DukeFor other uses, see Duke (disambiguation).The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is held to be the highest grade). The wife of a duke, or a woman who rules a duchy, is known as a duchess. HistoryOriginally Dux (Latin for leader) was a title given by the Romans to a general commanding a single military expedition and holding no other power than that which he exercised over his soldiers. The designation, first applied to barbaric tribal leaders and various military commanders, became of formal Roman title in time. Upon the separation of the civil and military functions in the fourth century the dux became commander of all the troops cantoned in a military territory, often corresponding to one or more Roman provinces; note that this Roman rank was below the similar Comes rei militaris (the rank of Comes survives in the title Count, which is lower in the feudal hierarchy). To avoid the connotations of the modern "dukes", Roman military leaders are usually called duces. The Germanic Franks converted, under Roman influence, the Germanic concept of Herzog (literally: "war-leader", commonly translated as "duke"), the temporarily elected general for a major expedition of warfare, into military governors for units of up to a dozen counties. In the 7th century these units developed into hereditary clan-duchies of Bavarians, Thuringians, Alemanni, Franks and other Germanic tribes, which Charlemagne crushed in 788, converting the border provinces into margraviates (which however soon emerged as clan-margraviates: Saxony, Bavaria, Swabia, Lorraine...). The dissolution tendency was counteracted by the appointment of younger sons of the monarchs (royal dukes) as military governors of the important border provinces, which however also soon developed into hereditary duchies and a source of intrigues against the monarch (see for instance: History of Schleswig-Holstein). The medieval dukes had a strong position in the realms they belonged to. Like the margraves, they were responsible for the military defence of an important region, and had strong arguments for retaining the Crown's tax incomes of their duchy to fund their military force. In early Medieval Italy, the Dukes of Benevento and of Spoleto were independent territorial magnates in duchies originally created by the Lombards. In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Anhalt, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization. Since the unification of Italy in the 1870, there have no longer been any sovereign duchies in Europe, for Luxembourg is a grand duchy. The Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall in 1337. He was the first proper Duke in England. There were no Anglo-Saxon duchies in the feudal sense, only individual duces; the Middle English duke derives from the Old French duc, which in turn came from the Latin dux/ducis deriving from the verb ducere, meaning "to lead". The Genoese and Venetian elective, 'crowned republican' title "doge" is derived from the same origin. In the late Roman Empire, dux was a military title. Latin chroniclers applied it to the leaders of Lombard warbands. When this title appeared in the Carolingian empire, stem dukes ruled over non-Frankish nations (dukes of the Alamans, of the Bavarians, of the Aquitans), while counts ruled over a region in the Frankish realm. In the United Kingdom, the inherited office of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a dukedom. However, the title of duke has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles. Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as 'Your Grace' and referred to as 'His Grace'. Currently, there are twenty-seven dukedoms in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, held by twenty-four different people (see List of Dukes in order of precedence). Equivalents in other European languagesThe second term is the female form, meaning duchess
Royal dukesFour reigning European royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective Sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted principalities. United KingdomIn the United Kingdom, a royal duke is a duke who is a member of the British Royal Family, entitled to the style of Royal Highness. In the United Kingdom, the current royal dukes are The Prince of Wales, who is Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay; HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (The Prince Philip) of which there has been three such creations of the Dukedom of Edinburgh, (Frederick, Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and the current duke. There are also other royal dukes such as, HRH The Duke of York (The Prince Andrew), HRH The Duke of Gloucester (Prince Richard), and HRH The Duke of Kent (Prince Edward). The former king Edward VIII was created Duke of Windsor after his abdication. With the exceptions of the dukedoms of Cornwall and Rothesay (which can only be held by the eldest son of the Sovereign), these dukedoms are hereditary according to the Letters Patent that created them, which contain the standard remainder "heirs male of his body." The British Sovereign also holds and as such is entitled to the revenues of the duchy of Lancaster, but does not hold the dukedom - there is no dukedom of Lancaster as the Sovereign cannot hold a peerage dignity, since s/he is the fount of honour and cannot hold an honour from his/herself. Other dukedoms that have been awarded to members of the British royal family in the past include those of Albany, Avondale, Cambridge, Clarence, Connaught, Cumberland, Kendal, Strathearn, and Sussex. In the past, British sovereigns have combined several territorial designations into a single dukedom. For example, King George III created his second son, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, and Queen Victoria bestowed the dukedom of Clarence and Avondale on her grandson, Prince Albert Victor of Wales. To date, Avondale, Stathearn, and St. Andrews have not been granted as separate dukedoms. Once a particular peerage is granted to a member of the British royal family, it is not subsequently granted to anyone outside the royal family. In the United Kingdom, there is nothing about the particular dukedom that makes it royal, even though the formal style of an ordinary duke is 'The Most High, Noble and Potent Prince'. Rather, these special peerages are called "royal dukedoms" because they are held by a member