Georgia (U.S. state) |
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| State nickname: Peach State / Empire State of the South | |
| Other U.S. States | |
| Capital | Atlanta |
| Largest city | Atlanta |
| Governor | Sonny Perdue |
| Official languages | English |
| Area | 154,077 km² (24th) |
| - Land | 150,132 km² |
| - Water | 3,945 km² (2.6%) |
| Population (2000) | |
| - Population | 8,186,453 (10th) |
| - Density | 54.59 /km² (18th) |
| Admission into Union | |
| - Date | January 2, 1788 |
| - Order | 4th |
| Time zone | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 |
| Latitude | 30°31'N to 35°N |
| Longitude | 81°W to 85°53'W |
| Width | 370 km |
| Length | 480 km |
| Elevation | |
| - Highest | 1,458 m |
| - Mean | 180 m |
| - Lowest | 0 m |
| Abbreviations | |
| - USPS | GA |
| - ISO 3166-2 | US-GA |
| Web site | www.georgia.gov |
Georgia is a southern state of the United States and its U.S. postal abbreviation is GA. Georgia was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. It was the thirteenth colony and became the fourth state, ratifying the United States Constitution on January 2, 1788. Georgia's population in 2000 was 8,186,453 (U.S. Census). Georgia is one of the fastest growing states in the nation, with an estimated 8,829,383 people in 2004. Georgia is also known as the Peach State or Empire State of the South .
The state song, Georgia on My Mind by Hoagy Carmichael was originally written about a woman of that name, but after Georgia native Ray Charles sang it, the state legislature voted it the state song. Ray Charles sang it on the legislative floor when the bill passed.
The state tree is the Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), the state bird is the brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), and the state flower is the cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata).
Several U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Georgia in honor of this state.
Main article: History of Georgia
Early on, a number of Spanish explorers visited the inland region of Georgia, leaving a trail of destruction behind them. The local moundbuilder culture, described by Hernando de Soto in 1540, had completely disappeared by 1560.
The conflict between Spain and Britain over control of Georgia began in earnest in about 1670, when the British, moving south from their Carolina colony in present-day South Carolina met the Spanish moving north from their base in Florida. In 1724, it was first suggested that what was by then a British colony be called Province of Georgia in honor of King George II.
Massive British settlement began in the early 1730s with James Oglethorpe, an Englishman in the British parliament, who promoted the idea that the area be used to settle people in a debtors' prison. On February 12, 1733, the first settlers landed in the HMS Anne at what was to become the city of Savannah. This day is now known as Georgia Day, which is not a public holiday, but is mainly observed in schools and by some local civic groups.
On January 18, 1861 Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the American Civil War. In December 1864, a large swath of the state was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea. This event served as the historical background for the book and movie Gone With the Wind. On July 15, 1870, following Reconstruction, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union.
On February 19, 1953 Georgia became the first U.S. state to approve a literature censorship board in the United States.
Georgia has had five "permanent" state capitals: colonial Savannah, which later alternated with Augusta; then for a decade at Louisville (pron. Lewis-ville), and from 1806 through the American Civil War at Milledgeville. The state's legislature also met at other temporary sites, including Macon, especially during the Civil War.
Until recently, Georgia's state government had the longest unbroken record of single-party dominance of any state in the Union. For over 130 years, from 1872 to 2003, Georgians only elected Democratic governors, and Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly. The state capital is Atlanta.
As with all other U.S. States and the federal government, Georgia's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power. Executive authority in the state rests with the governor, currently Sonny Perdue (Republican). The Lieutenant Governor, currently Mark Taylor (Democrat), is elected on a separate ballot. Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected to four-year terms of office. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. States, most of the executive officials who comprise the governor's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia, rather than appointed by the governor.
(See: list of Georgia governors.)
Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, while the House of Representatives selects their own Speaker. The state Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 Senators, elected from single-member districts, and a minimum of 180 Representatives, apportioned among representative districts (which sometimes results in more than one Representative per district); there are currently 56 Senators and 180 Representatives. The term of office for Senators and Representatives is two years.
State Judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, which have statewide authority. In addition, there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction, including State Courts, Superior Courts, Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts. Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six-year terms. Judges for the smaller courts are elected by the state's citizens who live within that court's jurisdiction to four-year terms.
