Vitreous enamel

This is a commonly used, yet fanciful term, implying that an ordinary latex or oil-based paint has the same properties as true, fired enamel.
. Some paints are called "enamel paints". Look for another complete redesign for 2007, along with the introduction of a new gas 6.4L twin-trubo V8 Powerstroke Diesel engine, manufactured by International/Navistar. This produces tiny specks of both colours; although the eye can be tricked by grinding colors together to an extremely fine, flour-like, powder. The Powerstroke Diesel was also modified, boosting torque from 560ft/lb to 570ft/lb, but horsepower stayed at 325. Different enamel colours cannot be mixed to make a new colour, in the manner of paint. The engines were also upgraded, with the new 3 valve 5.4L V8 and 6.8L V10 putting out 300 and 362 horsepower, respectively.

Enamel can be either transparent, opaque or opalescent (translucent), which is a variety that gains a milky opacity the longer it is fired. These included a new grille, new interior, and factory installed trailer brake controller and uplitter switches. The last creates delicate shades ranging from pure violet through wine-red and warm gray. For 2005 the "Super Duty" model was redesigned. Color in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often metal oxides cobalt, praseodymium, iron, or neodymium. The F-150 will have a new Harley-Davidson trim line in 2006 with an available all-wheel drive, while the Super Duty will have an available Amarillo package or the Chrome Package for the Lariat. Some techniques of enameling:. Additionally, over 912,000 F-150s were sold in 2004, giving it a single-year sales record.

According to some sources, the word enamel comes from the High German word smelzan (to smelt) via the Old French esmail. It also beat the three-time winning Chevrolet Silverado for Car and Driver magazine's Best Pickup Truck for 2004 and 2005. Enameling was a favorite technique of the Art Nouveau jewellers. The new F-150 won the North American Truck of the Year award and was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 2004. The bright, jewel-like colors have also made enamel a favored choice for designers of jewelry and bibelots, such as ancient beads, the fantastic eggs of Peter Carl Fabergé, enameled copper boxes of Battersea enamellers, and artists such as George Stubbs and other painters of portrait miniatures. The previous F-150 was continued in production until the summer of 2004 as the Heritage model. Other practitioners include the ancient Greeks, Celts, Russians, and the Chinese. Work-oriented versions with an available 4.2 L Triton V6 and manual transmission will debut for 2005.

The ancient Egyptians applied enamels to pottery and stone objects. Initially, only Ford's 4.6 L Triton and new 3-valve 5.4 L 3V Triton V8 engines and automatic transmissions were offered on the new luxurious trucks. Enamelling is an old and widely-adopted technology. In 2004, Ford redesigned the F-Series using the new P2 platform. The durability of enamel has given it many functional applications, including: early 20th century advertising signs, interior walls of ovens, speckleware cooking pots, exterior walls of high quality kitchen appliances, cast iron bathtubs, storage silos on farms and process equipment such as chemical reactors and tanks for the chemical and pharmaceutical process industries. Engines:. Disadvantages are its tendency to crack or shatter when the substrate is stressed or bent. 1997 also marked introduction of Ford's modular Single Overhead cam (SOHC) engines into F-150.

Vitreous enamel has many excellent properties: it is smooth, hard, chemically resistant, durable, can take on long-lasting, brilliant colors, and cannot burn. The F-150 was Motor Trend magazine's Truck of the Year for 1997. Also, an "enamel" is a decorative object, usually very small, having an enamel coating, such as a piece of champlevé or cloisonné. Ford's sales dropped, however, for the final years of this generation as the redesigned Dodge trucks were released. Vitreous enamel can be applied to most metals. Sales of the F-150 surged in the tenth generation to 750,000 to over 900,000 in 2001 as the General Motors and Dodge products lagged. It is often applied in a paste form and may be transparent or opaque when fired. The super-duty F-250 and F-350 were retained on the old chassis until 1999.

