Eleanor RooseveltEleanor RooseveltAnna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American human rights activist, diplomat and as the wife of President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, the longest serving First Lady of the United States from 1933-1945. An active First Lady, she traveled around the United States promoting the New Deal and visited troops at the frontlines during World War II. She was a first-wave Feminist and an active supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement. Mrs. Roosevelt was active in the formations of numerous institutions most notably the United Nations, United Nations Association and Freedom House. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Harry S. Truman called her the First Lady of the World, in honor of her extensive travels to promote human rights. Early LifeMrs. Roosevelt was the eldest child of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt and was a favorite niece of Theodore Roosevelt. Following her parents deaths, young Anna Eleanor was raised by her maternal grandmother, an emotionally cold woman, in an autocratic house. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905 she married Franklin D. Roosevelt; President Theodore Roosevelt took the place of his late brother in giving Eleanor's hand to her husband to be. Their marriage was blessed with six children, of which five survived infancy. However their marriage almost split over sexual explorations outside marriage by FDR (See FDR for more information.) Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed. They descended from Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt who emigrated to New Amsterdam (Manhattan) from the Netherlands in the 1640s. His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began the Oyster Bay and Hyde Park branches of the Roosevelt family. Eleanor is descended from the Johannes branch and Franklin is descended from the Jacobus branch. Although she was still in her Uncle Teddy's good graces, Eleanor found herself at odds with his eldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth who was enraged that the homely Eleanor not only snagged her cousin Franklin as a husband, but that Franklin, and now Eleanor, were members of the Democratic Party, which Alice viewed as an afront to Theodore Roosevelt's position as President. In 1928, Mrs. Roosevelt met Associated Press reporter Lorena Hickok, a White House correspondent. They would become close friends after Hickok conducted a series of interviews with Mrs. Roosevelt in 1932. For the rest of their lives they would be close friends, Hickok suggested the idea for what would eventually become Mrs. Roosevelt’s column My Day. After a few years away from Washington, Hickok returned and lived in the White House with the first family in 1940. Eleanor Roosevelt and Hickok maintained a personal correspondence in which Mrs. Roosevelt wrote to Hickok in 1933:
These letters have become the source of a theory that claims Eleanor Roosevelt was bisexual, though many historians continue to debate this controversial claim. Blanche Wiesen Cook, author of one of Mrs. Roosevelt's most extensive biographies, made a well-documented argument for the theory in her work. Doris Kearns Goodwin, who wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning biography of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, has publicly disputed Cook's assessment that Mrs. Roosevelt was bisexual. First LadyIn 1939, the opera singer Marian Anderson was refused permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because of her skin color. Mrs. Roosevelt arranged for Anderson to perform from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, to a live audience of 70,000, and a nationwide radio audience. During Mr. Roosevelt's terms as President, Eleanor was very vocal about her support of the civil rights movement and African-American rights. However, her husband needed the support of Southern Democrats (notoriously racist) to advance other parts of his agenda. FDR therefore did not take on the cause of civil rights--one of the biggest stains on his legacy, along with Japanese internment and the court-packing scheme--and Eleanor became the connection to the African-American population and helped Mr. Roosevelt win a lot of their votes. Mrs. Roosevelt opposed her husband's decision to sign Executive Order 9066 which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese nationals and American citizens of Japanese descent in internment camps on the U.S. West Coast. In 1943 Mrs. Roosevelt, along with Wendell Willkie and other Americans concerned about the mounting threats to peace and democracy during World War II, established Freedom House. Mrs. Roosevelt also accepted large amounts of money from her activities in advertising. The Pan-American Coffee Bureau, which was supported by tax revenues from eight foreign governments, paid Mrs. Roosevelt $1000 a week for advertising. When the State Department found out that the First Lady was being paid so handsomely by foreign governments they unsuccessfully tried to cancel the deal. Eleanor Roosevelt and Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 1943Life After the White HouseFollowing the death of her husband in 1945, Mrs. Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate. However, she did so at Val-Kill, the house that her husband Franklin remodeled for her near the mainhouse. Originally built as a small furniture factory, Val-Kill afforded Eleanor with a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years. Here she entertained her circle of friends in informal gatherings. The site is now the home of the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill, dedicated to "Eleanor Roosevelt's belief that people can enhance the quality of their lives through purposeful action based on sensitive discourse among people of diverse perspectives focusing on the varied needs of society." After World War II, she was instrumental along with John Peters Humphrey and others in formulating the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On the night of December 10, 1948, Mrs. Roosevelt spoke on behalf of the Declaration calling it "the international Magna Carta of all mankind," and the Declaration was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly later that night. In 1954 Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio campaigned against her son, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr., in the New York Attorney General election and successfully defeated him. Mrs. Roosevelt held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat and grew increasingly disgusted with his political conduct through the rest of the 1950s. Eventually, she would join with her old friends Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter to form the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, a group dedicated to enhancing the democratic process by opposing DeSapio's reincarnated Tammany. Eventually their efforts were successful, and in 1961 DeSapio was removed from power. Mrs. Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson and was a strong supporter of his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. When President Truman backed New York Governor W. Averell Harriman, who was a close associate of Carmine DeSapio, for the Democratic presidential nomination, Mrs. Roosevelt was disappointed but continued to support Stevenson who ultimately won the nomination. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. Kennedy received the presidential nomination instead. She was responsible for the establishment of the 2,800 acre (11 km2) Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick in 1964 following a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments. Mrs. Roosevelt was an accomplished archer, and one of the first modern women to participate in the sport of bowhunting. Her exploits as a 20th Century Diana are well documented in the writings of her male bowhunting contemporaries Fred Bear, Howard Hill and Saxton Pope. A close personal friendship with J.E. Davis, editor of Ye Sylvan Archer, which was a popular bowhunting magazine of the time, led to an invitation to author several articles for that publication. Mrs. Roosevelt's tales of her hunting excursions were well received, though they did not serve to further the cause of women's liberation: in keeping with the chauvinistic standards of the time, Roosevelt's stories were published under the masculine pseudonym "Chuck Painton" to avoid offending the magazine's overwhelmingly male readership. One of Mrs. Roosevelt's prized trophies, the taking of which was immortalized in her poignant 1937 account Outwitting the Rompala Buck (Ye Sylvan Archer, v2), for many years graced the mantle above the fireplace in her husband Franklin's presidential library. It is now held as one of the organizing artifacts of the Community Forum Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. After her death, her son Elliott Roosevelt wrote a series of best-selling fictional murder mysteries wherein she acted as a detective, helping the police solve the crime, while she was First Lady. They feature actual places and celebrities of the time. Eleanor Roosevelt is buried next to Franklin D. Roosevelt at their home in Hyde Park, New York.
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After her death, her son Elliott Roosevelt wrote a series of best-selling fictional murder mysteries wherein she acted as a detective, helping the police solve the crime, while she was First Lady. A plaque honoring Farnsworth as The Genius of Green Street is located on the 202 Green Street location of his research laboratory in San Francisco. It is now held as one of the organizing artifacts of the Community Forum Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. It is said that Farnsworth’s genius was on the wane towards the end of his life due to alcoholism. Roosevelt's prized trophies, the taking of which was immortalized in her poignant 1937 account Outwitting the Rompala Buck (Ye Sylvan Archer, v2), for many years graced the mantle above the fireplace in her husband Franklin's presidential library. Nevertheless the fusor has since become a practical neutron source, and is produced commercially for this role. One of Mrs. However, as with other fusion experiments, development into a power source has proven difficult. Roosevelt's tales of her hunting excursions were well received, though they did not serve to further the cause of women's liberation: in keeping with the chauvinistic standards of the time, Roosevelt's stories were published under the masculine pseudonym "Chuck Painton" to avoid offending the magazine's overwhelmingly male readership. Hopes of the time were high that it could be quickly developed into a practical power source. Mrs. When Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor was first introduced to the fusion research world in the late 1960s, the Fusor was the first device that could clearly demonstrate it was producing any fusion reactions at all. Davis, editor of Ye Sylvan Archer, which was a popular bowhunting magazine of the time, led to an invitation to author several articles for that publication. Unlike most controlled fusion systems, which slowly heat a magnetically confined plasma, the fusor injects high temperature ions directly into a reaction chamber, thereby avoiding a considerable amount of complexity. A close personal friendship with J.E. The Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, or simply fusor, is an apparatus designed by Farnsworth to create nuclear fusion. Her exploits as a 20th Century Diana are well documented in the