of the royal family who is entitled to the style Royal Highness. Under the November 20, 1917, Letters Patent of King George V, the titular dignity of Prince/Princess and the style Royal Highness are restricted to the sons of a Sovereign, the sons of a Sovereign's sons, and the eldest living son of the eldest son of a Prince of Wales. For example, when the current Duke of Gloucester and Duke of Kent are succeeded by their eldest sons, the Earl of Ulster and the Earl of St. Andrews, respectively, those peerages (or rather, the 1928 and 1934 creations of them) will cease to be royal dukedoms, instead the title holders will become ordinary, 'garden' Dukes. The third dukes of Gloucester and Kent will each be styled "His Grace" because as great grandsons of George V, they are not Princes and are not styled HRH. Similarly, upon the death of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught (1850-1942), the third son of Queen Victoria, his only male-line grandson, Alastair Arthur Windsor, Earl of MacDuff (1914-1942), briefly succeeded to his peerages. However, as a duke, the second Duke of Connaught, a male-line great grandson of Queen Victoria, he was simply styled "His Grace." The granting of the lower style of Earl of Wessex to Prince Edward, the third son of Queen Elisabeth II, may, if not a one-off, usher in the end of the de facto exclusive use of ducal title for the main princes of the royal blood. FranceSee appanage and the list in the geographical section below, which also treats special ducal titles in orders or national significance. ElsewhereIn Belgium, the title of Duke of Brabant (historically the most prestigious in the Low Countries, and containing the federal capital Brussels), if still vacant, has been given to the oldest son and presumptive heir of the King, other throne candidates usually get lower titles, such as Count of Flanders (king Leopold III's brother became head of state as Prince-regent) and Prince of Liège (e.g. the present king Albert II before he succeeded his older brother Baudouin=Boudewijn I) For Portugal, see below Nowadays, Spanish infantes and infantas are usually given a dukedom upon marriage. This title is not hereditary. The current royal duchesses are: HRH the Duchess of Badajoz (Infanta Maria del Pilar), HRH the Duchess of Soria (Infanta Margarita), HRH the Duchess of Lugo (Infanta Elena) and HRH the Duchess of Palma de Mallorca (Infanta Cristina). Sweden had a history of making sons of its Kings real ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. Title-wise, however, all Swedish princes since 1772, and princesses since 1980, are given a dukedom for life. Currently, there are one duke and three duchesses. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to four of the Provinces of Sweden. Addressing Dukes
Royal Dukes:
Territory of today's FranceThe highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original pairies, which also had a traditional function in the royal coronoation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the sixl secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate: The Prince-Bishops with ducal territories among them were:
The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:
Other duchies of note include:
See also List of French dukedoms Iberian pensinsulaWhen the Christian Reconquista, sweeping the Moors from the former caliphate of Cordoba and its taifa-remnants, transformed the territory of former Suevi and Visigothic realms into catholic feudal principalities, none of these war lords was exactly styled Duke, a few (as Portugal itself) started as Count (even if the title of Dux was sometimes added), but soon all politically relevant princes were to use the royal style of King. PortugalThis list refers only to the royal dukedoms
SpainNo duchies as true politically important principalities, but many domanial or purely titular ones Many hold the court rank of Grande, i.e. Grandee of the realm, which had precedence over all other feudatories. Titles in Spain include (very often a single inheritance includes a whole list of ducal and other titles):
Some titles inherited by or conferred on historically important politicians, such as :
Colonial titlesOn the Canaries(?) and in various American viceroyalties Holy Roman EmpireGermanyAt first, the highest nobles -de facto at par with several Kings/emperors- were the Dukes of each stem duchy:
Later, the precedence shifted to the prince-electors, the first order amongst the princes of the empire, regardless of the actual title attached to the fief, which included ducal members (as well as various other temporal styles and prince-archbishops):
There were many other duchies, often insignificant Kleinstaaterei. The Low countries (Netherlands/ Belgium/ Luxembourg)
Austria
Neighbouring Switzerland, which soon tended to go its own way creating the Helvetic -republican- Eidgenossenschaft, had none, nor tiny Liechtenstein. On the Baltic south coastThe duchies of Kurland (now in Latvia) and Pomerellen (capital Danzig) were part of the Ordensstaat till its takeover by the Polish crown in 1466. Italy
A unique napoleonic particularity was the creation by decree of 30 March 1806 of a number of duchés grand-fiefs. As the name suggests, these were duchies, but forming an exclusive order of 'great fiefs' (twenty of sme 2200 nobe title creations), a college nearly comparable in status to the twelve 'ancien pairies' in the French kingdom. Since Napoleon wouldn't go back on his policy (as a former republican statesmen!) to abolish feudalism in France as an injust exploitation of the common people, but didn't want these grandees to fall under the 'majorat' system in France, he chose to create them outside the French 'metropolitan' empire, notably in the following Italian satellite states, and yet all awarded to loyal frenchmen, mainly high military officers: In the Kingdom of Italy, in personal union with France, personally held by Napoleon I:
In the Principality of Lucca-Piombino, only Massa et Carrara: for Régnier, judge (ext. 1962); Massa and Carrara were separated from the kingdom of Italy by article 8 of the decree of March 30, 1806 and united to the principality of Lucca-Piombino by another decree of March 30, 1806. In the Kingdom of Naples :
In the states of Parma and Piacenza, ceded to France by the treaty of Aranjuez of 21 March 1801; these territories were united to the French Empire on 24 May 1808.
