally not that inquisitive?" "You're crazy, he's not a terrorist." "These are photographs of terrorists, executed by South Vietnamese police. Your friend is next: Phan Duc To."). Under the US War Department's Sole Survivor Policy, brought about following the death of five Sullivan brothers serving on the same ship, Fr. Cronauer still doesn't get it. Father Francis Sampson, told Niland about the death of his three brothers, two at Normandy and one in the Far East. You're on a DC-9 at 1600 hours tomorrow."). Col. Back in Saigon, Cronauer is confronted by Dickerson one final time ("Boy, I got your pansy ass in a sling, now. They eventually made their own way back to their unit at Carentan, where the Chaplain, Lt. ("Hello, sailor!"). Frederick (Fritz) Niland who, with some other members of the 101st, was inadvertently dropped too far inland. Cronauer acts like a girl trying to hitch a ride. The real "Ryan" was Sgt. The car won't start, so they head back on foot and flag down a helicopter. Ryan survives, but Miller is killed in the assault. He finds them in the jungle, where they've been walking in circles, as a youthful commando squad lurks nearby. Miller and his men protect him, and all but two members of the unit are killed in a ferocious German tank assault on the bridge over the Merderet River in the (fictional) village of Ramelle, which they are defending. When he hears, "An Lac", he breaks into a run, steals a car and races off. Ryan is reluctant in the decision but decides not to desert his strategically important post. They question the one of the guards at the entrance to the compound. They break the news of his brothers' deaths to him and tell him that he is going home. Cronauer's Vietnamese friend asks one of the disk jockeys where he went. Eventually, at the expense of two members of their unit, Miller and his men catch up with Ryan. It's definitely not safe, so Dickerson recommends giving a 24-hour pass to Cronauer and Garlic. Their jeep is bombed, and the two wander in the jungle for hours while their friends in the city wonder what happened to them. The American command takes the decision to bring him back for his mother's sake. Dickerson suggests Cronauer interview some men in the field, taking the precaution to question military intelligence about the safety of the area he's going to. Ryan is the sole surviving member of four brothers, the other three having been killed in action. We're out of here!". As the position consolidates, Miller is given his new assigment, to find Private Ryan, who had been parachuted in as a member of the 101st Airborne, which, as the film historically correctly asserts, was scattered widely across Normandy. It ends when a corporal comes out and shouts, "Say goodbye to the radio star. The bond between Miller and his men is forged in the beachhead assault on a German bunker, where his decisive action saved the day. He asks several of the men to introduce themselves and wishes them luck in the field. Under intensely difficult circumstances, Miller displays a decisive and courageous manner to his soldiers - his suppressed nervousness is communicated only by his unsteady hands. One soldier calls from the back of a truck, "How do we know it's him?" Another asks him to say "Good morning, Vietnam". Cronauer tries to beg off ("C'mon, guys, it's too hot for radio @#$%.") Finally, he gives in and puts on a brief show, replete with Mick Jagger imitations. Miller, as played by Hanks, conceals his erstwhile profession of schoolteacher and his background from the troops under his command; the uncovering of Miller's background becomes a sub-plot of the film in as much as the men have a pool on his origins, which he steadfastly refuses to reveal. "Hey, guys, guess who I got here?" "Don't do this." "I've got the one and only Adrian Cronauer." "You're a dead man, Garlic.". Many critics commented that the film seemed marred somewhat by Spielberg's propensity for sentimentalism. Garlic has an inspiration. The general plot of the film, as the title suggests, is a humanitarian rescue mission led by John Miller, an army captain, played by Tom Hanks to return the last surviving Ryan brother from the Normandy front line to his mother. I'm out of here.") Garlic tracks him down in a restaurant and confronts him ("What the @#$! A lot of guys went to the mat for you." "Eddie, that's two rude words in one year.") Driving back to their compound, they're caught in traffic behind a GI truck convoy. The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and won five: for Best Director, Best Film Editing (Michael Kahn), Best Cinematography, Best Sound, and Best Sound Effects Editing. Eddie Garlic tries to get