FruitIt has been suggested that this article or section be merged with List of fruits. (Discuss)In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds. Evolution has led plants to adopt certain basic mechanisms, seemingly without close regard to the tissues involved. No one terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. Botanical terminology for fruits is inexact and will remain so. In cuisine, when discussing fruit as food, the term usually refers to just those plant fruits that are sweet and fleshy, examples of which include plum, apple and orange. However, a great many common vegetables, as well as nuts and grains, are the fruit of the plant species they come from. The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. Such fruits are seedless. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning essentially "without fruit". Botanic fruits and culinary fruitsVenn diagram representing the relationship between fruits and vegetablesMany foods are botanically fruits, but are treated as vegetables in cooking. These include cucurbits (e.g., squash and pumpkin), maize, tomato, cucumber, aubergine (eggplant), and sweet pepper, along with nuts, and some spices, such as allspice, nutmeg and chiles. Rarely, culinary "fruits" are not fruits in the botanical sense. For example, rhubarb may be considered a fruit, though only the astringent stalk or petiole is edible. In the commercial world, European Union rules define carrot as a fruit for the purposes of measuring the proportion of "fruit" contained in carrot jam. Fruit developmentAfter an ovule is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to expand. The petals of the flower fall off and the ovule develops into a seed. The ovary eventually comes to form, along with other parts of the flower in many cases, a structure surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. With some multiseeded fruits the extent of development of the flesh of the fruit is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms. Fruits are so varied in form and development, that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. It will also be seen that many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovularies or carpels that contain the seeds. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is a type of fruit and not another term for seed. There are three basic types of fruits:
Simple fruitSimple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds). Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:
Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:
Aggregate fruitA dewberry flower. Note the multiple pistils, each of which will produce a druplet. The result will be a blackberry-like aggregate fruit.An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils. An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongate and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils. Multiple fruitA multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. In some plants, such as this noni, flowers are produced regularly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripeningIn the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp. Seedless FruitsSeedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are seedless. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization. Seed disseminationVariations in fruit structures largely relate to dissemination (called dispersal) of the seeds they contain. Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent. UsesMany fruits, including fleshy fruits like apples and mangos, and nuts like walnut, are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and made into jams, marmalade and other preserves for future consumption. Fruits are also found commonly in such manufactured foods as cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. ReferencesThis article or section does not cite its references or sources.You can help Wikipedia by including appropriate citations. This page about Fruit includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Fruit News stories about Fruit External links for Fruit Videos for Fruit Wikis about Fruit Discussion Groups about Fruit Blogs about Fruit Images of Fruit |
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Fruits are also found commonly in such manufactured foods as cookies, muffins, yoghurt, ice cream, cakes, and many more. The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "G" and "g" for upper and lower case respectively. Many fruits, including fleshy fruits like apples and mangos, and nuts like walnut, are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and made into jams, marmalade and other preserves for future consumption. The EBCDIC code for capital G is 199 and for lowercase g is 135. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent. The ASCII code for capital G is 71 and for lowercase g is 103; or in binary 01000111 and 01100111, correspondingly. Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades. In Unicode the capital G is codepoint U+0047 and the lowercase g is U+0067. Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals or to stick to the hairs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. The rest of Spanish speakers did not follow him, but his works, and the translations of Rabindranath Tagore made by Jiménez's wife Zenobia Camprubí, are published in his spelling. Variations in fruit structures largely relate to dissemination (called dispersal) of the seeds they contain. The Spanish poet Juan Ramón Jiménez proposed to simplify the Spanish spelling by using just the versions with j. Seedlessness in table grapes results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy which requires normal pollination and fertilization. In Spanish, G before I or E is pronounced as the same as J. Most seedless citrus fruits require a pollination stimulus; bananas and pineapples do not. In Italian, GH is used to force a /g/ value before E and I where G would take a soft value, and GN is used for /ɲ/ (rather like English NY in canyon). Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination. GN, with value /n/, is also common, as in sign. In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy, where fruits set without fertilization. It now has a great variety of values, including /f/ in enough, /g/ in loan words like spaghetti, and silence in words like eight and night. Some cultivars of citrus fruits (especially navel oranges and mandarin oranges), table grapes, grapefruit, and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness. GH originally represented the letter yogh which English adopted from Old Irish, and took various values including /g/, /ɣ/, /x/, and /j/. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are seedless. Several digraphs are common in English. Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. The general rule is that soft G is pronounced the same as the J of the same language. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp. Most non-Romance languages pronounce G as /g/ regardless of position (however the Dutch language does not have a /g/ sound in its native words, and instead G is pronounced /ɣ/, a sound that does not occur in English) while in Romance languages the soft value varies, such as /ʒ/ in French, Catalan, and Portuguese, /ʤ/ in Italian, and /x/ in Spanish. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. Generally, G is soft before E, I, and Y, and hard otherwise, but there are many English words of non-Romance origin where G is hard regardless of position, and two (gaol and margarine) in which it is soft even before an A. In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be observed on a single branch. In some words of French origin, as in French generally, the "soft G" is pronounced as IPA /ʒ/, as in rouge, beige, and genre. Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit. In English, the letter can be pronounced as a "soft G" (IPA /dʒ/), as in: giant, ginger, geology, or as a "hard G" (IPA /g/), as in: goose, gargoyle, game. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. The 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommends using for advanced voiced velar plosives and for regular ones where the two are contrasted, but this suggestion was never accepted by phoneticians in general, and today is the symbol used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, with acknowledged as an acceptable variant. A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers (called an inflorescence). Generally, the two minuscule forms are interchangeable, but occasionally the difference has been exploited to make a contrast. In all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils. The looptail version became popular when printing switched to "Roman type" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper loop. In some bramble fruits (such as blackberry) the receptacle is elongate and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit. The looptail form developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a loop. An example is the raspberry, whose simple fruits are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. The opentail version derives from the majuscule (capital) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from a C to the top of the loop, thereby closing the loop, and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. An aggregate fruit, or etaerio, develops from a flower with numerous simple pistils. The modern minuscule (lower-case) G has two basic shapes: the "opentail G" and the "looptail G" . Types of fleshy, simple fruits (with examples) are:. As the sound /k/ did, /g/ also developed palatal and velar allophones which is why today, G has different sound values in all Romance languages, as well as English (due to French influence). Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp (fruit wall) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits. The recorded inventor of the letter G is Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who taught around 230 BC:. Types of dry, simple fruits (with examples) are:. The letter G was created by the Romans because they felt that C was not an adequate letter to represent both /k/ and /g/. Dry fruits may be either dehiscent (opening to discharge seeds), or indehiscent (not opening to discharge seeds). . Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary with only one pistil. Its name in English is gee (IPA [ʤi:]). There are three basic types of fruits:. G is the seventh letter in the Roman alphabet. To these two basic definitions can be added the clarification that in botanical terminology, a nut is a type of fruit and not another term for seed. G is an abbreviated nickname of Andrew G. Seeds are ripened ovules; fruits are the ripened ovularies or carpels that contain the seeds. In economics, G is usually used to represent government spending or government expenditure. It will also be seen that many common terms for seeds and fruit are incorrectly applied, a fact that complicates understanding of the terminology. In television, G is the TV Rating that stands for General, meaning the program is appropriate for everyone. Fruits are so varied in form and development, that it is difficult to devise a classification scheme that includes all known fruits. In sexology, the G-spot is also a part of the vagina that allegedly causes an orgasm when stimulated. Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit, it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms. In radiocommunication, G is one of the ITU prefixes allocated to the United Kingdom. When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit, it is called an accessory fruit. In psychometrics, g (always in lowercase) is the symbol for general intelligence. In some fruits, especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary, other parts of the flower (such as the floral tube, including the petals, sepals, and stamens), fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. In the United Kingdom, G stands for Glasgow. The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp (outer layer - also called epicarp), mesocarp (middle layer), and endocarp (inner layer). In Canada, G stands for the eastern part of Quebec. The wall of the fruit, developed from the ovary wall of the flower, is called the pericarp. As the first letter of a postal code,
With some multiseeded fruits the extent of development of the flesh of the fruit is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. g (always in lowercase) is the unit of acceleration due to gravity. Fruit development continues until the seeds have matured. G is the gravitational constant. The ovary eventually comes to form, along with other parts of the flower in many cases, a structure surrounding the seed or seeds that is the fruit. In physics,
After an ovule is fertilized in a process known as pollination, the ovary begins to expand. capital G is also the symbol for the unit of magnetic induction, the gauss. In the commercial world, European Union rules define carrot as a fruit for the purposes of measuring the proportion of "fruit" contained in carrot jam. In the CGS system,
These include cucurbits (e.g., squash and pumpkin), maize, tomato, cucumber, aubergine (eggplant), and sweet pepper, along with nuts, and some spices, such as allspice, nutmeg and chiles. In the SI system,
Such fruits are seedless. In finance, G is the New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol for The Gillette Company. In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. An American film, also called G, was released as an independent film in 2002; it was released to movie theaters in 2005. With most fruits pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and the lack of knowledge of pollinators and pollenizers can contribute to poor crops or poor quality crops. G is also the name of a British film from 1974. Some gymnosperms, such as yew, have fleshy arils that resemble fruits and some junipers have berry-like, fleshy cones. G is a rating given by the Motion Picture Association of America, meaning the film is suitable for all ("general") audiences. The term false fruit (pseudocarp, accessory fruit) is sometimes applied to a fruit like the fig (a multiple-accessory fruit; see below) or to a plant structure that resembles a fruit but is not derived from a flower or flowers. In film,
No one terminology really fits the enormous variety that is found among plant fruits. In electrical engineering, G is often used as the name of the variable for conductance. Evolution has led plants to adopt certain basic mechanisms, seemingly without close regard to the tissues involved. G as an SI prefix in the Metric system, given below). Fruits are the means by which flowering plants disseminate seeds. In computing, G is a binary prefix for giga, meaning 230 = 1,073,741,824 (cf. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues. 'G' is the class of gnomes and 'g' is a gremlin in the Roguelike game NetHack. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. G is the name of a currency in some computer role-playing games, meaning gold.
Stone fruit drupe (plum, cherry, peach, olive). In programming languages,
schizocarp - (carrot). In biochemistry,
legume - (pea, bean, peanut). follicle - (milkweed). fibrous drupe - (coconut, walnut). caryopsis - (wheat). capsule - (Brazil nut). achene - (buttercup). Multiple fruit. Aggregate fruit. Simple fruit. |