GirlTo meet Wikipedia's quality standards and appeal to a wider international audience, this article may require cleanup.The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view. Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page. A girl is a young female human, as opposed to a boy, a young male human. The age at which a female person transitions from girl to woman varies in different societies, typically the transition from adolescence to maturity is taken to occur in the late teens. The English word from 1290 designated a child of either sex. During the 14th century its sense was narrowed to specifically female children. Subsequently, it was extended to refer also to mature but unmarried young women since the 1530s. Usage in the sense of (romantic) "sweetheart" arose in the 17th century. Historically, girls faced discrimination and limitations on the roles they were expected to play in their societies, and the United Nations targeted discrimination in schooling to end by 2010. An ongoing debate about the influences of nature versus nurture in shaping the behavior of girls and boys raises questions about whether the roles played by girls are the result of inborn differences or socialization. Images of girls in art, literature, and popular culture often demonstrate assumptions about gender roles. DemographicsTwo girls who are friendsThere are 2.18 billion people (est. UNICEF, 2004) aged 18 or under in the world, for a total of more than one billion living girls. From birth, girls are a slight minority due to both natural factors (the human sex ratio has been observed since the 1700s as approximately 1,050 boys for every 1,000 girls) and due to sex selection on the part of parents. Although the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights specifies that "primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all", girls are slightly less likely to be enrolled as students in primary (70% enrollment vs. 74% for boys) or secondary education (59% vs. 65%). This disparity is targeted to end under the Millennium Development Goals and has closed substantially since 1990.^ Gender rolesA girl playing with paper dolls–a typical manifestation of a female gender role.In almost all cultures, girls have been socialized into gender roles. Girls have traditionally been associated with playing with dolls and toy cooking and cleaning equipment, while boys have been associated with toys and games that require more physical activity or simulated violence, such as toy trucks, balls, and toy guns. Girls are less often encouraged to pursue sports, with the exception of those that might be considered "feminine," such as figure skating or gymnastics; or those considered "gender-neutral," such as tennis.[1] They may be prevented from participating in many of the same activities that boys participate in at the same age, as a matter of protecting them from perceived outside dangers, such as boys and men, or anything that may cause physical injury. Sometimes boys are presumed to be more responsible than girls, except in the cases of caring for younger children, which is sometimes thought to be instinctual in girls. Girls, as a group, may be perceived as being more docile than boys, and as being less capable of rational decision making and more governed by emotional responses. The reasons for this perceived difference in the behavior of girls and boys are a controversial topic in both public debate and the sciences. The idea that differences in gender roles originate in differences in biology originates from 19th-century anthropology; more recently, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have turned to this problem to explain those differences by treating them as evolutionary adaptations to a lifestyle of Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies. For example, the need to take care of offspring may have limited the females' freedom to hunt and to assume positions of power. Simon Baron-Cohen, a Cambridge University professor of psychology and psychiatry, argues that "the female brain is predominantly hard-wired for empathy, while the male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems." A girl "driving" a toy car, an example of counter-stereotypical behavior.On the other hand, feminists have argued that gender roles are the result of stereotypes and socialization rather than any innate biological differences. Due to the influence of (among others) Simone de Beauvoir's feminist works and Michel Foucault's reflections on sexuality, the idea that gender was unrelated to sex gained ground during the 1980s, especially in sociology and cultural anthropology. The biological viewpoint of gender roles is not that all gender distinctions result from biology, but rather that biology has an influence. Some feminists deny this, but many feminists agree that both biology and upbringing have an influence on gender roles, with the question being the relative importance of each. This conflict is often called nature versus nurture. Several studies, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment of the OECD, have shown that, in developed countries, girls usually obtain better scores than boys do in secondary schools in Literature and Language, boys on the other hand tend to score higher in mathematics. However, their choices afterwards in postsecondary school are often very different and lead them to less socially recognized professions. Relatively few girls become engineers, though in the USA, more do become doctors. EtymologyThe word "girl" first appears during the Middle Ages. The Anglo-Saxon word gyrela = "ornament" may have given rise to the modern pronunciation of "girl", if the change in meaning can be explained. While there is no general agreement about the etymology of "girl", it is found in manuscripts dating from 1290 with the meaning "a child" (of either gender). A male child was called a "Knave girl"; a female child was called a "gay girl". Like many other words that originally were not gender specific, "girl" gradually came to be used primarily and then exclusively for one gender. There are manuscripts dating from 1530 in which the word "girl" is used to mean "maiden" (also originally applied to both genders), or any unmarried human female. Within little more than a century, however, the word began to take on implications of social class. In 1668, in his Diary, Samuel Pepys uses the word to mean a female servant of any age: "girl" = "serving girl". Note the parallel shift in the meaning of the word "maid". UsageA smiling Iraqi girl.By the 1700s, there was a difference in some uses of the word between England and the Americas. In England, a "girl" was often a serving girl, while in America a "girl" was often a sweetheart or "girlfriend", for example, in the lyrics of the popular song "The Girl I Left Behind Me". In England, the word "girl" was also used as a euphemism for "prostitute", as for example by Richard Steele in The Spectator. In America today, the word "girl" is often used as an intended compliment or used humorously. A woman of a certain age might be called a girl to suggest that she looked younger than she was, or a group of women might speak of themselves as "us girls", though all were well over the age of maidenhood. Adult women will sometimes refer to themselves as "girls", as in "We're having a girls' night out" or "It's a girl thing". But social shifts generally permit only the female gender group themselves to use such terminology without giving offence. With the rise of feminism, the use of "girl" applied to any adult female became offensive to many, especially given the fact that the word was so often used to indicate low social status, low morals, weakness, or homosexuality. There is a parallel objection to use of the word "boy" to describe a male over the age of puberty. In modern usage, "girl" is properly restricted to mean a human female who has not reached adulthood, and some would restrict the usage to prepubescent girls. The term "young woman" is sometimes used in the period between childhood and full adulthood. Using the word "girl" to refer to a male is usually meant as insulting, such as "You throw like a girl". The more insulting "girly-boy", which originated in 1589 as "girle-boy", is used to indicate a weak or "sissy" male. Calling a male a girl often serves as a provocation to fight (see fighting words). While outsiders might use "girl" or "girly" as a pejorative to refer to a gay male, within the gay community it is used as a term of endearment. The word girl has many synonyms, including "belle", "chick", "doll", "gal", "lass" or "lassie", "maiden", and "miss". The slang word "gal", as in "Buffalo gals won't you come out tonight", is a variant pronunciation of girl. Art and literaturePortrayals of girls may reflect their standing in the artists' culture, and a brief overview of different views of girls in different art periods gives a sense of girls' roles in societies around the world and at different points in time. The White Girl, Whistler (1862) Portrait of a Young Girl, de FlandesEgyptian murals included sympathetic portraits of young girls of royal descent. Ancient Greek classical art and literature paid scant attention to female children, though there are many poems about boys. Only Sappho's poetry includes love poems addressed to girls. In European art, some early paintings to feature girls are Juan de Flandes' Portrait of a Young Girl, circa 1500–1510 (shown at left); Frans Hals' Die Amme mit dem Kind in 1620; Diego Velázquez' Las Meninas in 1656; Jan Steen's The Feast of St. Nicolas, circa 1660; and Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring and Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window. Later paintings of girls include Albert Anker's portrait of a Girl with a Domino Tower and Camille Pissarro's 1883 Portrait of a Felix Daughter. In American art, paintings that feature girls include Mary Cassatt's 1884 Children on the Beach and Whistler's Harmony in Gray and Green: Miss Cicely Alexander and The White Girl (shown at right). As in art, portrayals of girls in literature can reflect the social norms of the time at which they were written. Many novels begin with the childhood of their heroine. Examples include Jane Eyre, who suffers ill treatment; and Natasha in War and Peace, who is sentimentalized. Other novels include Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, which has a young girl as protagonist; and Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, about a girl subjected to sexual abuse. Most early children's stories focused on boys, with the notable exception of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll, whose photographs of little girls are part of the history of photographic art. Popular cultureEuropean fairy tales include some memorable stories about girls, including Goldilocks and the Three Bears; Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Match Girl, The Little Mermaid, and The Princess and the Pea; the Brothers Grimm's Little Red Riding Hood; and others. Children's