Slavonic countries
Elsewhere
EquivalentsThe style Duke has, like many high nobility titles, also been used to render non-European styles that are seen, by analogy (there is no etymological or other direct link!), as roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, usefull as an indication of relative rank. ChinaUnder the Manchu (last imperial dynasty), there were ducal titles in both types of titled nobility:
JapanKoreaKorean titles of nobilty were similar to those in China, with ranks descending by one degree with each succeeding holder of the title. Of the seven main grades Kung (rendered as Duke) was the second, only under Gun Prince, but above Champan Marquis, Poguk Count, Pansoh Viscount Chamise Baron and Chusa (somewhat similar to the British Baronet). VietnamMale members of the Imperial clan received, in addition to a birth right-title by degree of parentage, one of nine senior titles of nobility, of which Quan-Cong Duke was the third, under Vuong King and Quoc-Cong Grand Duke, but above Cong Prince, Hau Marquis, Ba Count, Tu Viscount, Nam Baron and Vinh phong noble. This page about Duke includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Duke News stories about Duke External links for Duke Videos for Duke Wikis about Duke Discussion Groups about Duke Blogs about Duke Images of Duke |
|
Male members of the Imperial clan received, in addition to a birth right-title by degree of parentage, one of nine senior titles of nobility, of which Quan-Cong Duke was the third, under Vuong King and Quoc-Cong Grand Duke, but above Cong Prince, Hau Marquis, Ba Count, Tu Viscount, Nam Baron and Vinh phong noble. The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "E" and "e" for upper and lower case respectively. Of the seven main grades Kung (rendered as Duke) was the second, only under Gun Prince, but above Champan Marquis, Poguk Count, Pansoh Viscount Chamise Baron and Chusa (somewhat similar to the British Baronet). The EBCDIC code for capital E is 197 and for lowercase e is 133. Korean titles of nobilty were similar to those in China, with ranks descending by one degree with each succeeding holder of the title. The ASCII code for capital E is 69 and for lowercase e is 101; or in binary 01000101 and 01100101, correspondingly. Under the Manchu (last imperial dynasty), there were ducal titles in both types of titled nobility:. In Unicode the capital E is codepoint U+0045 and the lowercase e is U+0065. The style Duke has, like many high nobility titles, also been used to render non-European styles that are seen, by analogy (there is no etymological or other direct link!), as roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, usefull as an indication of relative rank. This also makes it a difficult and popular letter to use when writing lipograms. In the states of Parma and Piacenza, ceded to France by the treaty of Aranjuez of 21 March 1801; these territories were united to the French Empire on 24 May 1808. This is the most common letter in English and many related languages, which has some implications in cryptography. In the Kingdom of Naples :. E is often a mis-understood letter in the English language, silent in many cases, badly portraited in upper cases and exchanged with Y by many unschooled and illiterate. 1962); Massa and Carrara were separated from the kingdom of Italy by article 8 of the decree of March 30, 1806 and united to the principality of Lucca-Piombino by another decree of March 30, 1806. E is very often silent in English (silent E), particularly at the ends of words where old noun inflections have been dropped, although even when silent at the end of a word it often causes vowels in the word to be pronounced as long (compare rat and rate). In the Principality of Lucca-Piombino, only Massa et Carrara: for Régnier, judge (ext. Digraphs starting with E are common in many languages to indicate diphthongs or show a different value of E, such as EA or EE for /iː/ or /eɪ/ in English, EI for /eɪ/ in English or /aɪ/ in German, or EU for /juː/ in English or /ɔɪ/ in German. Since Napoleon wouldn't go back on his policy (as a former republican statesmen!) to abolish feudalism in France as an injust exploitation of the common people, but didn't want these grandees to fall under the 'majorat' system in France, he chose to create them outside the French 'metropolitan' empire, notably in the following Italian satellite states, and yet all awarded to loyal frenchmen, mainly high military officers: In the Kingdom of Italy, in personal union with France, personally held by Napoleon I:. In other languages which use the letter it takes on various other values, sometimes with accents to indicate which one (ê é è ë ē ĕ ě ẽ ė ẹ ę). As the name suggests, these were duchies, but forming an exclusive order of 'great fiefs' (twenty of sme 2200 nobe title creations), a college nearly comparable in status to the twelve 'ancien pairies' in the French kingdom. However, Latin and most European languages sound the long variety differently, as in English vein. A unique napoleonic particularity was the creation by decree of 30 March 1806 of a number of duchés grand-fiefs. In modern English, the long variety is sounded as in see and the short as in pet. The duchies of Kurland (now in Latvia) and Pomerellen (capital Danzig) were part of the Ordensstaat till its takeover by the Polish crown in 1466. Like other Latin