Copper

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News stories from Wikinews. A precipitate should form, which then dissolves upon adding excess ammonia, to form an ammonia complex, tetraaminecopper(II). Significant religious groups include Roman Catholics (27%), Protestants (1.2%), and Czechoslovak Hussites (1%). Add aqeuous ammonia. Despite the very visible presence of cathedrals and church buildings all over the country, the majority of Czechs (59%) are agnostics or atheists or without any dogmatic organization of belief, mostly as a consequence of the anti-religious policy during the communist era. Ionic equation:. After the 1993 division, some Slovaks remained in the Czech Republic and comprise roughly 2% of the current population.

A blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide should form, by the displacement of the copper ions by sodium ions. Other ethnic groups include Slovaks, Germans, Roma, Hungarians, Ukrainians and Poles. Add aqueous sodium hydroxide. The majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic (95%) are ethnically Czech and speak Czech, a member of the Slavic languages. Copper (I) and Copper (II) can also be referred to by their common names cuprous and cupric. Main article: Demographics of the Czech Republic. Copper (II) compounds : copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) oxide, copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfide. The Czech government has expressed a desire to adopt the euro currency in 2010, but the introduction of the currency is currently only in the early planning stages.

Copper (I) compounds : copper(I) chloride, copper(I) oxide. Moves to complete banking, telecommunications, and energy privatisation will add to foreign investment, while intensified restructuring among large enterprises and banks and improvements in the financial sector should strengthen output growth. Copper oxides are used to make yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ) or YBCO which forms the basis of many unconventional superconductors. Uncomfortably high fiscal and current account deficits could be future problems. There are two stable copper oxides, copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O). The rate of corruption remains one of the highest among OECD countries. It is used as a fungicide, known as Bordeaux mixture. Growth in 2000-2001 was led by exports to the EU, especially Germany, and foreign investment, while domestic demand is reviving.

Copper(II) sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate which is perhaps the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. One of the most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the Czech Republic has been recovering from recession since mid-1999. Copper(II) carbonate is green from which arises the unique appearance of copper-clad roofs or domes on some buildings. Main article: Economy of the Czech Republic. Under unusual conditions, a +3 state can be obtained. The local climate is temperate with warm summers and cold, cloudy, humid winters, typified by a mixture of maritime and continental influences. Common oxidation states of copper include the less stable copper(I) state, Cu⁺¹; and the more stable copper(II) state, Cu⁺², which forms blue or blue-green salts. Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea.

Formed in 1967, its principal members were Chile, Peru, Zaire, and Zambia. Moravia, the eastern part, is also quite hilly and is drained predominantly by the Morava river, but also contains the source of the Oder (Czech: Odra) river. The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), defunct since 1992, once tried to play a similar role for copper as OPEC does for oil, but never achieved the same influence, not least because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member. The Czech landscape is quite varied; Bohemia to the west consists of a basin, drained by the Elbe (Czech: Labe) and Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains such as the Sudeten with its part Krkonoše, where one also finds the highest point in the country, the Sněžka at 1,602 m. The average abundance of copper found within crustal rocks is approximately 68000 parts per billion by mass, and 22000 parts per billion by atoms. Main article: Geography of the Czech Republic. Examples include: Chuquicamata in Chile and El Chino mine in New Mexico. The Czech Republic consists of 13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and one capital city (hlavní město), marked by a *:.

Most copper ore is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in copper porphyry deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 percent copper. Main article: Regions of the Czech Republic. Minerals such as the carbonates azurite (Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂) and malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂) are sources of copper, as are sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu₂S) and oxides like cuprite (Cu₂O). The structure of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic is as follows:. Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form. In year 2004 the army transformed into fully professional organization and compulsory military service has been ended. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water. Czech forces have been gradually downsized from 200,000 to 35,000 and at the same time modernized and reoriented toward defensive posture.

