Fly

For more information, see Maggot therapy. There are many other stories with girls as protagonists in the Shōjo style of manga, which is targeted to girls as an audience. Through the ages maggots have been used in medicine in order to clean out necrotic wounds. Most of the animated films of Hayao Miyazaki feature a young girl as the hero, as in Majo no takkyūbin (Kiki's Delivery Service). Maggots are bred commercially, as a popular bait in angling, and a food for carnivourous pets such as reptiles or birds. In Japanese manga and anime, girls are often protagonists. Some maggots are leaf miners. Franco-Belgian comics with girls in a central role include Isabelle (by Will) and Sophie (by Jidéhem).

Various maggots cause damage in agricultural crop production, including root maggots in rapeseed and midge maggots in wheat. The most famous Flemish comic strip is Spike and Suzy (Suske and Wiske), about the adventures of a boy and a girl (each about 10 years old); it was translated from Flemish into French and English. By use of this data, plus other signs, the approximate time since death can be estimated by forensic scientists. In the Peanuts series (by Charles Schulz), girl characters include Peppermint Patty, Lucy van Pelt, and Sally Brown. These measure about 2-3 days, 3-4 days, and 4-6 days (for average houseflies or bottleflies) since the eggs were laid. In superhero comic books, an early girl character was Etta Candy, one of Wonder Woman's sidekicks. An instar I is about 2-5 mm long; instar II 6-14 mm; instar III 15-20 mm. There have been many American comic books and comic strips featuring a girl as the main character, such as Little Lulu, Little Orphan Annie, Girl Genius, and Amelia Rules.

Maggot identification uses a classification called "Instar" stages. Books which have both boy and girl protagonists tend to focus on the boys, but important girl characters appear in Knight's Castle, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Book of Three, and the Harry Potter series (by Book 6, Harry Potter's social circle includes 1 boy and 2 girls, although newcomer Ginny still isn't let into secrets like Ron and Hermione are). At the height of the summer season, a generation of flies (egg to adult) may be produced in 12-14 days. Children's books about girls include Little House on the Prairie, Eloise, Pippi Longstocking, Dragonsong, and A Wrinkle in Time. The size of the house fly maggot is 9.5-19.1mm (3/8 to 3/4 inch). European fairy tales include some memorable stories about girls, including Goldilocks and the Three Bears; Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Match Girl, The Little Mermaid, and The Princess and the Pea; the Brothers Grimm's Little Red Riding Hood; and others. By their stage of development, these maggots can be used to give an indication of the time elapsed since death, as well as the place the organism died. Most early children's stories focused on boys, with the notable exception of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll, whose photographs of little girls are part of the history of photographic art.
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Some types of maggots found on corpses can be of great use to forensic scientists. Other novels include Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, which has a young girl as protagonist; and Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita, about a girl subjected to sexual abuse. The eggs are laid in decaying flesh, animal dung, or pools of stagnant water - whatever has ample food for the larva. Examples include Jane Eyre, who suffers ill treatment; and Natasha in War and Peace, who is sentimentalized. The fly life cycle is composed of four stages: egg, larva (commonly known as a maggot), pupa, adult. Many novels begin with the childhood of their heroine. . As in art, portrayals of girls in literature can reflect the social norms of the time at which they were written.

Some flies have very accurate 3D vision. Only Sappho's poetry includes love poems addressed to girls. The compound eyes of flies are composed of thousands of individual lenses and are very sensitive to movement. Ancient Greek classical art and literature paid scant attention to female children, though there are many poems about boys. Flies rely heavily on sight for survival. Egyptian murals included sympathetic portraits of young girls of royal descent. The larva of a fly is commonly called a maggot. Portrayals of girls may reflect their standing in the artists' culture, and a brief overview of different views of girls in different art periods gives a sense of girls' roles in societies around the world and at different points in time.

Other flies, such as the horse-fly (Family Tabanidae), can inflict painful bites. The slang word "gal", as in "Buffalo gals won't you come out tonight", is a variant pronunciation of girl. The house-fly (Musca domestica) and mosquito are particularly common amongst humans. The word girl has many synonyms, including "belle", "chick", "doll", "gal", "lass" or "lassie", "maiden", and "miss". Flies are common amongst humans and some can cause the spread of serious diseases. While outsiders might use "girl" or "girly" as a pejorative to refer to a gay male, within the gay community it is used as a term of endearment. These typically have one pair of true wings, with the hind wings modified into halteres. Calling a male a girl often serves as a provocation to fight (see fighting words).

As defined by entomologists, a fly (plural flies) is any species of insect of the order Diptera. The more insulting "girly-boy", which originated in 1589 as "girle-boy", is used to indicate a weak or "sissy" male. alder fly, Dobson fly, and fish fly: Megaloptera. Using the word "girl" to refer to a male is usually meant as insulting, such as "You throw like a girl". scorpionfly and hangingfly: Mecoptera. The term "young woman" is sometimes used in the period between childhood and full adulthood. sawfly: Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae. In modern usage, "girl" is properly restricted to mean a human female who has not reached adulthood, and some would restrict the usage to prepubescent girls.

mayfly: Ephemeroptera. There is a parallel objection to use of the word "boy" to describe a male over the age of puberty. stonefly: Plecoptera. With the rise of feminism, the use of "girl" applied to any adult female became offensive to many, especially given the fact that the word was so often used to indicate low social status, low morals, weakness, or homosexuality. butterfly: Lepidoptera. But social shifts generally permit only the female gender group themselves to use such terminology without giving offence. dragonfly and damselfly: Odonata. Adult women will sometimes refer to themselves as "girls", as in "We're having a girls' night out" or "It's a girl thing".