At the federal level, Georgia's two U.S. senators are Saxby Chambliss (Republican) and Johnny Isakson (Republican). As of the 2001 reapportionment, the state has 13 congressmen and women in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Georgia also has 159 counties, the most of any state except Texas (254). Before 1932, there were 161, with Milton and Campbell being merged into Fulton at the end of 1931, during the Great Depression. Gwinnett County was named after Button Gwinnett, one of the delegates from Georgia who signed the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Georgia's Constitution provides all counties and cities with "home rule" authority, and so the county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county as a municipality would.
Besides the counties, Georgia only defines cities as local units of government. Every incorporated town, no matter how small, is legally a city. Conversely, the city of Sandy Springs is one of the largest in the state (over 80,000), but is not legally so since it is not yet incorporated, although a referendum is planned for the summer of 2005. Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities, but does allow consolidated city-county governments by local referendum. So far, only Columbus, Augusta, and Athens have done this.
Georgia has a modest income tax and a 4% state sales tax, which is not applied to groceries or prescription drugs. Each county may add up to a 2% SPLOST. Counties participating in MARTA have another 1%, the city of Atlanta (in two counties) has the only city sales tax (1%, total 8%) for fixing its old sewers. Local taxes are almost always charged on groceries but never prescriptions. Up to 1% of a SPLOST can go to homestead exemptions. All taxes are collected by the state and then properly distributed according to any agreements that each county has with its cities.
There is no true metropolitan government in Georgia, though the Atlanta Regional Commission and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some regional services, and the ARC must approve all major land development projects in metro Atlanta.
(See: list of Georgia counties.)
Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, on the west by Alabama, and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a mountain range in the mountain system of the Appalachians. The central piedmont extends from the foothills to the fall line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the continental coastal plain of the southern part of the state. The highest point in Georgia is Brasstown Bald, 4784 feet (1458 m); the lowest point is sea level.
The capital is Atlanta, in the central part of northern Georgia, and the peach is a symbol of the state. The state is an important producer of cotton, tobacco, and forest products, notably the so-called "naval stores" such as turpentine and rosin from the pine forests.
Georgia is also the largest state east of the Mississippi River, since West Virginia seceded from Virginia during the Civil War.
Atlanta is still a major railroad hub for CSX and Norfolk Southern, in addition to being a major airport hub now as well. Several highways and short line railroads also traverse the state.
Georgia's 2003 total gross state product was $320 billion. Its per capita personal income for 2003 put it 31st in the nation at $29,000. Georgia's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, peanuts, cattle, hogs, dairy products, and vegetables. Its industrial outputs are textiles and apparel, transportation equipment, food processing, paper products, chemical products, electric equipment, and tourism.
As of 2003, the population of Georgia was 8,684,715, making it the 10th most populous state. Its population has grown 34% (2.2 million) from its 1990 levels, making it one of the fastest-growing states in the country. More than half of the state's population lives in the Atlanta metro area.
Racially, Georgia is:
7.3% of its population were reported as under 5 years of age, 26.5% under 18, and 9.6% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 50.8% of the population.
Religiously, Georgia is overwhelmingly Protestant:
The three largest Protestant denominations in Georgia are: Baptist (51% of total state population), Methodist (12%), Presbyterian & Pentecostal & Episcopalian (tied 2%)
Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) operates nine major educational television stations across the state as Georgia Public Broadcasting Television. It also operates, in whole or in part, several radio stations as Georgia Public Radio (GPR). See also List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. state).
Georgia is also home to Ted Turner, who founded TBS, TNT, and CNN, among others. The CNN Center headquarters is located in Atlanta, GA.