The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. Being a member of NATO since 1999, the Czech Republic completes a major overhaul of the extensive Czechoslovak armed forces which until 1989 formed one of the pillars of the Warsaw Pact military alliance. However it is unknown at this stage whether the copper contributes to the mental illness, whether the body attempts to store more copper in response to the illness, or whether the high levels of copper are the result of the mental illness. The Czech Armed Forces (Czech: Armáda České republiky) consists of Land and Air Forces and of specialized support units. In addition, studies have found that people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia had heightened levels of copper in their systems. The Constitutional Court, which rules on constitutional issues, is appointed by the president, and its members serve 10-year terms. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage. The country's highest court of appeals is the Supreme Court.

An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, since it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. The 81 members of the Czech Senate serve for 6-year terms with one-third being elected every 2 years on the basis of two-round majority voting. In toxicity, copper can inhibit the enzyme dihydrophil hydratase, an enzyme involved in haemopoiesis. The 200 Chamber delegates are elected for 4-year terms, on the basis of proportional representation. The DRI Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/day. The Czech parliament (Parlament) is bicameral, with a Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) and a Senate (Senát). The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.5 to 2 mg/l. He also appoints the prime minister, who sets the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister.

Thirty grams of copper sulfate is potentially lethal in humans. The president is also granted specific powers such as the right to nominate Constitutional Court judges, dissolve parliament under certain conditions, complete immunity, and enact a veto on legislation. All copper compounds, unless otherwise known, should be treated as if they were toxic. According to its constitution, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary democracy whose head of state is a president, indirectly elected every five years by the parliament. The RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 mg/day. Main article: Politics of the Czech Republic. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

[1]. On January 1, 1993, the country peacefully split in two, creating the independent Czech and Slovak republics. The blood of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, uses copper rather than iron for oxygen transport. In 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its political independence through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution". Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase (containing copper and zinc), and is the central metal in the oxygen-carrying pigment hemocyanin. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize party rule and create "socialism with a human face" during the Prague Spring. When copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin. In 1948, a reconstituted Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence.

Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. Only a few who had been active in the resistance or were required for economic reasons were allowed to stay, though many of them emigrated later due to the anti-German sentiment prevalent in post War Czechoslovakia. Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals. As a consequence, 15 000 - 30 000 (according to the official German-Czech Committee of Historians) Germans were killed or otherwise died. In alchemy the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus. About 3 million Germans, almost the entire German minority of pre-War Czechoslovakia, were expelled to Germany and Austria. Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. From 1945 to 1948 the Sudetenland was cleansed of ethnic Germans (under the so-called Beneš decrees and the Treaty of Potsdam).

Brass, an alloy of zinc and copper, was known to the Greeks but first used extensively by the Romans. Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fighting against Nazis were acknowledged by Allies. The transitional period in certain regions between the preceding Neolithic period and the Bronze Age is termed the Chalcolithic, with some high-purity copper tools being used alongside stone tools. 125 000 citizens, including 83 000 Jews, were killed, and hundreds of thousand of others were sent to prisons and concentration camps or forced labour. The use of bronze was so pervasive in a certain era of civilization that it has been named the Bronze Age. Appr. High levels of arsenic in his hair suggests he was involved in copper smelting. Eventually Slovakia broke away further in 1939 and the remaining Czech territory was occupied by Hitler who installed the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which was proclaimed part of the Reich and where the Protectorate President and Prime Minister were subordinate to the Nazi Reichsprotektor ('imperial protector').

In Europe, Oetzi the Iceman, a well-preserved male dated to 3200 BC, was found with a copper-tipped axe whose metal was 99.7% pure. Poland occupied majority Polish speaking areas around Cesky Tesin, while Slovakia gained greater autonomy, with the state being renamed to "Czecho-Slovakia". Note that these dates are affected by wars and conquest, as copper is easily melted down and reused. Hitler used the opportunity and, supported by Konrad Henlein's Sudeten German Party, gained the majority German speaking Sudetenland through the Munich Agreement. By 1200 BC excellent bronzes were being made in China. Although Czechoslovakia was a democratic and liberal state guaranteeing and also implementing cultural and language rights to its minorities (schools in German language areas were entirely German), the centralistic state did not grant its minorities territorial political autonomy, which resulted in discontent and strong support among the minorities to break away from Czechoslovakia. Use of copper in ancient China dates to at least 2000 BC. This new country contained large German, Hungarian and Polish minorities.