writings of her male bowhunting contemporaries Fred Bear, Howard Hill and Saxton Pope. Farnsworth developed the Image Dissector, a practical all-electronic image scanning device that made it possible to dispense with the moving parts of mechanical television. Roosevelt was an accomplished archer, and one of the first modern women to participate in the sport of bowhunting. The cathode ray tube configuration developed from Farnsworth’s work was used in all television sets and other kinds of displays until the late 20th century when a small portion of televisions were made with alternate technologies such as liquid crystal displays. Mrs. Farnsworth won the suit and was paid royalties but never became wealthy. She was responsible for the establishment of the 2,800 acre (11 km2) Roosevelt Campobello International Park on Campobello Island, New Brunswick in 1964 following a gift of the Roosevelt summer estate to the Canadian and American governments. During a patent lawsuit against RCA his high school teacher redrew a drawing Farnsworth had made on the blackboard when he was 14. Kennedy received the presidential nomination instead. Farnsworth developed the vacuum tube television display, an idea he conceived at age 14 and developed at age 21. She backed Stevenson once again in 1960 but John F. By 1949 he had ceased working on television-related projects. Roosevelt was disappointed but continued to support Stevenson who ultimately won the nomination. Farnsworth then entered a period of chronic alcohol abuse, depression and dependencies on drugs. Averell Harriman, who was a close associate of Carmine DeSapio, for the Democratic presidential nomination, Mrs. By 1939 Farnsworth’s company had licenced patents to RCA. When President Truman backed New York Governor W. Baird and Farnsworth competed with EMI for forming the standard UK television system. Roosevelt was a close friend of Adlai Stevenson and was a strong supporter of his candidacies in the 1952 and 1956 presidential elections. By 1936 Farnsworth’s company was transmitting regular entertainment programs; that year he travelled to England and formed an alliance with John Logie Baird. Mrs. Since RCA controlled key patents and manufacture of radio tubes, Philco was persuaded to sever its relationship with Farnsworth in 1934. Eventually their efforts were successful, and in 1961 DeSapio was removed from power. Philco denied Farnsworth time to travel to Utah to bury his young son Kenny, who died in March 1932; this death put a strain on Farnsworth’s marriage and may have marked the beginning of his struggle with depression. Eventually, she would join with her old friends Herbert Lehman and Thomas Finletter to form the New York Committee for Democratic Voters, a group dedicated to enhancing the democratic process by opposing DeSapio's reincarnated Tammany. In 1931 David Sarnoff of RCA offered to buy Farnsworth’s patents but was refused; in June of that year Farnsworth joined the Philco company and moved his laboratory to Philadelphia, along with his wife and two children. Roosevelt held DeSapio responsible for her son's defeat and grew increasingly disgusted with his political conduct through the rest of the 1950s. In 1930 Vladimir Zworykin visited the laboratory and was impressed with the performance of the camera tube; the RCA project at the time still used a mechanical scanner. Mrs. In 1929 the system was further improved by elimination of a motor generator; the television system now had no mechanical moving parts. Roosevelt, Jr., in the New York Attorney General election and successfully defeated him. By 1928 Farnsworth had developed the system sufficiently to hold a demonstration for the press. In 1954 Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio campaigned against her son, Franklin D. In 1927 Farnsworth’s Image Dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line. Roosevelt spoke on behalf of the Declaration calling it "the international Magna Carta of all mankind," and the Declaration was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly later that night. He moved to Los Angeles to carry out research. On the night of December 10, 1948, Mrs. In 1926, Farnsworth formed a partnership with George Everson in Salt Lake City to develop Farnsworth’s television ideas. After World War II, she was instrumental along with John Peters Humphrey and others in formulating the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A local philanthropist managing a community chest agreed to fund Farnsworth’s early television experiments (see below). The site is now the home of the Eleanor Roosevelt Center at Val-Kill, dedicated to "Eleanor Roosevelt's belief that people can enhance the quality of their lives through purposeful action based on sensitive discourse among people of diverse perspectives focusing on the varied needs of society.". He later moved to the San Francisco Bay area with his bride, Elma “Pem” Gardner-Farnsworth. Here she entertained her circle of friends in informal gatherings. After a brief stint in the Navy, Farnsworth returned to Idaho to help support his mother. Originally built as a small furniture factory, Val-Kill afforded Eleanor with a level of privacy that she had wanted for many years. Young Philo developed an early interest in electronics after his first telephone conversation with an out-of-state relative and the discovery of a large cache of technology magazines in the attic of the family’s new home. However, she did so at Val-Kill, the house that her husband Franklin remodeled for her near the mainhouse. His father later moved the family to Rigby, Idaho, where he worked as a sharecropper. Roosevelt continued to live on the Hyde Park Estate. His family were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Following the death of her husband in 1945, Mrs. Farnsworth was born in Indian