vowels, e came in a long and a short variety . Neighbouring Switzerland, which soon tended to go its own way creating the Helvetic -republican- Eidgenossenschaft, had none, nor tiny Liechtenstein. Arising from the Great Vowel Shift, English usage is rather different, namely /i:/ in "me" or "bee", whereas other words like "bed" are closer to Latin or Continental European usage. There were many other duchies, often insignificant Kleinstaaterei. Etruscans and Romans followed this usage. Later, the precedence shifted to the prince-electors, the first order amongst the princes of the empire, regardless of the actual title attached to the fief, which included ducal members (as well as various other temporal styles and prince-archbishops):. In Semitic, the letter was pronounced /h/ (in foreign words also /e/), in Greek hê became Εψιλον (Epsilon) with the value /e/. At first, the highest nobles -de facto at par with several Kings/emperors- were the Dukes of each stem duchy:. The Semitic hê probably first represented a praying or calling human figure (hillul jubilation), and was probably based on a similar Egyptian hieroglyph that was pronounced quite differently. On the Canaries(?) and in various American viceroyalties. Grandee of the realm, which had precedence over all other feudatories. See also List of French dukedoms. In X Window System, E is short for Enlightenment (X window manager). Other duchies of note include:. In Romania, E is a symbol of parthenogenesis. The secular dukes in the peerage of the realm were, again in order of precedence:. E! (Entertainment Television) is an American cable television and direct broadcast satellite network. Half of them were ducal: three ecclesiastical (the six prelates all ranked above the sixl secular peers of the realm) and three temporal, each time above three counts of the same social estate: The Prince-Bishops with ducal territories among them were:. E is the pseudonym of Mark Oliver Everett, lead singer of The Eels. The highest precedence in the realm, attached to a feudal territory, was given to the twelve original pairies, which also had a traditional function in the royal coronoation, comparable to the German imperial archoffices. 鄂, or È is an abbreviation for the Hubei province of the People's Republic of China. Royal Dukes:. In video games, E is the ESRB rating symbol for Everyone. The territorial designations of these dukedoms refer to four of the Provinces of Sweden. Example: . Currently, there are one duke and three duchesses. In symbolic logic, (a backwards E) is the symbol for "there exists...", called the existential quantifier. Title-wise, however, all Swedish princes since 1772, and princesses since 1980, are given a dukedom for life. In structural engineering, E stands for the modulus of elasticity. Sweden had a history of making sons of its Kings real ruling princes of vast duchies, but this ceased in 1622. In sports, E# refers to a team's elimination number. The current royal duchesses are: HRH the Duchess of Badajoz (Infanta Maria del Pilar), HRH the Duchess of Soria (Infanta Margarita), HRH the Duchess of Lugo (Infanta Elena) and HRH the Duchess of Palma de Mallorca (Infanta Cristina). In probability and statistics, a capital E denotes expected value. This title is not hereditary. In the United Kingdom, E stands for East London. Nowadays, Spanish infantes and infantas are usually given a dukedom upon marriage. In Canada, E stands for New Brunswick. For Portugal, see below. As the first letter of a postal code,
See appanage and the list in the geographical section below, which also treats special ducal titles in orders or national significance. The symbol for electric field. The granting of the lower style of Earl of Wessex to Prince Edward, the third son of Queen Elisabeth II, may, if not a one-off, usher in the end of the de facto exclusive use of ducal title for the main princes of the royal blood. The symbol for energy, as in E = mc2 (see E=mc²). However, as a duke, the second Duke of Connaught, a male-line great grandson of Queen Victoria, he was simply styled "His Grace.". In physics, E is,
The third dukes of Gloucester and Kent will each be styled "His Grace" because as great grandsons of George V, they are not Princes and are not styled HRH. In music, E is a note. Andrews, respectively, those peerages (or rather, the 1928 and 1934 creations of them) will cease to be royal dukedoms, instead the title holders will become ordinary, 'garden' Dukes. In the SI system, E, exa, is the SI prefix meaning 1018. For example, when the current Duke of Gloucester and Duke of Kent are succeeded by their eldest sons, the Earl of Ulster and the Earl of St. E is often used as a digit meaning fourteen in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 15 or greater. Under the November 20, 1917, Letters Patent of King George V, the titular dignity of Prince/Princess and the style Royal Highness are restricted to the sons of a Sovereign, the sons of a Sovereign's sons, and the eldest living son of the eldest son of a Prince of Wales. 7e8 is 7×108 or 700,000,000. Rather, these special peerages are called "royal dukedoms" because they are held by a member of the royal family who is entitled to the style Royal Highness. E is also used to signify ×10y; i.e. In the United Kingdom, there is nothing about the particular dukedom that makes it royal, even though the formal style of an ordinary duke is 'The Most High, Noble and Potent Prince'. See e (mathematical constant). Once a particular peerage is granted to a member of the British royal family, it is not subsequently granted to anyone outside the royal family. e is Euler's number, a transcendental number (approximately equal to 2.71828182846) which is used as the base for natural logarithms. Andrews have not been granted as separate dukedoms. In mathematics,