The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so bronze alloys were found in Egypt almost as soon as copper was found. Following the collapse of this empire after World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia was created in 1918. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. Bohemia later came under Habsburg influence and became part of Austria-Hungary. There are copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyptian artifacts in copper and copper alloyed with tin nearly as old. Religious conflicts such as the 15th century Hussite Wars and the 17th century Thirty Years War had a devastating affect on the local population. The earliest signs of gold use, by contrast, appear around 4000 BC. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire during the entire existence of this confederation.

By 5000 BC, there are signs of copper smelting, the refining of copper from simple copper oxides such as malachite or azurite. The kingdom of Bohemia was a significant local power during the Middle Ages. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. The Bohemian or Czech state emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Přemyslids. Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. The Moravian principality arose in the 8th century (see under Great Moravia). From this, the phrase was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized into the English copper. During the 7th century the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.

In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium (aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze and other metals, and Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus). Following in the Germans' wake, they moved southward into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present day Austria. Copper was a very important resource for the Romans and Greeks. In an equally significant migration, Slavic people from the Black Sea and Carpathian regions settled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). In Greek times, the metal was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). the 5th century, many Germanic tribes moved westward and southward out of Central Europe. Copper is malleable and ductile, and is used extensively, in products such as:. During the Migration Period of ca.

Monel metal is a copper/nickel alloy, also called cupronickel. In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, the Boii (see Bohemia) and later in the 1st century Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. There are numerous alloys of copper—speculum metal is a copper/tin alloy, brass is a copper/zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper/tin alloy. Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlement in the area dating back to the Neolithic era. The vast majority of radioisotopes have half lives on the order of minutes or less; the longest lived, ⁶⁴Cu, has a half life of 12.7 hours, with two decay modes, leading to two separate products. Main article: History of the Czech lands. There are two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with a couple dozen radioisotopes. .

Copper is insoluble in water(H2O) as well as isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol. See Names of the Czech Republic and Czech lands.. Contrast this with the optical properties of silver, gold and aluminium. Its Czech equivalent Česko faced opposition of the Czech people as well, but now it seems to be quite settled down in the language. Copper has its characteristic color because it reflects red and orange light and absorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band structure. The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1993 announced that the name Czechia is to be used in all situations other than formal official documents and the full names of government institutions [1], [2], but this has not caught on in English usage. Copper is a reddish-coloured metal, with a high electrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals at room temperature, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity). On May 1, 2004, it became a member state of the European Union.

. The country is composed of two entire historic regions, Bohemia and Moravia, parts of Silesia and small sections of historic Lower Austria. Copper is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Other major cities include Brno, Ostrava, Zlín, Plzeň, Pardubice, Hradec Králové, České Budějovice, Liberec, Olomouc, and Ústí nad Labem. of Delaware, Horseshoe Crab Fun Facts Accessed 12-12-2005. Historic Prague (Czech: Praha), a major tourist attraction, is its capital and largest city. NOAA and Univ. The country has borders with Poland to the north, Germany to the northwest and west, Austria to the south, and Slovakia to the east.

Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary) Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology; Author: Office of Technology Assessment 2005. The Czech Republic (Czech: Česká republika) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Los Alamos National Laboratory - Copper. Department of State website.. Copper was sometimes used by the Inuit to make the cutting blade for ulu's. Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. As a material in the manufacture of computer heatsinks, as a result of its superior heat dissipation capacity to aluminium. Spa towns in the Czech Republic.