Eclipse

Pluto, with its large moon Charon, is also the site of many eclipses. The other major fashion capitals are London, New York and Milan which together with Paris each host a bi-annual 'Fashion Week' where both established and new designers showcase their latest collections. It is common to see the larger moons casting circular shadows upon Jupiter's cloudtops. The ultimate world capital of fashion is Paris, which is home to the premier fashion houses of the world including Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy and Louis Vuitton. The most striking involve Jupiter, which has four large moons, and which has a low axial tilt, making eclipses more frequent. Modern underground fashion:. The gas giants, which have many moons, frequently display eclipses. Ethnically-based fashions:.

See Transit of Phobos from Mars and Shadow of Phobos on Mars. Fashion can operate differently depending on gender, or it can promote homogeneity as in unisex styles. Martian eclipses have been photographed from both the surface of Mars and from orbit. Image consultants help people revamp or create fashion sense. On Mars, only partial eclipses are possible, because neither of its moons is large enough to cover the Sun's disc. Designers show the public what is new and in style by using fashion models to display the clothing. Eclipses are impossible on Mercury and Venus, which have no moons. Some people style themselves as "fashion consultants" and charge clients to help the latter choose what to wear.

(see also: omen). Since the entire notion of fashion depends on subjectivity, so does the question of who possesses "fashion sense". Traditionally, eclipses were said to have a malefic influence, that supposedly being a more negative and ominous influence rather than a positive one. "Fashion sense" consists of the ability to tell what clothing and/or accessories look good and what do not. In the field of astrology an eclipse is said to activate the exact degree of the ecliptic that the eclipse falls upon, in one of the 12 astrological signs. Conversely, a person who exhibits a fashion style that rejects or deliberately tries to offend the current trend may also have an advantage in finding other like-minded individuals. In other cultures an eclipse could be both a surprising and a terrifying event. Perhaps even more importantly, it sends a signal of superiority to potential competitors of the same gender, who are frequently better informed about what's fashionable than the potential mates are.

In this explanation we see a recognition of the celestial realities and a cheerful outlook regarding the event. As well as showing certain features of a person's personality that appeal to prospective mates, keeping up with fashion can advertise a person's status to such candidates. Similarly in China, at the Imperial observatory, Beijing is a carved stone brought from a distant province with the following explanation (here rewritten):. Many people often use fashion as an indicator of what a person is like. No wonder many indians believe that eclipses are inauspicious and can cause damage or bad luck to human beings, apart from the well known damage that can be caused to the retina of the eye when a solar eclipse is viewed directly. Fashion can help attract a partner. For example, in Hindu mythology, the two demons Rahuand Ketu, are believed to be the cause of eclipses. Adherence to fashion trends can thus form an index of social affluence and an indicator of social mobility.

These would typically involve conflicts between mythic forces. Because keeping 'in fashion' often requires considerable amounts of money, fashion can be used to show off wealth (compare conspicuous consumption). Before modern astronomy arose there were long-standing explanations for eclipses in many cultures. Groups with high cultural status like to keep 'in fashion' to display their position; people who do not keep 'in fashion' within a so-called "style tribe" can risk shunning (see also peer pressure). There are three types of lunar eclipses: penumbral, when the Moon crosses only the Earth's penumbra; partial, when the Moon crosses partially into the Earth's umbra; and total, when the Moon crosses entirely within the Earth's umbra. Fashion can suggest or signal status in a social group. These were used in occult ceremonies. Fashion houses and their associated fashion designers, as well as high-status consumers (including celebrities), appear to have some role in determining the rates and directions of fashion change.

These eclipses can be divided into different types:. The global village has reduced the options of exotic novelty in more recent times. The most dramatic eclipses visible from Earth are:. In the past, new discoveries and lesser-known parts of the world could provide an impetus to change fashions based on the exotic: Europe in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, for example, might favor things Turkish at one time, things Chinese at another, and things Japanese at a third. They repeat according to eclipse cycles. Practically every aspect of appearance that can be changed has been changed at some time. There can be from four to seven eclipses in a calendar year. (These or similar fashions may cyclically come back 'into fashion' in due course, and remain 'in fashion' again for a while.).