books about girls include Little House on the Prairie, Eloise, Pippi Longstocking, Dragonsong, and A Wrinkle in Time. Books which have both boy and girl protagonists tend to focus on the boys, but important girl characters appear in Knight's Castle, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Book of Three, and the Harry Potter series (by Book 6, Harry Potter's social circle includes 1 boy and 2 girls, although newcomer Ginny still isn't let into secrets like Ron and Hermione are). There have been many American comic books and comic strips featuring a girl as the main character, such as Little Lulu, Little Orphan Annie, Girl Genius, and Amelia Rules. In superhero comic books, an early girl character was Etta Candy, one of Wonder Woman's sidekicks. In the Peanuts series (by Charles Schulz), girl characters include Peppermint Patty, Lucy van Pelt, and Sally Brown. The most famous Flemish comic strip is Spike and Suzy (Suske and Wiske), about the adventures of a boy and a girl (each about 10 years old); it was translated from Flemish into French and English. Franco-Belgian comics with girls in a central role include Isabelle (by Will) and Sophie (by Jidéhem). In Japanese manga and anime, girls are often protagonists. Most of the animated films of Hayao Miyazaki feature a young girl as the hero, as in Majo no takkyūbin (Kiki's Delivery Service). There are many other stories with girls as protagonists in the Shōjo style of manga, which is targeted to girls as an audience. Examples include The Wallflower, Ceres, Celestial Legend, and Full Moon o Sagashite. Other genres of manga and anime often feature sexualized and objectified portrayals of girls. Hollywood movies also tend to sexualize girls, as in Taxi Driver and The Blue Lagoon. A nonsexualized portrayal of a girl is the character played by Drew Barrymore in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Much of today's popular music centers around girls, typically in the context of romantic or sexual interest by young men. One of the most famous photographs of the Vietnam War shows a girl, Kim Phuc Phan Thi, whose clothes were burned off by napalm; she was taken to the hospital by the photographer and received medical care. She survived, married, and lives in Canada. This page about Girl includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Girl News stories about Girl External links for Girl Videos for Girl Wikis about Girl Discussion Groups about Girl Blogs about Girl Images of Girl |
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She survived, married, and lives in Canada. The Treo 700w is also the first Treo to support EV-DO, a high-speed wireless data technology. One of the most famous photographs of the Vietnam War shows a girl, Kim Phuc Phan Thi, whose clothes were burned off by napalm; she was taken to the hospital by the photographer and received medical care. Unfortunately, there is one drawback from the Treo 650: the resolution has been lowered to 240x240, which is almost half the number of the pixels of the Treo 650. Much of today's popular music centers around girls, typically in the context of romantic or sexual interest by young men. The Treo 700w is a CDMA model which has been released by Verizon Wireless. the Extra-Terrestrial. The Treo 700w is the latest model of the Treo, which departs from the Treo standard of using Palm OS, instead opting for the Windows Mobile 5.0 operating system. A nonsexualized portrayal of a girl is the character played by Drew Barrymore in E.T. The 650 is available throughout the US and is supported by multiple wireless carriers. Hollywood movies also tend to sexualize girls, as in Taxi Driver and The Blue Lagoon. These include Bluetooth wireless connectivity, an improved keyboard, an enhanced digital camera, a removable battery, and an enhanced 320x320 display. Other genres of manga and anime often feature sexualized and objectified portrayals of girls. It features many improvements over the Treo 600. Examples include The Wallflower, Ceres, Celestial Legend, and Full Moon o Sagashite. Treo 650 is the latest Palm OS-based smartphone available from palmOne. There are many other stories with girls as protagonists in the Shōjo style of manga, which is targeted to girls as an audience. At the time the GSM version was one of the few quad-band phones available in the United States. Most of the animated films of Hayao Miyazaki feature a young girl as the hero, as in Majo no takkyūbin (Kiki's Delivery Service). Treo 600 is now known as palmOne Treo 600. In Japanese manga and anime, girls are often protagonists. The Treo 270 was a GSM model and the Treo 300 was a CDMA model which was released by SprintPCS. Franco-Belgian comics with girls in a central role include Isabelle (by Will) and Sophie (by Jidéhem). The 180g was quickly pulled off of the market due to poor sales. The most famous Flemish comic strip is Spike and Suzy (Suske and Wiske), about the adventures of a boy and a girl (each about 10 years old); it was translated from Flemish into French and English. Both were GSM phones. In the Peanuts series (by Charles Schulz), girl characters include Peppermint Patty, Lucy van Pelt, and Sally Brown. The Treo 180 had a built-in keyboard, and the 180g had a Graffiti hand-writing recognizer. In superhero comic books, an early girl character was Etta Candy, one of Wonder Woman's sidekicks. The Treo 90 was the last pure (no phone) organizer produced by Handspring. There have been many American comic books and comic strips featuring a girl as the main