Crochet

The following types of crochet are derived from the basic method:. Common formats in digital camera images are DCF, DPOF, EXIF, JPEG, RAW, TIFF; formats for movies are AVI, DV, MPEG, MOV, WMV etc. Although crochet underwent a subsequent decline in popularity, it has recently benefited from a revival of interest in handcrafts among the younger generation, as well as great strides in improvement of the quality and varieties of yarn. Some DVD recorders and television sets can read memory cards too. Often using granny squares, a motif worked in the round, and incorporating bright colors, these designs became indicative of the era. The camera connects to the printer, which then downloads and prints its images. The craft remained primarily a homemaker's art until the late 1960s when the younger generation picked up on crochet. An autonomous device, such as a PictBridge printer, operates without need of a computer .

Modern practice In the 1950s, crocheters began to use thicker yarns to create less delicate clothing and home items, though thread crocheting remained more popular until about 1960. Earlier consumer-based digital cameras used floppy disks. Mass-produced steel hooks were used to work the thread beginning in about 1900. In common use are Compact Flash (CF) (which includes microdrives, as they use the same format), Secure Digital (SD) cards, xD cards, and for Sony devices, Memory Stick cards. Crochet in the round or filet crochet, worked in rows of 'open' or 'closed' mesh to create patterns, were most common. Most dedicated cameras, however, use a removable memory card to store data. From 1800 to 1950, crochet was done almost exclusively in thread. Cheap cameras and cameras secondary to the devices main use (such as a camera phone) use onboard memory, such as flash memory.

Riego de la Branchardiere around 1845 who published patterns and instructions for reproducing bobbin lace and needle lace via crochet. Digital cameras need memory to store data. Irish crochet lace was boosted by Mlle. Mobile phone cameras are even more common than standalone digital cameras. This impression was partially mitigated by Queen Victoria, who conspicuously purchased Irish-made crochet lace and even learned to crochet herself. Some devices, like mobile phones and PDAs, contain integrated digital cameras. Those who could afford lace made by older and more expensive methods disdained crochet as a cheap copy. Some cameras such as the Kodak EasyShare One are able to connect to computer networks wirelessly via 802.11 Wi-Fi.

The introduction of crochet as an imitation of a status symbol, rather than a unique craft in its own right, had stigmatized the practice as common. USB is the most widely used method, though some have a FireWire port or use Bluetooth. The finished items were purchased mainly by the emerging middle class. Early cameras used the PC serial port. Around the world, crochet became a thriving cottage industry, supporting communities whose traditional livelihoods had been displaced by imperialism. Many digital cameras can connect directly to a computer to transfer data. Those that survive to this day are often ornately carved or inlaid with mother-of-pearl. In some cases, extra resolution is interpolated into the image by shifting photosites off of a standard grid pattern so that photosites are adjacent to each other at 45 degree angles, and all three values are interpolated for "virtual" photosites which fall into the spaces at 90 degree angles from the actual photosites.

At this time, thread spun from natural fibers was used without dyeing, and worked with handmade hooks of ivory, brass, or hardwood. The luminous intensity color values not captured for each pixel can be interpolated (or guessed at) from the values of adjacent pixels which represent the color being calculated. It required minimal equipment and supplies, all easily accessible to persons of all social classes. This provides a wider color gamut, but requires a slightly more complicated interpolation process. Beginning in the 1800s in Europe, crochet began to be used as a less costly substitute for other forms of lace. Sometimes a 4-color filter pattern is used, often involving 2 different hues of green. These writers point to the tambour hooks used in tambour embroidery in France in the seventeenth century, and contend that the hooking of loops through fine fabric in tambour work evolved into "crochet in the air." Most samples of early work claimed to be crochet turn out to actually be samples of naalebinding. The high proportion of green takes advantage of properties of the human visual system, which determines brightness mostly from green and is far more sensitive to brightness than to hue or saturation.

Other writers point out that woven, knit and knotted textiles survive from very early periods, but that there are no surviving samples of crocheted fabric in any ethnological collection, or archeological source prior to 1800. A Bayer filter pattern is a 2x2 pattern of light filters, with green ones at opposite corners and red and blue elsewhere. These writers point to the "simplicity" of the technique and claim that it "must" have been early. The Bayer filter pattern is typically used. Many find it likely that crochet was in fact used by early cultures but that a bent forefinger was used in place of a fashioned hook; therefore, there were no artifacts left behind to attest to the practice. A normal sensor element cannot simultaneously record these three values. Some theorize that crochet evolved from traditional practices in Arabia, South America, or China, but there is no decisive evidence of the craft being performed before its popularity in Europe during the 1800s. This is because in digital images, each pixel must have three values for luminous intensity, one each for the red, green, and blue channels.

. The software specific to the camera interprets the information from the sensor to obtain a full color image. This method distinguishes crochet from other methods of fabric-making such as knitting, as it is composed entirely of loops made with a single hook and is only secured when the free end of the strand is pulled through the final loop. Image color or resolution interpolation is used unless the camera uses a beam splitter single-shot approach, three-filter multi-shot approach, or Foveon X3 sensor currently used in Sigma SD10 DSLR and Polaroid x530 point and shoot. Stitches are made by pulling one or more loops through each loop of the chain. However, the higher color fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions available with multi-shot and scan-backs make them attractive for commercial photographers working with stationary subjects and large-format photographs. Rounds can also be created by working many stitches into a single loop. It is usually inappropriate to attempt to capture a subject which moves (like people or objects in motion) with anything but a single shot system.

