Copper

Ionic equation:.
. A precipitate should form, which then dissolves upon adding excess ammonia, to form an ammonia complex, tetraaminecopper(II). Styles include:. Add aqeuous ammonia. The various types of corsets include:. Ionic equation:. While they often feature lacing and boning, and generally mimic a historical style of corset, they have very little effect on the shape of the wearer's body.

A blue precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide should form, by the displacement of the copper ions by sodium ions. The majority of garments sold as corsets during these recent revivals cannot really be counted as corsets at all. Add aqueous sodium hydroxide. The strongest of these revivals was seen in the Autumn 2001 fashion collections and coincided with the release of the film Moulin Rouge!, the costumes for which featured many corsets. Copper (I) and Copper (II) can also be referred to by their common names cuprous and cupric. These revivals focus on the corset as an item of outerwear rather than underwear. Copper (II) compounds : copper(II) carbonate, copper(II) chloride, copper(II) hydroxide, copper(II) nitrate, copper(II) oxide, copper(II) sulfate, copper(II) sulfide. Since the late 1980s, the corset has experienced periodic revivals, which have usually originated in haute couture and which have occasionally trickled through to mainstream fashion.

Copper (I) compounds : copper(I) chloride, copper(I) oxide. This revival was brief, as the New Look gave way to a less dramatically-shaped silhouette. Copper oxides are used to make yttrium barium copper oxide (YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ) or YBCO which forms the basis of many unconventional superconductors. However, use of the waist cincher was restricted to haute couture, and most women continued to use girdles. There are two stable copper oxides, copper(II) oxide (CuO) and copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O). This was used to give the hourglass figure dictated by Christian Dior's 'New Look'. It is used as a fungicide, known as Bordeaux mixture. There was a brief revival of the corset in the late 1940s and early 1950s, in the form of the waist cincher.

Copper(II) sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate which is perhaps the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory. (Putting on the corset after giving the enema will almost certainly cause the enema to be expelled.). Copper(II) carbonate is green from which arises the unique appearance of copper-clad roofs or domes on some buildings. Another angle is the wearing of a corset while having an enema; the theory is that the corset prevents the belly distending, enhancing the effects of the enema. Under unusual conditions, a +3 state can be obtained. In this case, the corset may still be underwear rather than outerwear. Common oxidation states of copper include the less stable copper(I) state, Cu⁺¹; and the more stable copper(II) state, Cu⁺², which forms blue or blue-green salts. In the fetish and BDSM literature, there is often much emphasis on tightlacing.

Formed in 1967, its principal members were Chile, Peru, Zaire, and Zambia. Originally an item of lingerie, the corset has become a popular item of outerwear in the fetish, BDSM and goth subcultures. The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (CIPEC), defunct since 1992, once tried to play a similar role for copper as OPEC does for oil, but never achieved the same influence, not least because the second-largest producer, the United States, was never a member. The corset fell from fashion in the 1920s in Europe and America, replaced by girdles and elastic brassieres, but survived as an article of costume. The average abundance of copper found within crustal rocks is approximately 68000 parts per billion by mass, and 22000 parts per billion by atoms. Women active in the Society for Creative Anachronism and historical reenactment groups commonly wear corsets as part of period costume, without complaint. Examples include: Chuquicamata in Chile and El Chino mine in New Mexico. A properly fitted corset should be comfortable.

Most copper ore is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in copper porphyry deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0 percent copper. Some modern day corset-wearers will testify that corsets can be comfortable, once one is accustomed to wearing them. Minerals such as the carbonates azurite (Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂) and malachite (Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂) are sources of copper, as are sulfides such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂), bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu₂S) and oxides like cuprite (Cu₂O). See Victorian dress reform. Copper can be found as native copper in mineral form. Many reformers recommended "Emancipation bodices", which were essentially tightly-fitted vests, like full-torso corsets without boning. At concentrations higher than 1 mg/L, copper can stain clothes and items washed in water. However, these writings were most apt to protest against the misuse of corsets for tightlacing; they were less vehement against corsets per se.

The metal, when powdered, is a fire hazard. Many people now believe that all corsets are uncomfortable and that wearing them restricted women's lives, citing Victorian literature devoted to sensible or hygienic dress. However it is unknown at this stage whether the copper contributes to the mental illness, whether the body attempts to store more copper in response to the illness, or whether the high levels of copper are the result of the mental illness. Indeed, during the second half of the nineteenth century, when corset wearing was common, there were sport corsets specifically designed to wear while bicycling, playing tennis, or horseback riding, as well as for maternity wear. In addition, studies have found that people with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia had heightened levels of copper in their systems. Moderate lacing is not incompatible with vigorous activity. This disease, if untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage. In modern times, an undershirt or corset liner may be worn.