character, such as Little Lulu, Little Orphan Annie, Girl Genius, and Amelia Rules. To keep the models slim, Handspring gave Springboard up in the Treo series. Books which have both boy and girl protagonists tend to focus on the boys, but important girl characters appear in Knight's Castle, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Book of Three, and the Harry Potter series (by Book 6, Harry Potter's social circle includes 1 boy and 2 girls, although newcomer Ginny still isn't let into secrets like Ron and Hermione are). Handspring stopped producing the Visor line, and replaced it with the Handspring Treo, a more "communication centric" line of handhelds, most of which were integrated with cellular phones and included built-in keyboards for enhanced e-mail and SMS functionality. Children's books about girls include Little House on the Prairie, Eloise, Pippi Longstocking, Dragonsong, and A Wrinkle in Time. Its power supply came from a rechargeable lithium-ion battery. European fairy tales include some memorable stories about girls, including Goldilocks and the Three Bears; Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Match Girl, The Little Mermaid, and The Princess and the Pea; the Brothers Grimm's Little Red Riding Hood; and others. It had a 4-bit grayscale (16 grays), backlit, monochrome display. Most early children's stories focused on boys, with the notable exception of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll, whose photographs of little girls are part of the history of photographic art. Other novels include Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, which has a young girl as protagonist; and Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, about a girl subjected to sexual abuse. The 4.8" × 3.0" × 0.7" unit was powered by a MC68VZ328 DragonBall™ processor clocked at 33 MHz. Examples include Jane Eyre, who suffers ill treatment; and Natasha in War and Peace, who is sentimentalized. The Visor Pro was Handspring's last model in its Visor series of PDAs. Many novels begin with the childhood of their heroine. The only new feature this model had was a lower price, with which Handspring was hoping to attract new users. As in art, portrayals of girls in literature can reflect the social norms of the time at which they were written. Power came from two AAA batteries that would last up to two months. In American art, paintings that feature girls include Mary Cassatt's 1884 Children on the Beach and Whistler's Harmony in Gray and Green: Miss Cicely Alexander and The White Girl (shown at right). It used Handspring's modified version of the Palm OS, version 3.5.2H3. Later paintings of girls include Albert Anker's portrait of a Girl with a Domino Tower and Camille Pissarro's 1883 Portrait of a Felix Daughter. The 4.8" × 3.0" × 0.7" unit, weighing in at 5.4 ounces, came in a Blue, Red, or Smoke colored case. Nicolas, circa 1660; and Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring and Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window. It also sported a built-in microphone and a 160×160-pixel, 2-bit grayscale (4 shades of gray) display. In European art, some early paintings to feature girls are Juan de Flandes' Portrait of a Young Girl, circa 1500–1510 (shown at left); Frans Hals' Die Amme mit dem Kind in 1620; Diego Velázquez' Las Meninas in 1656; Jan Steen's The Feast of St. It had 8 MB DRAM, an IrDA-compliant infrared interface, and Handspring's standard Springboard Expansion Slot. Only Sappho's poetry includes love poems addressed to girls. Released in September 2001, the Neo featured a MC68VZ328 DragonBall™ processor clocked at 33 MHz. Ancient Greek classical art and literature paid scant attention to female children, though there are many poems about boys. The Visor Neo offered nothing new to the Handspring Visor lineup. Egyptian murals included sympathetic portraits of young girls of royal descent. Nevertheless, this still allowed the Visor Edge to access the numerous Springboard Modules available. Portrayals of girls may reflect their standing in the artists' culture, and a brief overview of different views of girls in different art periods gives a sense of girls' roles in societies around the world and at different points in time. However, due to its size, the standard Springboard Expansion Slot was accessed through a slide on sleeve rather than a built-in slot. The slang word "gal", as in "Buffalo gals won't you come out tonight", is a variant pronunciation of girl. The built-in rechargeable Lithium-ion battery generally lasted two to four weeks on a charge. The word girl has many synonyms, including "belle", "chick", "doll", "gal", "lass" or "lassie", "maiden", and "miss". Available in three colors, Metallic Blue, Metallic Silver, and Metallic Red, it was also eye catching. While outsiders might use "girl" or "girly" as a pejorative to refer to a gay male, within the gay community it is used as a term of endearment. Packed with 8 MB RAM and Handspring's latest version of the Palm OS, version 3.5.2H, the Visor Edge was an appealing PDA. Calling a male a girl often serves as a provocation to fight (see fighting words). However, at the time it was the smallest and lightest Visor, sizing in at 4.7" x 3.1" x 0.44" and weighing 4.8 ounces. The more insulting "girly-boy", which originated in 1589 as "girle-boy", is used to indicate a weak or "sissy" male. The 160×160-pixel, 4-bit grayscale (16 shades of gray) display was standard for most Palm PDAs. Using the word "girl" to refer to a male is usually