The chain is either turned and worked in rows, or joined end-to-end and worked in rounds. The choice of method for a given capture is of course determined largely by the subject matter.
Crocheted fabric in the modern sense is begun by placing a slip-knot loop on the hook, pulling another loop through the first loop, and so on to create a chain. These CCDs are usually referred to as "sticks" rather than "chips" because they utilize only a single row of pixels (more properly "photosites") which are again "stamped" with the Bayer filter. The word is not to be confused with "crotchet", otherwise known as a quarter note. The third method is called "Scan" because the sensor moves across the focus plane much like the sensor of a desktop scanner. The origin of the crochet technique is a subject of considerable controversy. A third version combined the two methods without stamping a Bayer filter onto the chip.

The word crochet is derived from the Middle French word croc or croche, meaning hook. It describes the process of creating fabric from a length of cord, yarn, or thread with a Crochet hook. Another multiple shot method utilized a single CCD with a Bayer filter but actually moved the physical location of the sensor chip on the focus plane of the lens to "stitch" together a higher resolution image than the CCD would allow otherwise. "Handmade Lace & Patterns" by Annette Feldman. The most common originally was to use a single CCD with three filters (once again red, green and blue) passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information. Crochet: History & Technique by Lis Paludan. There are several methods of application of the multi-shot technique. A living mystery : the international art & history of crochet by Annie Louise Potter. The second method is referred to as "Multi-Shot" because the sensor is exposed to the image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens aperture.

Irish crochet. Single Shot capture systems use either one CCD with a Bayer filter stamped onto it or three separate CCDs (one each for the primary additive colors Red, Green and Blue) which are exposed to the same image via a beam splitter. Cro-hook. The first method is often called "Single Shot," in reference to the number of times the camera's sensor is exposed to the light passing through the camera lens. Hairpin lace. the camera body had multiple lenses, viewfinders, winders and backs available for use with it to fit different needs.) Since the first backs were introduced there have been three main methods of "capturing" the image, each based on the hardware configuration of the particular back. Broomstick lace. (This is because most of the large- and medium-format camera systems in professional use at the time that digital capture overtook film as the professional's medium of choice were modular in nature, i.e.

Tunisian crochet. High-end digital camera backs used by professionals are usually separate devices from the camera bodies which they are used with. Filet crochet. For our purposes, a chip sensor is a CCD. CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) sensors are differentiated from CCDs proper in that it uses less power and a different kind of light sensing material, however the differences are highly technical and many manufacturers still consider the CMOS chip a charged coupled device. chips comprised of a grid of phototransistors to sense the light intensities across the plane of focus of the camera lens.

All use either a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) or a CMOS sensor, i.e. The actual transfers to a host computer are commonly carried out using the USB mass storage device class (so that the camera appear as a drive) or using the Picture Transfer Protocol and its derivatives. They are rated in megapixels; that is, the product of their maximum resolution dimensions in millions. Among digital still cameras, most have a rear LCD for reviewing photographs.

In addition, some newer camcorders record video directly to flash memory and transfer over USB and FireWire. However, modern digital photography cameras have a video function, and a growing number of camcorders have a still photography function. Initially, a digital camera was characterized by the use of flash memory and USB or FireWire for storage and transfer of still photographs, and this is still the common meaning of the unadorned term. Digital still cameras are cameras whose primary purpose is to capture photography in a digital format.

In addition, many still digital cameras have a "movie" mode, in which images are continuously acquired at a frame rate sufficient for video. Digital cameras can be classified into several groups:. Mavica worked off magnetic disks and was based on television technology that inherently limited image quality. Sony marketed Mavica, the first filmless camera in 1981.

components, a Kodak movie-camera lens and the tiny CCD chips introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. For his device, Sasson used an analog-to-digital converter adapted from Motorola Inc. No one, however, had attempted a completely solid-state digital-video device. Before that time television cameras had converted images into analog electrical signals, cameras aboard robot space probes had digitized photographs using vacuum tube components and relayed them back to Earth, and Texas Instruments had designed a filmless but analog-based electronic camera in 1972.

The question was simply 'Could we build a camera using solid-state imagers?' At that time (1970s) the CCD had just come out, and people were curious about its applications. Sasson's masters supervisor, Gareth Lloyd, set him an open ended assignment. Steven Sasson, an engineer working for Eastman Kodak, is credited with developing the first digital camera, an 8-pound toaster sized box that captured a black-and-white image on a digital cassette tape at a resolution of .01 megapixels. .

Modern digital cameras are typically multifunctional and the same device can take photographs, video, and/or sound. A digital camera, is an electronic device to transform images into electronic data. They are superb for portraiture and artistic photography because they can be customized for various applications with a comprehensive range of exchangeable lenses. They are also bulkier and frequently much more expensive than their casual-use oriented counterparts.

They resemble ordinary professional cameras in most ways, most with replaceable flash and lens components, which give the user maximum control over light, focus and depth of field. Digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLR) share the optical layout of single-lens reflex cameras and typically have a sensor many times larger than that of a standard digital camera, and are targeted at professional photographers and enthusiasts. They excel in landscape photography and casual use. It is also part of the reason professional photographers find their images flat or artificial-looking.

This allows objects at multiple depths to be in focus simultaneously, which accounts for much of their ease of focusing. They have an extended depth of field. They are characterized by great ease in operation and easy focusing; this design allows for limited motion picture capability. Standard Digital Cameras (also called compact digital cameras or digicams): This encompasses most digital cameras.

Webcams can capture full-motion video as well, and some models include microphones or zoom ability. Webcams are digital cameras attached to computers, used for video conferencing or other purposes. They generally include a microphone to record sound, and feature a small LCD to watch the video during filming and playback. These are a combination of camera and VCR to create an all-in-one production unit.

Camcorders used by amateurs. Professional video cameras usually do not have a built-in VCR or microphone. These typically have multiple image sensors (one per color) to enhance resolution and color gamut. Professional video cameras such as those used in television and movie production.