The Sun passes either node once a year, and eclipses occur in a period of about two draconic months around these times. At the same time there remains an equal or larger range designated (at least currently) 'out of fashion'. Because the plane of the orbit of the Moon is tilted with respect to the plane of the orbit of the Earth (the ecliptic), eclipses occur only when the three bodies are near the intersection (the node) of these planes. Materially affluent societies can offer a variety of different fashions, in clothes or accessories, to choose from. An eclipse involving the Sun, Earth and Moon can only occur when they are in a line. Note too though that fashion can change to enforce uniformity, as in the case where so-called Mao suits became the national uniform of Mainland China. . Others, especially young people, enjoy the diversity that changing fashion can apparently provide, seeing the constant change as a way to satisfy their desire to experience "new" and "interesting" things.

An eclipse is a type of syzygy, as are transits and occultations. For some, modern fast-paced change in fashion embodies many of the negative aspects of capitalism: it results in waste and encourages people qua consumers to buy things unnecessarily. A solar eclipse is actually a misnomer; the phenomenon is actually an occultation. The change may proceed more rapidly than in most other fields of human activity (language, thought, etc). However, it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth-Moon system: for example, a planet moving into the shadow cast by one of its moons, a moon passing into the shadow cast by its parent planet, or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon. Fashion, by definition, changes constantly. The term is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse, when the Moon's shadow crosses Earth's surface, or a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the shadow of Earth. (Compare some of the work of Roland Barthes.).

An eclipse (Greek verb: ecleipo, "to cease existing" or calypse, "to cover" ) is an astronomical event that occurs when one celestial object moves into the shadow of another. One can regard the system of sporting various fashions as a fashion language incorporating various fashion statements using a grammar of fashion. Lastly, fourth contact (also called second exterior contact) is the instant when the Moon clears the Earth's umbra completely. The term "fashion victim" refers to someone who slavishly follows the current fashions (implementations of fashion).. This is the end of totality. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. Third contact (also called second interior contact) is the instant when the Moon starts to come out of the Earth's umbra. Fashions may vary significantly within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography as well as over time.

The maximum of the eclipse occurs when the angular distance between the centre of the Moon's disc and the centre of the shadow cone is at its smallest value. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes a fashion trend may start; people who like or respect them may start to wear clothes of a similar style. This is the beginning of totality. What a person chooses to wear can reflect that person's personality or likes. Second contact (also called first interior contact) is the instant when the Moon enters completely into the Earth's umbra. Modern Westerners have a wide choice available in the selection of their clothes. First contact (also called first exterior contact) is the instant when the Moon starts to enter into the Earth's umbra. Fashion in clothes has allowed wearers to express emotion or solidarity with other people for millennia.

Lastly, fourth contact (also called second exterior contact) is the instant when the Moon's disc clears the Sun's. By 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike: local variation became first a sign of provincial culture, and then a badge of the conservative peasant (James Laver; Fernand Braudel). Third contact (also called second interior contact) is the instant when the Moon's disc starts to come out of the Sun's (for an annular eclipse) or the instant when the Sun's disc reappears from behind the Moon's (for a total eclipse). The pace of change picked up in the 1780s with the publication of French engravings that showed the latest Paris styles. Second contact (also called first interior contact) is the instant when the Moon's disc is entirely surrounded by the Sun's (for an annular eclipse) or the instant when the Sun's disc disappears completely behind the Moon's (for a total eclipse). Men's fashions derived from military models, and changes in a European male silhouette are galvanized in theatres of European war, where gentleman officers had opportunities to make notes of foreign styles: an example is the "Steinkirk" cravat (see Cravat). First contact (also called first exterior contact) is the instant when the Moon's disc starts to cover the Sun's. Fashions among upper-class Europeans began to move in synchronicity in the 18th century; though colors and patterns of textiles changed from year to year, (Thornton), the cut of a gentleman's coat and the length of his waistcoat, or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut changed more slowly.