An inherited condition called Wilson's disease causes the body to retain copper, since it is not excreted by the liver into the bile. It absorbed perspiration and kept the corset and the gown clean. In toxicity, copper can inhibit the enzyme dihydrophil hydratase, an enzyme involved in haemopoiesis. In the past, a woman's corset was usually worn over a garment called a chemise or shift, a sleeveless low-necked gown made of washable material (usually cotton or linen). The DRI Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/day. Present day corset-wearers usually tighten the corset just enough to reduce their waists by 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches); it is very difficult for a slender woman to achieve as much as 15 centimeters (6 inches), although larger women can do so more easily. The suggested safe level of copper in drinking water for humans varies depending on the source, but tends to be pegged at 1.5 to 2 mg/l. Corsets were and are usually designed for support, with freedom of body movement an important consideration in their design.

Thirty grams of copper sulfate is potentially lethal in humans. These are extreme cases. All copper compounds, unless otherwise known, should be treated as if they were toxic. Other women, such as Polaire and Spook, also have achieved such reductions. The RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is 0.9 mg/day. After 1998, the category changed to "smallest waist on a living person" and Cathie Jung took the title with a 15" waist. It is believed that zinc and copper compete for absorption in the digestive tract so that a diet that is excessive in one of these minerals may result in a deficiency in the other. Until 1998, the Guinness Book of World Records listed Ethel Granger as having the smallest waist on record at 13".

[1]. Tightlacers usually aim for 40 to 43 centimeter (16 to 17 inch) waists. The blood of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, uses copper rather than iron for oxygen transport. By wearing a tightly-laced corset for extended periods, known as tightlacing, men and women can learn to tolerate extreme waist constriction and reduce their natural waist size. Copper is found in a variety of enzymes, including the copper centers of cytochrome c oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase (containing copper and zinc), and is the central metal in the oxygen-carrying pigment hemocyanin. Current tightlacers, lacking servants, are usually laced by spouses and partners.. When copper is first absorbed in the gut it is transported to the liver bound to albumin. Self-lacing is also incompatible with tightlacing, which strives for the utmost possible reduction of the waist.

Copper is carried mostly in the bloodstream on a plasma protein called ceruloplasmin. Once the lacing was adjusted comfortably, it was possible to leave the lacing as adjusted and take the corset on and off using the front opening (This removal method does not work if the corset is not sufficiently loose, and can potentially damage the busk). Copper is essential in all higher plants and animals. However, many corsets also had a buttoned or hooked front opening called a busk. In alchemy the symbol for copper was also the symbol for the planet Venus. In the Victorian heyday of corsets, a well-to-do woman would be laced by her maid, a gentleman by his valet. Copper was associated with the goddess Aphrodite/Venus in mythology and alchemy, owing to its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. It is difficult — although not impossible — for a back-laced corset-wearer to do his or her own lacing.

Brass, an alloy of zinc and copper, was known to the Greeks but first used extensively by the Romans. Tightening or loosening the lacing produces corresponding changes in the firmness of the corset. The transitional period in certain regions between the preceding Neolithic period and the Bronze Age is termed the Chalcolithic, with some high-purity copper tools being used alongside stone tools. Corsets are held together by lacing, usually at the back. The use of bronze was so pervasive in a certain era of civilization that it has been named the Bronze Age. (By contrast, a girdle is usually made of elasticized fabric, without boning.). High levels of arsenic in his hair suggests he was involved in copper smelting. Other materials used for boning include ivory, wood, and cane.

In Europe, Oetzi the Iceman, a well-preserved male dated to 3200 BC, was found with a copper-tipped axe whose metal was 99.7% pure. Plastic is now the most commonly used material; spring or spiral steel is preferred for high-quality corsets. Note that these dates are affected by wars and conquest, as copper is easily melted down and reused. In the Victorian period, steel and whalebone were favored. By 1200 BC excellent bronzes were being made in China. Corsets are typically constructed of a flexible material (like cloth or leather) stiffened with boning (also called ribs or stays) inserted into channels in the cloth or leather. Use of copper in ancient China dates to at least 2000 BC. Sometimes the corset has been supported by a corset cover.

The Egyptians found that adding a small amount of tin made the metal easier to cast, so bronze alloys were found in Egypt almost as soon as copper was found. Normally a corset supports the visible dress, and spreads the pressure from large dresses, such as the crinoline and bustle. In one pyramid, a copper plumbing system was found that is 5000 years old. A corset may also include garters to hold up stockings (alternatively a separate garter belt may be worn for that). There are copper and bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities that date to 3000 BC, and Egyptian artifacts in copper and copper alloyed with tin nearly as old. A shorter kind of corset, which covers the waist area (from low on the ribs to just above the hips), is called a 'waist cincher'. The earliest signs of gold use, by contrast, appear around 4000 BC. Some corsets extend over the hips and, in very rare instances, reach the knees.

By 5000 BC, there are signs of copper smelting, the refining of copper from simple copper oxides such as malachite or azurite. An underbust corset begins just under the breasts and extends down to the hips. A copper pendant was found in what is now northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. An overbust corset encloses the torso, extending from just under the arms to the hips. Copper was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record, and has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old. However, there was a period from around 1820 to 1835 when an hourglass figure (a small, nipped-in look to the waist) was also desirable for men; this was sometimes achieved by wearing a corset. From this, the phrase was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized into the English copper. For men, corsets are more customarily used to slim the figure.