To date, Avondale, Stathearn, and St. In international licence plate codes, E stands for Spain (España). For example, King George III created his second son, Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, and Queen Victoria bestowed the dukedom of Clarence and Avondale on her grandson, Prince Albert Victor of Wales. In legal metrology, the "estimated" sign (the symbol ℮) following a measurement of quantity (e.g., 750 ml ℮) is used to indicate that the measurement of weight or volume is done according to preset rules with specific allowable variances. In the past, British sovereigns have combined several territorial designations into a single dukedom. Its turned counterpart, /ə/, stands for the mid central vowel or schwa. Other dukedoms that have been awarded to members of the British royal family in the past include those of Albany, Avondale, Cambridge, Clarence, Connaught, Cumberland, Kendal, Strathearn, and Sussex. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, /e/ refers to the close-mid front unrounded vowel. With the exceptions of the dukedoms of Cornwall and Rothesay (which can only be held by the eldest son of the Sovereign), these dukedoms are hereditary according to the Letters Patent that created them, which contain the standard remainder "heirs male of his body." The British Sovereign also holds and as such is entitled to the revenues of the duchy of Lancaster, but does not hold the dukedom - there is no dukedom of Lancaster as the Sovereign cannot hold a peerage dignity, since s/he is the fount of honour and cannot hold an honour from his/herself. In geography and weather forecasting, E stands for east, one of the four cardinal directions. The former king Edward VIII was created Duke of Windsor after his abdication. In gender-neutral pronouns, e is the Spivak pronoun meaning he or she. There are also other royal dukes such as, HRH The Duke of York (The Prince Andrew), HRH The Duke of Gloucester (Prince Richard), and HRH The Duke of Kent (Prince Edward). In finance, E is the New York Stock Exchange ticker symbol for ENI Spa. In the United Kingdom, a royal duke is a duke who is a member of the British Royal Family, entitled to the style of Royal Highness. In the United Kingdom, the current royal dukes are The Prince of Wales, who is Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay; HRH The Duke of Edinburgh (The Prince Philip) of which there has been three such creations of the Dukedom of Edinburgh, (Frederick, Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and the current duke. In film, E is a Canadian film from 1982; see E (film). Four reigning European royal houses traditionally awarded (mainly) dukedoms to the sons and in some cases, the daughters, of their respective Sovereigns; others include at least one dukedom in a wider list of similarly granted principalities. In English slang, E is a term for Ecstasy or MDMA, a synthetic drug which is often used recreationally. The second term is the female form, meaning duchess. In electrochemistry, E is a symbol for electrode potential, and E° is a symbol for standard electrode potential. Currently, there are twenty-seven dukedoms in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, held by twenty-four different people (see List of Dukes in order of precedence). In education, E is a very low grade, except in some grading systems such as the one used in the USA which goes from D to F, omitting E. Dukes in the United Kingdom are addressed as 'Your Grace' and referred to as 'His Grace'. In currency, E is sometimes used as symbol for the euro when the symbol € is not available. However, the title of duke has never been associated with independent rule in the British Isles. In computational complexity theory, the complexity class E is a variant of the class EXPTIME of problems solvable in exponential time. In the United Kingdom, the inherited office of a duke along with its dignities, privileges, and rights is a dukedom. The E programming language is an object-oriented language for secure distributed computing. When this title appeared in the Carolingian empire, stem dukes ruled over non-Frankish nations (dukes of the Alamans, of the Bavarians, of the Aquitans), while counts ruled over a region in the Frankish realm. See Amiga E. Latin chroniclers applied it to the leaders of Lombard warbands. It's related to C and Pascal. In the late Roman Empire, dux was a military title. E is also a programming language available for the Amiga. The Genoese and Venetian elective, 'crowned republican' title "doge" is derived from the same origin. The letter e is often used as a prefix (with or without a subsequent hyphen) for other words to imply "electronic", such as e-mail or e-commerce. There were no Anglo-Saxon duchies in the feudal sense, only individual duces; the Middle English duke derives from the Old French duc, which in turn came from the Latin dux/ducis deriving from the verb ducere, meaning "to lead". In computing,
The Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall in 1337. In the atmosphere of Earth, the E layer is part of the ionosphere. Since the unification of Italy in the 1870, there have no longer been any sovereign duchies in Europe, for Luxembourg is a grand duchy. In the 19th century, the sovereign dukes of Parma and Modena in Italy, and of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Anhalt, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg in Germany survived Napoleon's reorganization. In early Medieval Italy, the Dukes of Benevento and of Spoleto were independent territorial magnates in duchies originally created by the Lombards. Like the margraves, they were responsible for the military defence of an important region, and had strong arguments for retaining the Crown's tax incomes of their duchy to fund their military force. The medieval dukes had a strong position in the realms they belonged to. The dissolution tendency was counteracted by the appointment of younger sons of the monarchs (royal dukes) as military governors of the important border provinces, which however also soon developed into hereditary duchies and a source of intrigues against the monarch (see for instance: History of Schleswig-Holstein). In the 7th century these units developed into hereditary clan-duchies of Bavarians, Thuringians, Alemanni, Franks and other Germanic tribes, which Charlemagne crushed in 788, converting the border provinces into margraviates (which however soon emerged as clan-margraviates: Saxony, Bavaria, Swabia, Lorraine...). The Germanic Franks converted, under Roman influence, the Germanic concept of Herzog (literally: "war-leader", commonly translated as "duke"), the temporarily elected general for a major expedition of warfare, into military governors for units of up to a dozen counties. To avoid the connotations of the modern "dukes", Roman military leaders are usually called duces. Upon the separation of the civil and military functions in the fourth century the dux became commander of all the troops cantoned in a military territory, often corresponding to one or more Roman provinces; note that this Roman rank was below the similar Comes rei militaris (the rank of Comes survives in the title Count, which is lower in the feudal hierarchy). The designation, first applied to barbaric tribal leaders and various military commanders, became of formal Roman title in time. Originally Dux (Latin for leader) was a title given by the Romans to a general commanding a single military expedition and holding no other power than that which he exercised over his soldiers. . The wife of a duke, or a woman who rules a duchy, is known as a duchess. The term duke is a title of nobility which refers to the sovereign male ruler of a Continental European duchy, to a nobleman of the highest grade of the British peerage, or to the highest rank of nobility in various other European countries, including Portugal, Spain and France (in Italy, principe is held to be the highest grade). In certain instances, some titles were held by Right of Perpetual Inheritance Shih Hssi Wang T'i. All, except the ninth grade, were heritable for a specific number of generations, ranging from twenty-six generations for a first class Kung to one generation for a Yün Ch'i Yü. for lowerborn subjects: Kung, divided into three classes or Têng, often translated as Duke, or as Prince (but not of the blood), is the second of ten hereditary titles of Nobility (Chüeh Yin or Shih Chüeh) conferred on subjects and collateral members of the Imperial clan, only under Yen Shêng Kung ('sacred Prince', reserved for Confucius' posterity), but above all other ranks: Hou (also three classes, translated as Marquis) (these first three ranks were classed as "Eminent Ranks" Ch'ao P'in carrying honorific epiphets, Po (three classes, translated as Earl), Tzu (three classes, translated as Viscount), Nan (three classes, translated as Baron), Ch'ing Ch'e Tu Yü, Ch'i Tu Yü, Yün Ch'i Yü, Ên Ch'i Yü. within the imperial family (extended, but limited; such systematic tituature is unknown in Europe) there were fourteen ranks, arranged the the following descending order: Ho Shê Ch'in Wang, Prince of the Blood of the first rank, usually conferred on the sons of Emperors by an Empress; To Lo Chün Wang, originally Ho Shê To Lo Pei Lê "prince of the gift", enjoying the style of His Imperial Highness, with a name or locality (hao) attached to the title and the right to a posthumous name (shi) after death, usually conferred on the sons of Emperors by Imperial Consorts; To Lo Pei Lê Prince of the Blood of the third rank and enjoying the style of His Highness; Ku Shan Pei Tzu "Prince of the Banner", with the style of His Highness; Fêng Ên Chên Kuo Kung "defender duke": Prince of the Blood of the fifth rank with the style of His Highness; Fêng Ên Fu Kuo Kung "bulwark duke": Prince of the Blood of sixth rank with the style of His Highness; only these six highest ranks carried the right to the eight privileges or Pa Fen (to wear the purple button, a three-eyed peacock's feather, embroidered dragon plaque on court robes, to have red painted spears at the gates of their residences, to attach tassels to the accoutrements of their horses, to use purple bridle-reins, to have a servant carry a special teapot, to have a special carpet on which to seat themselves); below were: Pu Ju