The general eclipse ends when the Moon's penumbra finishes its sweep across the Earth's disc. But the local culture still set the bounds, as Albrecht Dürer recorded in his actual or composite contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). The total or annular eclipse ends when the Moon's shadow finishes its sweep across the Earth's disc. The European idea of fashion as a personal statement rather than a cultural expression begins in the 16th century: ten portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats. The centrality ends when the axis of the Moon's shadow finishes its sweep across the Earth's disc. . The eclipse's maximum occurs when the terrestrial surface within the umbra reaches its largest area. The remainder of this article deals with clothing fashions in the industrialized world.

The centrality begins when the axis of the Moon's shadow cone starts to sweep across the Earth's disc. For a broad cross-cultural look at clothing and its place in society, refer to the entries for Clothing and Costume. The total or annular eclipse begins when the Moon's umbra starts to sweep across the Earth's disc. This linguistic switch is due to the so-called fashion plates which were produced during the Industrial Revolution, showing novel ways to use new textiles. The general eclipse begins when the Moon's penumbra cone starts to sweep across the Earth's disc. Of these fields, costume especially has become so linked in the public eye with the term "fashion" that the more general term "costume" has been relegated by many to only mean fancy dress or masquerade wear, while the term "fashion" means clothing generally, and the study of it. Hybrid solar eclipses, which consists of three phases: the eclipse starts as an annular one, then turns into a total and by the end it returns to the annular phase. The rises and falls of fashions have been especially documented and examined in the following fields:.

Annular eclipses are ideal times for observing solar prominences. Fashions are social psychology phenomena common to many fields of human activity and thinking. It is pure coincidence that the Moon and Sun have nearly equal apparent sizes, making annular eclipses possible. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. For solar eclipses, the viewer is in the antumbra part of the Moon's shadow. The term is also frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. Annular eclipse, which are a total eclipse of luminary where a thin ring of light is visible around the intervening object. In this sense, fashions are essentially a relief from boredom, or a distraction from important matters, for the idle rich.

For solar eclipses, the viewer is in the penumbra part of the Moon's shadow. The term "fashion" is often used in a negative sense, as a synonym for fads and trends. Partial eclipses, in which only part of the luminary is covered (solar eclipses), or when only part of a body is eclipsed by the shadow (lunar eclipses). The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to describe whether someone or something fits in with the currently popular mode of expression. For total solar eclipses, the viewer is in the umbra part of the Moon's shadow. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole. Total eclipses, in which the light source is totally blocked off by the eclipsing body. The term fashion applies to a prevailing mode of expression.

This can only happen at new moon. urban fashion. The Moon casts a shadow that touches the surface of the Earth. BDSM fashion. Solar eclipses - the Moon occults the Sun, from the Earth's point of view. Industrial fashion. This can only happen at full moon. Black metal fashion.

The Moon moves through the shadow cast by the Earth. Death rock fashion. Lunar eclipses - the Earth obscures the Sun, from the Moon's point of view. Gothic fashion. Punk fashion. Cyberpunk fashion.

Primitivism. Orientalism. Chinoiserie. Baroque and Rococo Silks..

Thornton, Peter. Technology, such as the choice of programming techniques. Philosophy and spirituality (One might argue that religion is prone to fashions, although official religions tend to change so slowly that the term cultural shift is perhaps more appropriate than "fashion"). Politics and media, especially the topics of conversation encouraged by the media.

Etiquette. Entertainment, games, hobbies, sports, and other pastimes. Economics and spending choices, as studied in behavioral finance. Forms of address, slang, and other forms of speech.

Dance and music. Cuisine. Body type, clothing or costume, cosmetics, grooming, and personal adornment. Arts and crafts.

Architecture, interior design, and landscape design.