meant as insulting, such as "You throw like a girl". Released in March 2001, the slim Visor Edge featured a MC68VZ328 DragonBall™ CPU clocked at 33 MHz. The term "young woman" is sometimes used in the period between childhood and full adulthood. At the time of the release of the Platinum, it sported the fastest processor for a Palm OS device. In modern usage, "girl" is properly restricted to mean a human female who has not reached adulthood, and some would restrict the usage to prepubescent girls. More, the Visor Deluxe used OS 3.1H while the Visor Platinum used OS 3.5.2H. There is a parallel objection to use of the word "boy" to describe a male over the age of puberty. The difference between the Visor Deluxe's and Platinum's electronics was the Platinum included a 33-MHz Motorola DragonBall VZ processor while the Deluxe only supported a 20-MHz chip. With the rise of feminism, the use of "girl" applied to any adult female became offensive to many, especially given the fact that the word was so often used to indicate low social status, low morals, weakness, or homosexuality. The Visor Platinum was available only in a silver (or platinum) colored shell, as opposed to the Visor Deluxe's many color choices. But social shifts generally permit only the female gender group themselves to use such terminology without giving offence. In fact, apart from shell color, the exterior of the devices were indistinguishable. Adult women will sometimes refer to themselves as "girls", as in "We're having a girls' night out" or "It's a girl thing". The Visor Platinum was similar to the Visor Deluxe. A woman of a certain age might be called a girl to suggest that she looked younger than she was, or a group of women might speak of themselves as "us girls", though all were well over the age of maidenhood. The dimensions were 4.8" × 3.0" × 0.8".So far the highest os upgrade is OS 3.5.5. In America today, the word "girl" is often used as an intended compliment or used humorously. The Prism featured Palm OS 3.5.2H3, and weighed 6.9 oz. In England, the word "girl" was also used as a euphemism for "prostitute", as for example by Richard Steele in The Spectator. However, it did have the Visor standard Springboard Expansion Slot. In England, a "girl" was often a serving girl, while in America a "girl" was often a sweetheart or "girlfriend", for example, in the lyrics of the popular song "The Girl I Left Behind Me". Its power came from a rechargeable lithium ion battery, rather than two AAA batteries like most Visors. By the 1700s, there was a difference in some uses of the word between England and the Americas. When Handspring released the Visor Prism, it was the first Palm OS handheld to have a 16-bit color display (65,536 colors); the current model produced by Palm only had an 8-bit color display (256 colors). Note the parallel shift in the meaning of the word "maid". Their dimensions are 4.8" x 3.0" x 0.7". In 1668, in his Diary, Samuel Pepys uses the word to mean a female servant of any age: "girl" = "serving girl". The Visor and Visor Deluxe weigh 5.4 oz. Within little more than a century, however, the word began to take on implications of social class. There were also complaints that the screen cover was not connected, making it easy to lose. There are manuscripts dating from 1530 in which the word "girl" is used to mean "maiden" (also originally applied to both genders), or any unmarried human female. Critics of the device note the lack of rubber between the buttons and metal contacts making the buttons harder to press. Like many other words that originally were not gender specific, "girl" gradually came to be used primarily and then exclusively for one gender. Unlike the Palm Pilot, the Visor's infrared port was placed on the side of the device to make room for the Springboard. A male child was called a "Knave girl"; a female child was called a "gay girl". The Visor and Visor Deluxe used Palm OS 3.1H, a modified version of the OS from Palm that included an enhanced datebook, a city time application, and an advanced calculator. While there is no general agreement about the etymology of "girl", it is found in manuscripts dating from 1290 with the meaning "a child" (of either gender). The Visor Deluxe had the option of translucent colored models, and had eight megabytes of onboard memory. The Anglo-Saxon word gyrela = "ornament" may have given rise to the modern pronunciation of "girl", if the change in meaning can be explained. Handspring first introduced the Visor Solo, which was black and contained two megabytes of onboard memory. The word "girl" first appears during the Middle Ages. The expansion port, called the Springboard Expansion Slot, allowed for addition of modules such as games, ebooks, extra memory, universal television remotes, cellular telephones, modems, MP3 players, digital cameras, and even a device for connecting to an EKG. Relatively few girls become engineers, though in the USA, more do become doctors. More liberal than the Palm Pilot, the Visor line featured vibrantly colored handhelds focused more towards average people. However, their choices afterwards in postsecondary school are often very different and lead them to less socially recognized professions. The USB support made these the first Palm devices to work with the Macintosh operating system out of the box. Several studies, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment of the OECD, have shown that, in developed countries, girls usually obtain better scores than boys do in secondary schools in