The powder melts and flows to harden as a smooth, durable vitreous coating on metal, glass or ceramic. In 2001 the SuperCrew cab was introduced. In a discussion of art technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel, or porcelain enamel in American English) is the colorful result of fusion of powdered glass to a substrate through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius. A new Lightning was introduced in 1999, and Harley-Davidson and King Ranch versions were also created. Counter enameling, not strictly a technique, but a necessary step in many techniques, is to apply enamel to the back of a piece as well - sandwiching the metal - to create less tension on the glass so it does not crack. A wide variety of body options were available: regular cab and SuperCab, standard or flareside boxes, and short and long beds. Sgrafitto, where an unfired layer of enamel is applied over a previously fired layer of enamel of a contrasting color, and then partly removed with a tool to create the design. With the arrival of the Super Duty, this F-250 "light duty" was offered as the "7700" package for the F-150 (noted on the tailgate emblem).

The stencil is removed before firing, the enamel staying in a pattern, slightly raised. The "Super Duty" F series did not yet exist, so an F-250 was offered which was an F-150 with heavier duty axles and suspension, along with odd 7 lug wheels. Stenciling, where a stencil is placed over the work and the powdered enamel is sifted over the top. Ford took the aero styling to its conclusion for 1997 with an extremely round nose on the new F-series. A 3D type of enameling where a sculptural form is completely or partly enameled. Engines:. Ronde bosse, French for "round bump". 500,000 F-Series trucks were sold in 1992, but this rose to nearly 800,000 by 1996, and the Ford had overtaken the combined Chevrolet and GMC pickup sales for the first time in a decade.

It has a stained-glass like appearance. Ford trailed rival General Motors trucks for much of the ninth generation, though sales steadily rose each year. Plique-à-jour, French for "braid letting in daylight" where the enamel is applied in cells, similar to champlevé, but with no backing, so light can shine through the transparent or translucent enamel. Following the lead of the Explorer, an Eddie Bauer trim line was added for 1995. It is a form of Grisaille. A CD player option was new for 1994, as was a driver's-side airbag and "CHMSL" third brake light. Limoges, named after the town in France where it was invented, is the technique of "painting" with an especial enamel called "blanc de limoges" over a dark enamelled surface to form a detailed picture, often human figure. The Lightning appeared in 1993.

Grisaille, French term meaning "greying", where dark, often blue or black background is applied, then limoges or opalescent (translucent) enamel is applied on top, building up designs in a monochrome gradient, paler as the thickness of the layer of light color increases. The 1992 truck was much more rounded and aerodynamic-looking, and the flareside returned until 1996. Cloisonné, French for "cell", where thin copper, silver or gold wires form walls which separate different areas. Engines:. Champlevé, French for "raised field", where enamel is fired around raised fields of metal, leaving the metal exposed. The 5.0 L truck also had an optional "Touch Drive" electronic transfer case. The surface of the metal is decorated with a low relief design which can be seen through translucent and transparent enamels. Four wheel drive improvements included the addition of automatic locking hubs for the F-150 in 1989, and for the rest in 1991.

Basse-taille, from the French word meaning "low-cut". 1988 also saw the replacement of the 6.9L diesel with a 7.3L International Harvester IDI diesel. For 1987 the 4.9L had standard fuel injection; for 1988, the 5.8L and 7.5L also gained fuel injection, with 1988 being the first year no carbureted engines were offered. The manual transmission was revised with five speeds in 1988, and the flareside box was dropped. Rear antilock brakes were now standard, the first truck to boast this.

The design was more streamlined, and maintenance items were made simpler. The 1987 refresh was evolutionary. Engines:. In 1986 this became the only 5.0L offered.

In 1985 fuel injection became optional in the 5.0L. The base model was renamed to the now-familiar F-150 for 1984. The big-block V8 was dropped for 1980, but added again in 1983 along with a Diesel option. Trim options were now XL, XLT, and XLT Lariat.