caddis fly: Trichoptera. A woman of a certain age might be called a girl to suggest that she looked younger than she was, or a group of women might speak of themselves as "us girls", though all were well over the age of maidenhood. firefly: Coleoptera:Lampyridae. In America today, the word "girl" is often used as an intended compliment or used humorously. In England, the word "girl" was also used as a euphemism for "prostitute", as for example by Richard Steele in The Spectator. In England, a "girl" was often a serving girl, while in America a "girl" was often a sweetheart or "girlfriend", for example, in the lyrics of the popular song "The Girl I Left Behind Me".

By the 1700s, there was a difference in some uses of the word between England and the Americas. Note the parallel shift in the meaning of the word "maid". In 1668, in his Diary, Samuel Pepys uses the word to mean a female servant of any age: "girl" = "serving girl". Within little more than a century, however, the word began to take on implications of social class.

There are manuscripts dating from 1530 in which the word "girl" is used to mean "maiden" (also originally applied to both genders), or any unmarried human female. Like many other words that originally were not gender specific, "girl" gradually came to be used primarily and then exclusively for one gender. A male child was called a "Knave girl"; a female child was called a "gay girl". While there is no general agreement about the etymology of "girl", it is found in manuscripts dating from 1290 with the meaning "a child" (of either gender).

The Anglo-Saxon word gyrela = "ornament" may have given rise to the modern pronunciation of "girl", if the change in meaning can be explained. The word "girl" first appears during the Middle Ages. Relatively few girls become engineers, though in the USA, more do become doctors. However, their choices afterwards in postsecondary school are often very different and lead them to less socially recognized professions.

Several studies, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment of the OECD, have shown that, in developed countries, girls usually obtain better scores than boys do in secondary schools in Literature and Language, boys on the other hand tend to score higher in mathematics. This conflict is often called nature versus nurture. Some feminists deny this, but many feminists agree that both biology and upbringing have an influence on gender roles, with the question being the relative importance of each. The biological viewpoint of gender roles is not that all gender distinctions result from biology, but rather that biology has an influence.

Due to the influence of (among others) Simone de Beauvoir's feminist works and Michel Foucault's reflections on sexuality, the idea that gender was unrelated to sex gained ground during the 1980s, especially in sociology and cultural anthropology. On the other hand, feminists have argued that gender roles are the result of stereotypes and socialization rather than any innate biological differences. Simon Baron-Cohen, a Cambridge University professor of psychology and psychiatry, argues that "the female brain is predominantly hard-wired for empathy, while the male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems.". For example, the need to take care of offspring may have limited the females' freedom to hunt and to assume positions of power.

The idea that differences in gender roles originate in differences in biology originates from 19th-century anthropology; more recently, sociobiology and evolutionary psychology have turned to this problem to explain those differences by treating them as evolutionary adaptations to a lifestyle of Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies. The reasons for this perceived difference in the behavior of girls and boys are a controversial topic in both public debate and the sciences. Girls, as a group, may be perceived as being more docile than boys, and as being less capable of rational decision making and more governed by emotional responses. Sometimes boys are presumed to be more responsible than girls, except in the cases of caring for younger children, which is sometimes thought to be instinctual in girls.

Girls are less often encouraged to pursue sports, with the exception of those that might be considered "feminine," such as figure skating or gymnastics; or those considered "gender-neutral," such as tennis.^[1] They may be prevented from participating in many of the same activities that boys participate in at the same age, as a matter of protecting them from perceived outside dangers, such as boys and men, or anything that may cause physical injury. Girls have traditionally been associated with playing with dolls and toy cooking and cleaning equipment, while boys have been associated with toys and games that require more physical activity or simulated violence, such as toy trucks, balls, and toy guns. In almost all cultures, girls have been socialized into gender roles. This disparity is targeted to end under the Millennium Development Goals and has closed substantially since 1990.^ .

65%). 74% for boys) or secondary education (59% vs. Although the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights specifies that "primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all", girls are slightly less likely to be enrolled as students in primary (70% enrollment vs. From birth, girls are a slight minority due to both natural factors (the human sex ratio has been observed since the 1700s as approximately 1,050 boys for every 1,000 girls) and due to sex selection on the part of parents.

UNICEF, 2004) aged 18 or under in the world, for a total of more than one billion living girls. There are 2.18 billion people (est. . Images of girls in art, literature, and popular culture often demonstrate assumptions about gender roles.

An ongoing debate about the influences of nature versus nurture in shaping the behavior of girls and boys raises questions about whether the roles played by girls are the result of inborn differences or socialization. Historically, girls faced discrimination and limitations on the roles they were expected to play in their societies, and the United Nations targeted discrimination in schooling to end by 2010. Usage in the sense of (romantic) "sweetheart" arose in the 17th century. Subsequently, it was extended to refer also to mature but unmarried young women since the 1530s.

During the 14th century its sense was narrowed to specifically female children. The English word from 1290 designated a child of either sex. The age at which a female person transitions from girl to woman varies in different societies, typically the transition from adolescence to maturity is taken to occur in the late teens. A girl is a young female human, as opposed to a boy, a young male human.