Pa Fên Chên Kuo Kung "lesser defender duke not to encroach on the Eight Privileges", Prince of the Blood of the seventh rank with the style of His Excellency; Pu Ju Pa Fên Fu Kuo Kung "lesser bulwark duke not to encroach on the Eight Privileges" Prince of the Blood of the eighth rank with the style of His Excellency; Chên Kuo Chiang Chün Noble of the Imperial Lineage of the ninth rank, divided into three grades (or Têng); Fu Kuo Chiang Chün Noble of the Imperial Lineage of the tenth rank, divided into three grades; Fêng Kuo Chiang Chün "supporter-general of the state" Noble of the Imperial Lineage of the eleventh rank, divided into three grades; Fêng Ên Chiang Chün "general by grace", noble of the Imperial Lineage of the twelfth rank; Tsung Shih Imperial clansman, the usual rank for male descendants, in the male line, beyond the twelfth generation, entitled to wear an Imperial Yellow Girdle denoting their descent from Emperor Hsien Tsu; Chio Lo collateral relatives of the Imperial clan, entitled to wear a distinctive Red Girdle denoting their descent from the collateral relatives of Emperor Hsien Tsu. In Denmark, the main duchy being Schleswig, part of which later was transferred to Germany; its southern neighbour Holstein, also under the Danish crown (both in personal union), was always a German principality. in Russia, before the imperial unification from Moscovia; sometimes even as vassal, tributary to a Tartar Khan; later, in the empire, the russification gertsog was used as the Russian rendering on the German ducal title Herzog, especially as (the last) part of the full official style of the Russian Emperor: Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, and of other lands", in chief of German and Danish territories (claimed, not controlled). in splintered Poland, notably Masovia. 1842). Guastalla (ext. 1926). Piacenza: for Lebrun, Arch-Treasurer (24 April 1808, ext. Plaisance, i.e. 1824). Parma: for Cambacérès, author of the Code, Arch-Chancellor (24 April 1808, ext. Parme, i.e. 1912). Tarento: for maréchal MacDonald (1809, ext. Tarente, i.e. 1956, but special clause of the letters patent authorizing a substitution were applied). Reggio: for maréchal Oudinot (1810, main line ext. Otranto : for Nicholas Fouché, minister of Police (1809). Otrante, i.e. 1841). Gaete: for Gaudin, finance minister (1809, ext. 1872). Rovigo: for general Savary (ext. 1888). Padua (Padova in Italian): for general Arrighi de Casanova (24 April 1808, ext. Padoue, i.e. 1896). Vicenza: for general Caulaincourt, Grand-Écuyer (ext. Vicence, i.e. 1906). Bassano: for Maret, minister (ext. 1852, extended 1864). Feltre : for general Clarke (ext. 1912). Treviso: for maréchal Mortier (1808, ext. Trévise, i.e. 1842). Conegliano : for maréchal Moncey (1808, ext. 1853). Belluno: for maréchal Victor (1808, ext. Bellune, i.e. 1893). Cadore : for amiral Nompère de Champagny (ext. 1829). Frioul, i.e Friuli: for the widow of general Duroc (1813, ext. 1856). Istria: for maréchal Bessières (1809, ext. Dalmatia (now in Croatia): for maréchal Soult (1808, extinguished 1857). See also Historical states of Italy. special variant : the Doges of Genua and of Venice were elective crowned heads of commercial 'most serene republics', in style echoed by the minute Adriatic republic of Senarica. the duchies of Benevento and Pontecorvo became part of the Papal states. Dukes of Modena and Reggio. the duchy of Savoy, originally a countship; also partly in presnet France and Switzerland. came to serve as royal archduchies for the (imperial) Habsburg dynasty; the same goes for the neighbouring (southern) duchy of Krain, now in Slovenia. Austria proper (the former Ostmark, see margrave), Carinthia, Styria, .. duchy, later Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg. Duke of Lower Lorraine and successors. Duke of Bouillon in the Ardenne, has also been claimed by France. Duke of Gelre (claiming the rank of Archduke). Duke of Brabant (claiming the rank of Archduke). The Dukes of Saxony, later raised to Kings. Duchy of Lorraine (replacing Duchy of Thuringia). Duchy of Swabia. Duchy of Bavaria. Duchy of Franconia. Duchy of Saxony. Duke of Medinacelli. Duque de Alva / Duke of Alba. Duque de Zaragoza. Duque de Vitonton. Duque de Vistahermoso. Duque de Vista-Alegre. Duque de Villena. Duque de Villahermosa. Duque de Villafranca. Duque de Vigo. Duque de Vergara. Duque de Veragua. Duque de Valencia de Campos. Duque de Uzeda. Duque de Uceda. Duque de Trujillo. Duque de Trani. Duque de Tovar. Duque de Tetuan. Duque de Tarifa. Duque de Tarancón. Duque de Tamanes. Duque de Talavera de la Reina. Duque de T'Serclaes. Duque de Sueca. Duque de Suárez. Duque de Sotomayor. Duque de Soria. Duque de Soma. Duque de Silva. Duque de Sevilha. Duque de Sessa. Duque de Seo de Urgel. Duque de Seo d'Urgel. Duque de Segovia. Duque de Segorbe. Duque de Santoña. Duque de Santo Buono. Duque de Santisteban del Puerto. Duque de Santa Isabel. Duque de Santa Elena. Duque de Santa Cristina. Duque de Sanlúcar la Mayor. Duque de San Ricardo. Duque de San Pedro Galatino. Duque de San Miguel. Duque de San Lorenzo de Villahermoso. Duque de San Lorenzo. Duque de San Juan. Duque de San Fernando de Quiroga. Duque de San Carlos. Duque de Rivas. Duque de Ripalda. Duque de Riánsares. Duque de Riansares. Duque de Regla. Duque de Primo de Rivera. Duque de Prim. Duque de Plasencia. Duque de Pinohermoso. Duque