Cronauer to do his show again, but Cronauer refuses ("I'm going to phone it in. Spielberg later pursued his interest in the Normandy campaign with the television mini-series Band of Brothers which he co-produced with Tom Hanks. My country maybe no future.". The beachhead assault and the other battles shown in the movie have inspired many PC and video games, such as Unreal Tournament (1999), Return to Castle Wolfenstein, Medal of Honor: Allied Assault and Frontline, and Call of Duty, all of which have tried to re-create the famous D-day landing. He tries to see the girl, but she tells him, "Vietnamese lady not friends. Thereafter it takes a very heavily fictionalised route built around the search for a particular member of the United States 101st Airborne Division. He soothes a crying baby with his amazing comedic ability, wearing a kettle top as a hat and singing nonsense. The film is particularly notable for the intensity of the scenes in its first twenty minutes or so, which depict the Omaha beachhead assault of June 6, 1944. They drive out to the village where his friend lives. Saving Private Ryan is a 1998 film directed by Steven Spielberg dealing with the World War II Battle of Normandy. "I drink, so I can be this funny." "He say, 'You not funny at all.'". All ABC affiliates owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. He puts shrimp on the tips of his fingers, and sings, "Set me free, why don't you, babe?" The waiter comes up and asks him why he drinks so much, and his Vietnamese friend translates. WRIC-TV of Richmond, Virginia. Feeling dejected after recent events, Cronauer takes to hanging out in a local restaurant and drinking. WCDC-TV of Adams, Massachusetts. Reinstate the man.") Meanwhile, Dickerson plots his revenge. WTEN-TV of Albany, New York. ("This is a tempest in a teapot, much ado about nothing. WMUR-TV of Manchester, New Hampshire. Over Dickerson's misgivings, the General puts Cronauer back on the air. KVUE-TV of Austin, Texas. I don't know what that means, but it sounds pretty negative to me, sir." "I think the men are trying to tell us something.". WCPO-TV of Cincinnati, Ohio. Garlic reads one: "Hock sucks the sweat from a dead man's balls. WGNO-TV of New Orleans, Louisiana. Phone calls and letters pour into the station, demanding that Houck be taken off the air and Cronauer put back. WSOC-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina. For now, suspend him.") Dickerson suggests that Lieutenant Houck take over the Cronauer show, and his staff begs him not to: "Sir, you're not funny." "Then why were you laughing when you were typing my jokes?" "I was thinking of something else." Houck adopts a terrible French accent, makes some awfully lame puns, and plays polkas. WHAS-TV of Louisville, Kentucky. The general refuses to discipline Cronauer ("He made a mistake. KITV-TV in Honolulu, Hawaii. Cronauer is suspended from broadcasting. WSB-TV in Atlanta, Georgia. A bomb unofficially went off in Jimmy Wah's, and 4 G.I.'s unofficially died." Dickerson tries to get in and stop him, but Cronauer had locked himself in the studio, so Dickerson orders the engineer to turn off the transmitter. WOI-TV in Des Moines, Iowa. "In news, officially nothing happened today. Curracloe, Wexford, Ireland: D-Day scene. Confronted in the hallway with a handful of unofficial news, he adopts an apologetic tone: "Sorry, I was dizzy, the air conditioning, thanks for straightening me out." Then he starts his show. Hatfield, Hertfordshire. Returning to the studio, Cronauer furiously rips printouts from the news teletypes. World War II Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial: first and last scenes of the movie. Cronauer helps the local ambulance crew as rain falls on a corpse. Marshall. One afternoon, while Cronauer is drinking in the club, his Vietnamese friend suddenly arrives ("What are you doing here? My sister wants to meet you.") Moments after the pair leave the club, an explosion knocks them to the ground. George C. "Who brought in the gook?" A fight ensues, and Cronauer is called on the carpet by Sergeant Major Dickerson ("A goddamned bar brawl: talk!" "These two behemoths were abusing a Vietnamese national...") Dickerson threatens Cronauer with an dangerous transfer ("Can you envision some fairly unpleasant alternatives?" "Not without slides."). Harve Presnell - Gen. At the club where the radio crew like to hang out, he brings his Vietnamese friend in, but two marines come over to start trouble after Cronauer bribes the bar girls to stop paying attention to the jar heads. Walter Anderson. Okay, I bribed my way into the class, but I'm going to stay.") and goes out with him for local food ("fish