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The CNN Center headquarters is located in Atlanta, GA. When adjusted for inflation (1999 dollars; comparable to Census data above), the median household income was $50,543. Georgia is also home to Ted Turner, who founded TBS, TNT, and CNN, among others. According to estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, the median household income of San Diego in 2004 was $56,438 (not adjusted for inflation). state). Out of the total population, 20.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. See also List of radio stations in Georgia (U.S. 14.6% of the population and 10.6% of families are below the poverty line. It also operates, in whole or in part, several radio stations as Georgia Public Radio (GPR). The per capita income for the city is $23,609. Georgia Public Broadcasting (GPB) operates nine major educational television stations across the state as Georgia Public Broadcasting Television. Males have a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The three largest Protestant denominations in Georgia are: Baptist (51% of total state population), Methodist (12%), Presbyterian & Pentecostal & Episcopalian (tied 2%). The median income for a household in the city is $45,733, and the median income for a family is $53,060. Religiously, Georgia is overwhelmingly Protestant:. For every 100 females there are 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 100.4 males. Females made up approximately 50.8% of the population. The median age is 32 years. 7.3% of its population were reported as under 5 years of age, 26.5% under 18, and 9.6% were 65 or older. In the city the population is spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who are 65 years of age or older. Racially, Georgia is:. The average household size is 2.61 and the average family size is 3.30. More than half of the state's population lives in the Atlanta metro area. 28.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 7.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Its population has grown 34% (2.2 million) from its 1990 levels, making it one of the fastest-growing states in the country. There are 450,691 households out of which 30.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% are married couples living together, 11.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% are non-families. As of 2003, the population of Georgia was 8,684,715, making it the 10th most populous state. 25.40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Its industrial outputs are textiles and apparel, transportation equipment, food processing, paper products, chemical products, electric equipment, and tourism. The racial makeup of the city is 60.18% White, 7.86% African American, 0.62% Native American, 13.65% Asian, 0.48% Pacific Islander, 12.39% from other races, and 4.83% from two or more races. Georgia's agricultural outputs are poultry and eggs, peanuts, cattle, hogs, dairy products, and vegetables. There are 469,689 housing units at an average density of 559.1/km² (1,448.1/mi²). Its per capita personal income for 2003 put it 31st in the nation at $29,000. The population density is 1,456.4/km² (3,771.9/mi²). Georgia's 2003 total gross state product was $320 billion. As of the census2 of 2000, there are 1,223,400 people, 450,691 households, and 271,315 families residing in the city. Several highways and short line railroads also traverse the state. Additionally, the numerous canyons that run through the city create natural boundaries and obstacles to development. Atlanta is still a major railroad hub for CSX and Norfolk Southern, in addition to being a major airport hub now as well. The city's borders are very irregularly shaped because of the absorption of many suburbs into the city limits. Georgia is also the largest state east of the Mississippi River, since West Virginia seceded from Virginia during the Civil War. 840.0 km² (324.3 mi²) of it is land and 123.5 km² (47.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 12.82% water. The state is an important producer of cotton, tobacco, and forest products, notably the so-called "naval stores" such as turpentine and rosin from the pine forests. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 963.6 km² (372.0 mi²). The capital is Atlanta, in the central part of northern Georgia, and the peach is a symbol of the state. San Diego is located at 32°46'46" North, 117°8'47" West (32.779541, -117.146344)1. The highest point in Georgia is Brasstown Bald, 4784 feet (1458 m); the lowest point is sea level. Almost every major freeway in the county crosses through the city, but all are important to the flow of goods and people into and out of the city. The central piedmont extends from the foothills to the fall line, where the rivers cascade down in elevation to the continental coastal plain of the southern part of the state. San Diego includes a comprehensive collection of freeways, highways, major arterial roads, and streets that forms circles around the interior and outlying areas in the county. The northern part of the state is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a mountain range in the mountain system of the Appalachians. However, these systems serve limited routes and schedules; the vast majority of transportation in San Diego is by private automobile. Georgia is bordered on the south by Florida, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, on the west by Alabama, and on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina. San Diego has trolley (LRT), bus [1] (http://www.sdcommute.com/Rider_Information/bus/), Coaster [2] (http://www.gonctd.com/), and Amtrak service. (See: list of Georgia counties.). San Diego is about two and a half hours south of Los Angeles and about half an hour north of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. There is no true metropolitan government in
Georgia, though the Atlanta Regional Commission and Georgia Regional Transportation Authority do provide some regional
services, and the ARC must approve all major land development