The Ranger trim line was dropped in 1982, since that name was to be applied to the new Ford Ranger compact pickup. The new truck had a squarer look, with sharp lines and flat panels. The next major redesign came in 1980. Engines:.

That same year, the F-series became the best-selling vehicle in America, a position it has continued to hold since. A luxury Lariat trim was introduced for 1978. Other changes included the introduction of the Twin I-Beam suspension, a name that is still used, and the 1974 introduction of the extended super cab version. The truck was redesigned in 1973 with an automatic transmission option.

Engines:. The fifth generation F-series is also locally produced in Brazil. The top trim for 1970 was named Ranger XLT. A 4-door crew cab version was introduced in 1969, still a popular option.

The front leaf springs were replaced by coil springs in F-100s in 1968 along with a powertrain refresh. Another refresh came in 1967 along with a now-familiar name: the upscale Ranger trim line. Engines:. Power was over 200 hp with the 1965 refresh of the powertrain.

The truck was completely redesigned for 1961 with a wider look, and styleside trucks got an integrated cab and box. Engines:. Four wheel drive, now a common feature, was a new addition to the truck in 1959. In the back, the traditional separate-fender body was now called flareside, while a new smooth-sided look was styleside.

The truck was restyled again in 1957 with the hood now merging with the fenders. Engines:. Interior amenities were new, including a dome light, lighter, arm rests, and sun visors. The pickups also acquired their familiar names: F-100, F-250, and the heavy-duty F-350.

The F-series was redesigned for 1953 with a more integrated look. Engines:. The F-series was available as three models:. It was a modern-looking truck with a one-piece windshield and integrated headlights.

The first F-series truck from Ford was introduced in 1948, replacing the company's previous car-based pickup line. . Analysts estimate that the F-Series alone makes up half of the Ford Motor Company's profits in recent years. It has been the best-selling vehicle in the world for 23 years and the best-selling truck in the United States (and possibly the world) for 28 years.

The most popular variant of the F-Series is the F-150. The F-Series is a series of full-size pickup trucks from Ford Motor Company sold for over 5 decades. URL accessed on November 8, 2004.. Edmunds.com.

A Ford F-Series History. 1999-2003 - 7.3 L Power Stroke turbo-Diesel V8, 235 hp/500 ft.lbf (Super Duty). 1999-2003 - 6.8 L Triton V10, 275 hp/410 ft.lbf (Super Duty). 1999-2004 - 5.4 L supercharged Triton V8, 340 hp (02-03 Harley-Davidson).

2001-2004 - 5.4 L supercharged Triton V8, 380 hp (01-04 Lightning). 1999-2000 - 5.4 L supercharged Triton V8, 360 hp (99-00 Lightning). 1999-2003 - 5.4 L Triton V8, 260 hp/350 ft.lbf. 1997-1998 - 5.4 L Triton V8, 235 hp/330 ft.lbf.

1999-2003 - 4.6 L Triton V8, 231 hp/293 ft.lbf. 1997-1998 - 4.6 L Triton V8, 220 hp/280 ft.lbf. 1997-2003 - 4.2 L Essex V6, 202 hp/252 ft.lbf. 1995-1996 - 7.3 L Power Stroke turbo-Diesel V8, 210 hp/425 ft.lbf.

1993-1995 - 5.8 L Windsor V8, FI, 240 hp Lightning. 1992-1996 - 5.8 L Windsor V8, FI, 210 hp. 1992-1996 - 5.0 L Windsor V8, FI, 185 hp. 1992-1996 - 7.3 L Turbo IDI Diesel V8, 190 hp/395 ft.lbf.

1992-1996 - 7.3 L IDI Diesel V8, 185 hp/360 ft.lbf. 1992-1996 - 7.5 L 385 V8, FI, 240 hp. 1992-1996 - 4.9 L straight-6, FI, 150 hp. 1988-1991 - Windsor 5.8 L V8, FI, 210 hp.