balls and lizard testicles"). Col. The girl's brother stops him as he tries to follow her out of the class ("You forget the girl...You Americans are all alike, you find a girl with the shape breasts you like, put her in a fancy car, and take her to bed." "What's wrong with that?" "It's more devout here.") Cronauer switches from madcap humor to disarming honesty ("You got me, Sparky. Dennis Farina - Lt. ("Slip me some skin" apparently does not mean a leper handing you a hunk of his face, and so on.). William Hill. ("What subject is this?" "Is it English?" "That's right! Thanks for playing!") Soon he has the entire class convulsed in laughter as he teaches them the way people talk on the streets of New York City. Paul Giamatti - SSgt. He spots a pretty Vietnamese girl and follows her to an English class, where he bribes the teacher to let him take over the class so he can meet the girl. Ted Danson - Captain Fred Hamill. But the General supports him ("I heard his show in Crete, and I busted a gut laughing."). Vin Diesel - Private Adrian Caparzo. Houck is jealous of his comedic ability, and Dickerson hates him because he gets away with being rebellious and disrespectful. Giovanni Ribisi - Private Irwin Wade, the medic of Miller's group. Cronauer continues to live life at a frenetic pace, making a hash of army regulations about what he can and cannot say or play over the air while amassing a huge following among the men in the field. Barry Pepper - Private Daniel Jackson, the sniper of Miller's group. Then he sits casually back, and modestly asks the other guys, "Too much?". Adam Goldberg - Private Stanley Mellish. At precisely 0600 hours, Cronauer switches his mic on, pauses as if totally lost, then half shouts and half croons, "Good morning, Viet Nammmmmmm!!" He follows this with a rapid fire, apparently ad-libbed stream of topical wisecracks ("This is not a test, this is rock and roll!"), pretends to play a record backwards ("Oof, neef, Freddy is the devil") and introduces the first song of his show: Nowhere to run to. He is presented as somewhat naïve and cowardly. At 0559 hours, Marty Dreiwitz challenges Cronauer: "Can you say something funny right now?" "I doubt it." Dreiwitz cackles with laughter and says, "By the way, you're on in ten seconds, nine, eight...". Upham, added to Millers's team as an interpreter, speaking French and German. show ("I'm not even in my body yet, I may have to hurt you.") Garlic laughs this off and escorts Cronauer to the cramped studio, rapidly introducing him to the General ("Garlic, have you put on weight? Why the shadow of your ass must weigh twenty pounds.") and the eerie twin news censors ("Hiya."). Jeremy Davies - Corporal Timothy E. Garlic wakes Cronauer the next morning, and the jet-lagged disk jockey struggles to gain sufficient consciousness for his 6:00 A.M. Matt Damon - Private James Ryan. The conversation goes steadily downhill from there, as Dickerson starts dicking Cronauer around about his clothes: "This is not standard issue, Airman!" Cronauer infuriates Dickerson with thinly veiled mock respect and razor-sharp humor, calling him Sir ("I work for a living! What does three up and three down mean to you?" "End of an inning?"). Michael Horvath. Upon arrival in Army Lieutenant Steven Houck's office, Cronauer immediately encounters a nemesis in Sergeant Major Dickerson. "Where is this man's paperwork?" he thunders, and Houck obsequiously hands over Cronauer's orders to Dickerson. Tom Sizemore - Sgt. Wearing "Cretan camouflage", radio announcer Adrian Cronauer emerges from the air-conditioned US Air Force airliner taking him to his new assignment in sweltering Saigon, where fellow enlisted man Eddie Garlic prepares to drive him to the radio station. Garlic, hugely overweight, turns the ignition key even though the engine is already on. Edward Burns - Private Richard Reiben, from Brooklyn. The movie was shot in Bangkok, Thailand. Tom Hanks - Captain John Miller, a former schoolteacher. Most of Robin Williams' humorous radio broadcasts were improvised. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role (Robin Williams). The movie was written by Mitch Markowitz and directed by Barry Levinson. Walsh and Noble Willingham. It also stars Forest Whitaker, Tung Thanh Tran, Chintara Sukapatana, Bruno Kirby, Robert Wuhl, J.T. Cronauer is played by Robin Williams. Good Morning, Vietnam is a 1987 comedy/drama film set in Saigon during the Vietnam War, based on the career of Adrian Cronauer, a disc jockey on Armed Forces Radio Saigon (AFRS), who proves hugely popular with the troops serving in South Vietnam, but infuriates his superiors with what they call his "irreverent tendency". |