projects in metro Atlanta. Noted San Diego tourist attractions include: Counties participating in MARTA have another 1%, the city of Atlanta (in two counties) has the only city sales tax (1%, total 8%) for fixing its old sewers. San Diego has since become a center of the emerging biotech industry and is home to telecommunications giant Qualcomm. Each county may add up to a 2% SPLOST. Following the end of the Cold War the military presence has diminished considerably. Georgia has a modest income tax and a 4% state sales tax, which is not applied to groceries or prescription drugs. Since World War II, the military has played a leading role in the local economy. So far, only Columbus, Augusta, and Athens have done this. San Diego hosted two World's Fairs, the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 and the California Pacific International Exposition in 1935. Georgia does not provide for townships or independent cities, but does allow consolidated city-county governments by local referendum. Naval presence began in 1907 with the establishment of the Navy Coaling Station. Conversely, the city of Sandy Springs is one of the largest in the state (over 80,000), but is not legally so since it is not yet incorporated, although a referendum is planned for the summer of 2005. Significant U.S. Every incorporated town, no matter how small, is legally a city. San Diego was reincorporated as a city in 1886. Besides the counties, Georgia only defines cities as local units of government. In 1885, San Diego was linked to the rest of the nation by railroad. Georgia's Constitution provides all counties and cities with "home rule" authority, and so the county commissions have considerable power to pass legislation within their county as a municipality would. The village was designated the seat of the newly designated "San Diego County" and incorporated as a city. Counties in Georgia have their own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. However the population of the town shrank to little over a hundred persons, and by the late 1830s it lost its township until the province of Alta California became part of the United States of America in 1850 following the Mexican-American War. Declaration of Independence. Juan Maria Osuna was elected the first alcalde (or mayor), winning over Pio Pico in the 13 ballots cast. Gwinnett County was named after Button Gwinnett, one of the delegates from Georgia who signed the U.S. The mission was secularized in 1834 and 432 persons petitioned Governor José Figueroa to form a town, and Commandant Santiago Arguello endorsed it. Before 1932, there were 161, with Milton and Campbell being merged into Fulton at the end of 1931, during the Great Depression. The governor of Alta California and Baja California moved the capital to San Diego from Monterey. Georgia also has 159 counties, the most of any state except Texas (254). In 1821, Spain recognized Mexico's independence. House of Representatives. By 1797 the mission had become the largest in California, with over 1,400 natives associated with it. As of the 2001 reapportionment, the state has 13 congressmen and women in the U.S. Father Serra organized the rebuilding and two years later a more fire-proof adobe structure was started. senators are Saxby Chambliss (Republican) and Johnny Isakson (Republican). They killed the priest and two others, and burned the mission. At the federal level, Georgia's two U.S. Colonists began arriving in 1774, and the following year, 1775 the native people rebelled. Judges for the smaller courts are elected by the state's citizens who live within that court's jurisdiction to four-year terms. In 1769, Gaspar de Portolá and his expedition founded a presidio (or military post) and on Sunday July 16, Franciscan Fathers Junípero Serra, Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and blessed a cross, establishing the first mission in Upper California, Mission San Diego de Alcala. Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Appeals are elected statewide by the citizens in non-partisan elections to six-year terms. California was then part of the colony of New Spain. In addition, there are smaller courts which have more limited geographical jurisdiction, including State Courts, Superior Courts, Magistrate Courts and Probate Courts. The explorers camped near a Native American village called "Nipaguay" and celebrated Mass in honor of San (or Saint) Diego de Alcala (Saint Didacus of Alcalá). State Judicial authority rests with the state Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, which have statewide authority. The San Diego Bay and the area of present day San Diego were given their present names by Sebastian Vizcaino when he was mapping the coastline of Alta California for Spain in 1602. The state Constitution mandates a maximum of 56 Senators, elected from single-member districts, and a minimum of 180 Representatives, apportioned among representative districts (which sometimes results in more than one Representative per district); there are currently 56 Senators and 180 Representatives. The term of office for Senators and Representatives is two years. He named it San Miguel. The Lieutenant Governor presides over the Senate, while the House of Representatives selects their own Speaker. The first European to visit the region was Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, sailing for Spain, in 1542. Legislative authority resides in the General Assembly, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The area has long been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. (See: list of Georgia governors.). North Island is also known as the birthplace of Naval Aviation, (though Pensacola Naval Station makes a rival claim to being the "Cradle of Naval Aviation."). States, most of the executive officials who comprise the governor's cabinet are elected by the citizens of Georgia, rather than appointed by the governor. N.S. Unlike the federal government, but like many other U.S. Several Navy vessels have been named USS San Diego in honor of the city. Both the governor and lieutenant governor are elected to four-year terms of office. One of the United States Marine Corps' two Recruit Depots is located here. The Lieutenant Governor, currently Mark Taylor (Democrat), is elected on a separate ballot. It is the home port of the largest naval fleet in the world, including two Navy supercarriers, the USS Nimitz and the USS Ronald Reagan, five amphibs, several nuclear submarines, and numerous smaller ships. Executive authority in the state rests with the governor, currently Sonny Perdue (Republican). San Diego is the home of various military facilities including Navy ports, Marine bases, and Coast Guard stations. States and the federal government, Georgia's government is based on the separation of legislative, executive and judicial power. The city is the second largest in California and the seventh largest in the United States. As with all other U.S. As of 2005 the California Department of Finance estimates the city to have 1,305,736 residents. The state capital is Atlanta. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 1,223,400. For over 130 years, from 1872 to 2003, Georgians only elected Democratic governors, and Democrats held the majority of seats in the General Assembly. It is the county seat of San Diego County, California. The city is noted for its temperate climate and numerous beaches. Until recently, Georgia's state government had the longest unbroken record of single-party dominance of any state in the Union. San Diego is a city located in the southwestern corner of the state of California and the southwestern corner of the continental United States. The state's legislature also met at other temporary sites, including Macon, especially during the Civil War. San Diego City Schools. Georgia has had five "permanent" state capitals: colonial Savannah, which later alternated with Augusta; then for a decade at Louisville (pron. Lewis-ville), and from 1806 through the American Civil War at Milledgeville. University of San Diego, USD (Roman Catholic). state to approve a literature censorship board in the United States. University of California, San Diego, UCSD (University of California). On February 19, 1953 Georgia became the first U.S. Thomas Jefferson School of Law. On July 15, 1870, following Reconstruction, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union. San Diego Community College District, (San Diego City College, San Diego Mesa College, San Diego Miramar College). This event served as the historical background for the book and movie Gone With the Wind. San Diego State University, SDSU (California State University). In December 1864, a large swath of the state was destroyed during General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea. National University. On January 18, 1861 Georgia joined the Confederacy and became a major theater of the American Civil War. Point Loma Nazarene University, PLNU (Nazarene). This day is now known as Georgia Day, which is not a public holiday, but is mainly observed in schools and by some local civic groups. California Western School of Law. Massive British settlement began in the early 1730s with James Oglethorpe, an Englishman in the British parliament, who promoted the idea that the area be used to settle people in a debtors' prison. On February 12, 1733, the first settlers landed in the HMS Anne at what was to become the city of Savannah. Alliant International University, AIU (Formerly United States International University-USIU). In 1724, it was first suggested that what was by then a British colony be called Province of Georgia in honor of King George II. Soledad Veteran's Memorial, future National Historic Landmark. The conflict between Spain and Britain over control of Georgia began in earnest in about 1670, when the British, moving south from their Carolina colony in present-day South Carolina met the Spanish moving north from their base in Florida. Mt. The local moundbuilder culture, described by Hernando de Soto in 1540, had completely disappeared by 1560. USS Midway (CV-41), aircraft carrier museum. Early on, a number of Spanish explorers visited the inland region of Georgia, leaving a trail of destruction behind them. Seaport Village. Main article: History of Georgia. Berkeley, ferry boat. Navy ships have been named USS Georgia in honor of this state. Star of India, barque sailing ship. Several U.S. San Diego Presidio. The state tree is the Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), the state bird is the brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), and the state flower is the cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata). Old Mission Dam in Mission Trails Regional Park. Ray Charles sang it on the legislative floor when the bill passed. Mission San Diego de Alcala. The state song, Georgia on My Mind by Hoagy Carmichael was originally written about a woman of that name, but after Georgia native Ray Charles sang it, the state legislature voted it the state song. Mission Beach Roller Coaster at Belmont Park. Georgia is also known as the Peach State or Empire State of the South . Little Italy (see also Little Italy). Georgia is one of the fastest growing states in the nation, with an estimated 8,829,383 people in 2004. La Casa de Estudillo. Georgia's population in 2000 was 8,186,453 (U.S. Census). Balboa Park. It was the thirteenth colony and became the fourth state, ratifying the United States Constitution on January 2, 1788. Qualcomm Stadium. Georgia was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. Petco Park. postal abbreviation is GA. Gaslamp Quarter. Georgia is a southern state of the United States and its U.S. Torrey Pines State Reserve. Non-Religious 5%. Torrey Pines Golf Course. Other Religions 1%. SeaWorld. Other Christian 1%. Old Town. Roman Catholic 6%. Mission Bay Park. Protestant 84%. San Diego Wild Animal Park. 1.4% Mixed race. San Diego Zoo. 0.3% American Indian. 2.1% Asian. 5.3% Hispanic. 28.7% Black. 62.6% White non-Hispanic. Interstate 285 (the Perimeter around Atlanta). Interstate 95. Interstate 85, Interstate 185, Interstate 985. Interstate 75, Interstate 475, Interstate 575. Interstate 59, Interstate 24. Interstate 20, Interstate 520. Interstate 16, Interstate 516. |