1987-1991 - Windsor 5.0 L V8, FI, 185 hp. 1988-1991 - 7.3 L International Harvester IDI Diesel V8, 180 hp. 1988-1991 - 385 7.5 L V8, FI, 230 hp. 1987 - 7.5 L 385 V8, 245 hp (183 kW).

1987 - 6.9 L Diesel V8, 170 hp (127 kW). 1987 - Windsor 5.8 L V8. 1987-1991 - 4.9 L straight-6, FI, 150 hp (112 kW). 1983-1986 - 6.9 L Diesel V8, 170 hp (127 kW).

1983-1986 - 7.5 L 385 V8, 245 hp (183 kW). 1980-1982 - 400 in³ (6.6 L) Cleveland V8. 1983-1986 - Windsor 5.8 L V8. 1980-1982 - 351 in³ (5.8 L) Cleveland V8.

1985-1986 - Windsor 5.0 L V8, FI, 185 hp. 1980-1985 - 302 in³ (4.9 L) Windsor V8. 1980-1986 - 300 in³ (4.9 L) straight-6. 1978-1979 - 300 in³ (4.9 L) straight-6, 114 hp (85 kW).

1977-1979 - 400 in³ (6.6 L) Cleveland V8, 169 hp (126 kW). 1977-1979 - 351 in³ (5.8 L) Cleveland V8, 163 hp (122 kW). 1973-1979 - 460 in³ (7.5 L) 385 V8. 1973-1977 - 302 in³ (4.9 L) Windsor V8.

1973-1977 - 390 in³ (6.4 L) FE V8. 1973-1976 - 360 in³ (5.9 L) FE V8. 1973-1977 - 352 in³ (5.8 L) FE V8. 1973-1977 - 300 in³ (4.9 L) straight-6.

1973-1977 - 240 in³ (3.9 L) straight-6. 1970-1972 - 302 in³ (4.9 L) Windsor V8, 220 hp (164 kW). 1968-1972 - 390 in³ (6.4 L) FE V8. 1968-1972 - 360 in³ (5.9 L) FE V8.

1967 - 352 in³ (5.8 L) FE V8. 1967-1972 - 300 in³ (4.9 L) straight-6. 1967-1972 - 240 in³ (3.9 L) straight-6. 1965-1966 - 352 in³ (5.8 L) FE V8, 208 hp (155 kW).

1965-1966 - 300 in³ (4.9 L) straight-6, 170 hp (127 kW). 1965-1966 - 240 in³ (3.9 L) straight-6, 150 hp (112 kW). 1961-1964 - 292 in³ (4.8 L) Y-block V8, 186 hp (139 kW). 1961-1964 - 223 in³ (3.7 L) straight-6, 137 hp (102 kW).

1959-1960 - 292 in³ (4.8 L) Y-block V8, 186 hp (139 kW). 1958 - 272 in³ (4.5 L) Y-block V8, 173 hp (129 kW). 1958-1960 - 223 in³ (3.7 L) straight-6, 137 hp(102 kW). 1956 - 272 in³ (4.5 L) Y-block V8, 173 hp (129 kW).

1956 - 223 in³ (3.7 L) "Mileage Maker" straight-6, 137 hp (102 kW). 1954-1955 - 239 in³ (3.9 L) Y-block "Power King" V8, 130 hp (97 kW). 1954-1955 - 223 in³ (3.7 L) "Mileage Maker" straight-6, 115 hp (86 kW). 1953 - 215 in³ (3.5 L) straight-six, 101 hp (75.3 kW).

1953 - 239 in³ (3.9 L) Flathead V8, 100 hp (74.6 kW). 1951-1952 - 215 in³ (3.5 L) straight-six, 101 hp (75.3 kW). 1948-1952 - 239 in³ (3.9 L) Flathead V8, 100 hp (74.6 kW). 1948-1950 - 226 in³ (3.7 L) straight-six, 95 hp (71 kW).

F-3 - Heavy Duty. F-2 - three-quarter-ton. F-1 - half-ton.