Literature and Language, boys on the other hand tend to score higher in mathematics. The company launched the Handspring Visor line of products on September 14, 1999 which, unlike most products produced by Palm at the time, used USB to synchronize with the desktop computer and included an expansion port. This conflict is often called nature versus nurture. . Some feminists deny this, but many feminists agree that both biology and upbringing have an influence on gender roles, with the question being the relative importance of each. The Treo 600 was the last product to use the Handspring name. The biological viewpoint of gender roles is not that all gender distinctions result from biology, but rather that biology has an influence. In 2003, Handspring merged with Palm, Inc.'s hardware division to form palmOne. Due to the influence of (among others) Simone de Beauvoir's feminist works and Michel Foucault's reflections on sexuality, the idea that gender was unrelated to sex gained ground during the 1980s, especially in sociology and cultural anthropology. When the founders became unhappy at the direction in which 3Com was taking the company, they left and founded Handspring in June 1998. On the other hand, feminists have argued that gender roles are the result of stereotypes and socialization rather than any innate biological differences. Palm Computing later became a division of US Robotics, which was then bought by 3Com. Simon Baron-Cohen, a Cambridge University professor of psychology and psychiatry, argues that "the female brain is predominantly hard-wired for empathy, while the male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems.". The original inventors of the Palm Pilot and founders of Palm Computing were Jeff Hawkins, Donna Dubinsky, and Ed Colligan. For example, the need to take care of offspring may have limited the females' freedom to hunt and to assume positions of power. Handspring was a maker of Personal Digital Assistants using the Palm OS operating system. The idea that differences in gender roles originate in differences in biology originates from 19th-century anthropology; more recently, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have turned to this problem to explain those differences by treating them as evolutionary adaptations to a lifestyle of Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies. The handspring is also a gymnastics move.. The reasons for this perceived difference in the behavior of girls and boys are a controversial topic in both public debate and the sciences. This article is about the company. Girls, as a group, may be perceived as being more docile than boys, and as being less capable of rational decision making and more governed by emotional responses. Sometimes boys are presumed to be more responsible than girls, except in the cases of caring for younger children, which is sometimes thought to be instinctual in girls. Girls are less often encouraged to pursue sports, with the exception of those that might be considered "feminine," such as figure skating or gymnastics; or those considered "gender-neutral," such as tennis.[1] They may be prevented from participating in many of the same activities that boys participate in at the same age, as a matter of protecting them from perceived outside dangers, such as boys and men, or anything that may cause physical injury. Girls have traditionally been associated with playing with dolls and toy cooking and cleaning equipment, while boys have been associated with toys and games that require more physical activity or simulated violence, such as toy trucks, balls, and toy guns. In almost all cultures, girls have been socialized into gender roles. This disparity is targeted to end under the Millennium Development Goals and has closed substantially since 1990.^ . 65%). 74% for boys) or secondary education (59% vs. Although the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights specifies that "primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all", girls are slightly less likely to be enrolled as students in primary (70% enrollment vs. From birth, girls are a slight minority due to both natural factors (the human sex ratio has been observed since the 1700s as approximately 1,050 boys for every 1,000 girls) and due to sex selection on the part of parents. UNICEF, 2004) aged 18 or under in the world, for a total of more than one billion living girls. There are 2.18 billion people (est. . Images of girls in art, literature, and popular culture often demonstrate assumptions about gender roles. An ongoing debate about the influences of nature versus nurture in shaping the behavior of girls and boys raises questions about whether the roles played by girls are the result of inborn differences or socialization. Historically, girls faced discrimination and limitations on the roles they were expected to play in their societies, and the United Nations targeted discrimination in schooling to end by 2010. Usage in the sense of (romantic) "sweetheart" arose in the 17th century. Subsequently, it was extended to refer also to mature but unmarried young women since the 1530s. During the 14th century its sense was narrowed to specifically female children. The English word from 1290 designated a child of either sex. The age at which a female person transitions from girl to woman varies in different societies, typically the transition from adolescence to maturity is taken to occur in the late teens. A girl is a young female human, as opposed to a boy, a young male human. |