Springs, Utah on August 19, 1906. When the State Department found out that the First Lady was being paid so handsomely by foreign governments they unsuccessfully tried to cancel the deal. . Roosevelt $1000 a week for advertising. Philo Taylor Farnsworth (August 19, 1906 – March 11, 1971) was an American inventor credited with the invention of the cathode ray tube television. The Pan-American Coffee Bureau, which was supported by tax revenues from eight foreign governments, paid Mrs. USA, (1996) ISBN 1887178171. Roosevelt also accepted large amounts of money from her activities in advertising. Fisher, Tube, the Invention of Television Counterpoint, Washington D.C. Mrs. Fisher and Marshall J. Roosevelt, along with Wendell Willkie and other Americans concerned about the mounting threats to peace and democracy during World War II, established Freedom House. David E. In 1943 Mrs. Patent 2221374: X-ray projection device. West Coast. Farnsworth, U.S. Roosevelt opposed her husband's decision to sign Executive Order 9066 which resulted in the internment of 110,000 Japanese nationals and American citizens of Japanese descent in internment camps on the U.S. P.T. Mrs. Patent 3664920: Electrostatic containment in fusion reactors. Roosevelt win a lot of their votes. Farnsworth, U.S. FDR therefore did not take on the cause of civil rights--one of the biggest stains on his legacy, along with Japanese internment and the court-packing scheme--and Eleanor became the connection to the African-American population and helped Mr. P.T. However, her husband needed the support of Southern Democrats (notoriously racist) to advance other parts of his agenda. Patent 3386883: Method and apparatus for producing nuclear fusion reactions. Roosevelt's terms as President, Eleanor was very vocal about her support of the civil rights movement and African-American rights. Farnsworth, U.S. During Mr. P.T. Roosevelt arranged for Anderson to perform from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, to a live audience of 70,000, and a nationwide radio audience. Patent 3258402: Electric discharge device for producing interaction between nuclei. Mrs. Farnsworth, U.S. In 1939, the opera singer Marian Anderson was refused permission to perform at Constitution Hall in Washington because of her skin color. P.T. Roosevelt was bisexual. Patent 2263032: Cold cathode electron discharge tube. Doris Kearns Goodwin, who wrote a Pulitzer Prize winning biography of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, has publicly disputed Cook's assessment that Mrs. Farnsworth, U.S. Roosevelt's most extensive biographies, made a well-documented argument for the theory in her work. P.T. Blanche Wiesen Cook, author of one of Mrs. Patent 2184910: Cold cathode electron discharge tube. These letters have become the source of a theory that claims Eleanor Roosevelt was bisexual, though many historians continue to debate this controversial claim. Farnsworth, U.S. Roosevelt wrote to Hickok in 1933:. P.T. Eleanor Roosevelt and Hickok maintained a personal correspondence in which Mrs. Patent 2089054: Incandescent light source. After a few years away from Washington, Hickok returned and lived in the White House with the first family in 1940. Farnsworth, U.S. Roosevelt’s column My Day. P.T. For the rest of their lives they would be close friends, Hickok suggested the idea for what would eventually become Mrs. Roosevelt in 1932. They would become close friends after Hickok conducted a series of interviews with Mrs. Roosevelt met Associated Press reporter Lorena Hickok, a White House correspondent. In 1928, Mrs. Although she was still in her Uncle Teddy's good graces, Eleanor found herself at odds with his eldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth who was enraged that the homely Eleanor not only snagged her cousin Franklin as a husband, but that Franklin, and now Eleanor, were members of the Democratic Party, which Alice viewed as an afront to Theodore Roosevelt's position as President. Eleanor is descended from the Johannes branch and Franklin is descended from the Jacobus branch. His grandsons, Johannes and Jacobus, began the Oyster Bay and Hyde Park branches of the Roosevelt family. They descended from Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt who emigrated to New Amsterdam (Manhattan) from the Netherlands in the 1640s. Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed. However their marriage almost split over sexual explorations outside marriage by FDR (See FDR for more information.). Their marriage was blessed with six children, of which five survived infancy. Roosevelt; President Theodore Roosevelt took the place of his late brother in giving Eleanor's hand to her husband to be. Patrick's Day, 1905 she married Franklin D. On St. Following her parents deaths, young Anna Eleanor was raised by her maternal grandmother, an emotionally cold woman, in an autocratic house. Roosevelt was the eldest child of Elliott Roosevelt and Anna Hall Roosevelt and was a favorite niece of Theodore Roosevelt. Mrs. . Truman called her the First Lady of the World, in honor of her extensive travels to promote human rights. President Harry S. She chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Roosevelt was active in the formations of numerous institutions most notably the United Nations, United Nations Association and Freedom House. Mrs. She was a first-wave Feminist and an active supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement. An active First Lady, she traveled around the United States promoting the New Deal and visited troops at the frontlines during World War II. Roosevelt, the longest serving First Lady of the United States from 1933-1945. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an American human rights activist, diplomat and as the wife of President of the United States Franklin D. |