de Peñaranda. Duque de Pastrana. Duque de Parcent. Duque de Palma de Maiorca. Duque de Palizzi. Duque de Palata. Duque de Osuna. Duque de Olivares. Duque de Noblejar. Duque de Nájera. Duque de Najeda. Duque de Montpensier. Duque de Montoroso. Duque de Montoro. Duque de Montemar. Duque de Montellano. Duque de Monteleón. Duque de Montealegre. Duque de Montalto. Duque de Monforte. Duque de Mola. Duque de Moctezuma. Duque de Miranda. Duque de Medinaceli. Duque de Medina Sidonia. Duque de Medina de Rio Seco. Duque de Medina de las Torres. Duque de Maura. Duque de Marchena. Duque de Maqueda. Duque de Mandas y Villanueva. Duque de Mandas. Duque de Madrid. Duque de Luna. Duque de Lugo. Duque de Lucera. Duque de Lucca. Duque de Losada. Duque de los Castillejos. Duque de Lorenzana. Duque de Liria. Duque de Linhares. Duque de Linares. Duque de Lerma. Duque de Lecera. Duque de las Torres. Duque de la Victoria de las Amézcoas. Duque de la Victoria. Duque de la Vega. Duque de la Unión de Cuba. Duque de la Torre. Duque de La Roca. Duque de la Conquista. Duque de la Alcudia. Duque de Jerica. Duque de Infantado. Duque de Huete. Duque de Huescar. Duque de Hornes. Duque de Hornachuelos. Duque de Hijar. Duque de Hernani. Duque de Granada de Ega. Duque de Gor. Duque de Gandia. Duque de Galisteo. Duque da Galícia. Duque de Frías. Duque de Franco. Duque de Francavilla. Duque de Francavila. Duque de Fernandina. Duque de Fernández-Miranda. Duque de Fernan-Nuñez. Duque de Fernán Nuñez. Duque de Feria. Duque de Estremera. Duque de Escalona. Duque de Durcal. Duque de Soria. Duque de Pinohermoso. Duque del Rubi. Duque del Infantado. Duque de Atlixco. Duque de Denia. Duque de Dato. Duque de Croiy. Duque de Ciudad Rodrigo. Duque de Ciudad Real. Duque de Cea. Duque de Castroterreño. Duque de Castro-Terreño. Duque de Castro Enriquez. Duque de Carrero Blanco. Duque de Cardona. Duque da Cantábria. Duque de Canovas del Castillo. Duque de Canalejas. Duque de Camiña. Duque de Cádiz. Duque de Bivona. Duque de Benvante. Duque de Benavente. Duque de Béjar. Duque de Baños. Duque de Bailén. Duque de Baena. Duque de Badajoz. Duque de Aveyro. Duque de Atrisco. Duque de Astrico. Duque de Arjona. Duque de Arion. Duque de Arevalo del Rey. Duque de Arcos. Duque de Arco. Duque de Ansola. Duque de Andria. Duque de Amalfi. Duque de Almodovar del Valle. Duque de Almodovar del Rio. Duque de Almería. Duque de Almenara Alta. Duque de Almazán de Saint Priest. Duque de Aliaga. Duque de Algete. Duque de Algeciras. Duque de Alcalá de los Gazules. Duque de Albuquerque. Duque de Albufera. Duque de Alba. Duque de Alagón. Duque de Ahumada. Duque de Abrantes. Duque de Viseu. Duque do Porto. Duque da Guarda. Duque de Coimbra. Duque de Bragança (the home principality of the Portuguese royal dynasty after the post-Habsburg restoration of independence). Duque de Beja. Duque de Barcelos. Duque de Aveiro. Duke of Savoy (although Haute Savoie is now part of France, the Dukes of Savoy were Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, not peers of France.). Duke of Montpensier. Duke of Lorraine. Duke of Guise. Duke of Broglie. Duke of Brittany (considered a sovereign state until personal union with France, by the marriage of Anne of Brittany with the French kings Charles VIII and Louis XII and of her daughter Claude with Renaissance King Francis I, who conclude the 1553 treaty rendering the nion permanent while granting some autonomy). Duke of Bourbon. Duke of Auvergne. Duke of Anjou. Duke of Angouleme. Duke of Aquitaine or duc d'Aquitaine or - de Guyenne (holds the second square banner). Duke of Normandy or duc de Normandie (holds the first square banner). Duke of Burgundy (known as Grand duc; not a separate title at that time; just a description of the wealth and real clout of the 15th century Dukes, cousins of the Kings of France) (bears the crown, fastens the belt). the duc de Bourgogne, i.e. the bishop-duc de Langres (in Burgundy; bears the scepter). the bishop-duke of Laon (in Picardy; bears the 'Sainte Ampoule' containing the sacred ointment). Two suffragan bishops, styled evêque-duc pair de France :
The Archbishop of Reims, styled archevêque-duc pair de France (in Champagne; who crown and anoint the king, traditionally in his cathedral). Speak to as: Your Royal Highness. Address: His Royal Highness the Duke of _____. Begin: Sir. Speak to as: Your Grace. Address: His Grace the Duke of _____. Begin: My Lord Duke. Ukrainian Hertsog /Hertsoginya. Swedish Hertig /Hertiginna. Spanish Duque /Duquesa. Slovene Vojvoda /Vojvodinja. Slovak Vojvoda /Vojvodkyňa. Serbo-Croatian Vojvoda /Vojvotkinja. Russian Hertsog /Hertsogina. Romanian Duce /Ducesă. Rhaeto-Romanic Duca /Duchessa. Portuguese Duque /Duquesa. Polish Książę /Księżna. Norwegian Hertug /Hertuginne. Monegasque Düka /Düchessa. Maltese Duka /Dukessa. Macedonian Voyvoda /Voyvotka. Luxemburgish Herzog /Herzogin. Lithuanian Hercogas /Hercogiene. Latvian Hercogs /Hercogiene. LATIN (feudal) Dux. Italian Duca /Duchessa. Irish Diúc /Bandiúc. Icelandic Hertogi /Hertogafrú. Hungarian Herceg /Hercegnő. Greek (New) Doukas /Doukissa. Finnish Herttua /Herttuatar. Estonian Hertsog /Hertsoginna. Dutch Hertog /Hertogin. Danish Hertug /Hertuginde. Czech Vévoda /Vévodkyně. Catalan Duc /Duquessa. Bulgarian Voyvoda, Hertsog /Hertsoginya. Belorussian Hertsag /Hertsaginya. Albanian Dukë /Dukeshë. French Duc /Duchesse. German Herzog /Herzogin. |