In Roman times, it became known as aes Cyprium (aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze and other metals, and Cyprium because so much of it was mined in Cyprus). However, in some periods, corsets have been worn to achieve a tubular straight-up-and-down shape, which involves minimising the bust and hips. Copper was a very important resource for the Romans and Greeks. For women this most frequently emphasises a curvy figure, by reducing the waist, and thereby exaggerating the bust and hips. In Greek times, the metal was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). The most common use of corsets is to slim the body and make it conform to a fashionable silhouette. Copper is malleable and ductile, and is used extensively, in products such as:. The word corsetry is sometimes also used as a collective plural form of corset.

Monel metal is a copper/nickel alloy, also called cupronickel. Someone who makes corsets is a corsetier (for a man) or corsetière (for a woman), or sometimes simply a corsetmaker. There are numerous alloys of copper—speculum metal is a copper/tin alloy, brass is a copper/zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper/tin alloy. The skill of making corsets is known as corsetry, as is the general wearing of them. The vast majority of radioisotopes have half lives on the order of minutes or less; the longest lived, ⁶⁴Cu, has a half life of 12.7 hours, with two decay modes, leading to two separate products. . There are two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with a couple dozen radioisotopes. Both men and women have worn – and still wear – corsets.

Copper is insoluble in water(H2O) as well as isopropanol, or isopropyl alcohol. A corset is a garment worn to mold and shape the torso into a desired shape for aesthetic or orthopaedic purposes (either for the duration of wearing it, or with a more lasting effect). Contrast this with the optical properties of silver, gold and aluminium. Website containing information and photographs about corsets & corseting through the ages, including celebrity photographs. Copper has its characteristic color because it reflects red and orange light and absorbs other frequencies in the visible spectrum, due to its band structure. Ann Beaumont has published the series "Corseting the Human Body". Copper is a reddish-coloured metal, with a high electrical and thermal conductivity (among pure metals at room temperature, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity). At the same site, Dr.

. Two doctors' opinions and advice on corset wearing can be found at the website of the Long Island Staylace Association. Copper is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. Routledge (December 1, 1990), ISBN 0878305262. of Delaware, Horseshoe Crab Fun Facts Accessed 12-12-2005. Norah Waugh, Corsets and Crinolines. NOAA and Univ. ISBN 1931160066.

Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary) Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology; Author: Office of Technology Assessment 2005. Larry Utley, Autumn Carey-Adamme, Fetish Fashion: Undressing the Corset Green Candy Press, 2002. Los Alamos National Laboratory - Copper. Yale University Press, 2001, ISBN 0300099533. Copper was sometimes used by the Inuit to make the cutting blade for ulu's. Valerie Steele, The Corset: A Cultural History. As a material in the manufacture of computer heatsinks, as a result of its superior heat dissipation capacity to aluminium. Wasp waist.

It is used in gardening powders and sprays to kill mildew. Waist cincher. Copper(II) sulfate is used as a poison and a water purifier. Training corset. Compounds, such as Fehling's solution, have applications in chemistry. Redresseur corset. Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaire's Disease is supressed by copper tubing in air-conditioning systems. Hourglass corset.

Bacteria will not grow on a copper surface because it is biostatic. Bondage corset or discipline corset. As a biostatic surface in hospitals, and to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels, originally used pure, but superseded by Muntz Metal. A badly-fitting corset can chafe, impede digestion, damage ribs and pinch nerves. Musical instruments, especially brass instruments. Even finding a competent corsetiere can be difficult. As a component in ceramic glazes, and to color glass. In modern times, when labour costs much more than materials, custom clothing can be extremely expensive.

Sterling silver, if it is to be used in dinnerware, must contain a few percent copper. The more closely clothing or lingerie clings to the body, the more carefully it must be fitted to look and feel right. Most flatware (knives, forks, spoons) contains some copper (nickel silver). The best corsets are custom made and personally-fitted. In cookware, such as frying pans. They have been most often worn in cool climates. As a component of coins, often as cupronickel alloy. Due to their tightness and close proximity to the body, corsets can make the wearer feel very warm.

cupronickel and Monel, used as corrosive resistant materials in shipbuilding. Corsets can instantly improve the figure without dieting, slimming drugs, or cosmetic surgery. Alloyed with nickel, e.g. (Straps can chafe or cut the skin.). There is increasing use of copper in integrated circuits, replacing aluminium because of its superior conductivity. Some large-breasted women find corsets more comfortable than brassieres, because the weight of the breasts is carried by the whole corset rather than the brassiere's shoulder straps. Wave guides for microwave radiation. Corsets can reduce pain and improve function for people with back problems or other muscular/skeletal disorders.

Vacuum tubes, cathode ray tubes, and the magnetrons in microwave ovens. Electrical relays, electrical busbars and electrical switches. Watt's steam engine. Electrical machines, especially electromagnetic motors and generators.

Electromagnets. Statuary: The Statue of Liberty, for example, contains 179,200 pounds (81.3 tonnes) of copper. Doorknobs and other fixtures in houses. Copper plumbing.

Copper wire.