Connecticut |
|
| State nickname: The Constitution State | |
| Other U.S. States | |
| Capital | Hartford |
| Largest city | Bridgeport |
| Governor | M. Jodi Rell |
| Official languages | English |
| Area | 14,371 kmē (48th) |
| - Land | 12,559 kmē |
| - Water | 1,809 kmē (12.6%) |
| Population (2000) | |
| - Population | 3,405,565 (29th) |
| - Density | 271.40 /kmē (4th) |
| Admission into Union | |
| - Date | January 9, 1788 |
| - Order | 5th |
| Time zone | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 |
| Latitude | 40°58'N to 42°3'N |
| Longitude | 71°47'W to 73°44'W |
| Width | 113 km |
| Length | 177 km |
| Elevation | |
| - Highest | 725 m |
| - Mean | 152 m |
| - Lowest | 0 m |
| Abbreviations | |
| - USPS | CT |
| - ISO 3166-2 | US-CT |
| Web site | www.ct.gov |
Connecticut is a state of the United States, part of the New England region, as well as the southernmost state in New England and one of the wealthiest states in the country. Connecticut was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution.
USS Connecticut was named in honor of this state.
Main article: History of Connecticut
The name "Connecticut" comes from an Algonquin Indian word meaning "on the long tidal river". Connecticut is one of the original 13 states. The first Europeans to settle permanently in Connecticut were English Puritans from Massachusetts in 1633. Its first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders", was adopted on January 14, 1639, while its current constitution, the fourth for Connecticut, was adopted in 1965. The traditional abbreviation of the state's name is "Conn."
Hartford has been the sole capital of Connecticut since 1875. Prior to that, New Haven and Hartford alternated as capital. Unlike most other states, Connecticut does not have county governments or county seats; rather, there is only the state government and the governments of the local municipalities. The state judicial system and the associated state marshal system, however, are still divided by county, and the eight counties are still widely used for purely geographical purposes, e.g. in weather reports. There are 169 incorporated cities and towns across the state. Most cities are coterminal with their namesake towns and have a merged city-town government. The sole exception is the City of Groton, which is a subsection of the Town of Groton. There are also 9 incorporated boroughs, eight of which provide additional services to a section of town. One, Naugatuck, is a merged town-borough.
The current governor of Connecticut is M. Jodi Rell (Republican) and the two U.S. senators are Christopher J. Dodd (Democrat) and Joseph I. Lieberman (Democrat). Connecticut currently has five representatives in the House.
Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York State, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital is Hartford, and the other major cities include New Haven, New London, Norwich, Stamford, Waterbury, Torrington and Bridgeport. In all, there are a total of 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. There is an ongoing civic pride and economic competition between Hartford and New Haven, which stems back to the days when the two cities shared the state's capital, and even back to when New Haven and Hartford were two separate colonies.
The Connecticut River cuts through the center of the state, flowing into Long Island Sound, Connecticut's outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. See: List of Connecticut rivers
The state, although small, has regional variations in its landscape and culture from the wealthy estates of Fairfield County's "Gold Coast" to the rolling mountains and farms of the Litchfield Hills and the casinos of Southeastern Connecticut. Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New Haven, then northwards to Hartford, as well as further up the coast near New London. Many towns center around a small park, known as a "green", e.g. New Haven Green. Near the green may stand a small white church, a town meeting hall, a tavern and several colonial houses. Forests, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and a sandy shore add to the state's beauty.
See also: Geology of Connecticut
The state of Connecticut can be said to be sub-divided into eight general regions which generally correspond with the eight counties of the state, though there are differences in the boundaries. Each region boasts varied qualities which distinguish it within the state, and at times there are minor cultural frictions between the regions and their major cultural centers as each competes for tourists, new residents, and internal state pride. Fairfield County's "Gold Coast", for example, is often derided by residents of the rest of the state as being more similar to New York than to New England, and many of the residents go for years or even decades without ever traveling to other regions of the state, considering themselves more attached to New York City and its suburbs in eastern New York State.
The eight regions of Connecticut are:
Transportation in Connecticut is predominantly via highway. There is railway service along the coastline from New York City to Boston, including commuter rail service between New Haven and New York and a new commuter service along the coastline north of New Haven, with spur service running northwards to cities such as Hartford. (In an episode of the American television show Miracles, the protagonist took a train from Boston directly to Hartford, causing Connecticut residents to joke that that would really have been a miracle.) Bus service is supplied by Connecticut Transit, owned by the Connecticut Department of Transportation. In practice, most Connecticut residents find public transportation not fully adequate for all their needs and either own a private vehicle or have access to one.
The glaciers carved valleys in Connecticut running north to south; as a result, many more roadways in the state run north to south than do east to west, mimicking the previous use of the many north-south rivers as transportation. The Interstate highways in the state are I-95 (the Connecticut Turnpike) running southwest to northeast along the coast, I-84 running southwest to northeast in the center of the state, I-91 running north to south in the center of the state, and I-395 running north to south near the eastern border of the state. The other major interstate traffic arteries in Connecticut are the Merritt Parkway and Wilbur Cross Parkway, which together form Connecticut State Route 15, running from the Hutchinson River Parkway in New York State parallel to I-95 before turning north of New Haven and running parallel to I-91, finally becoming a surface road in Berlin, Connecticut. This road and I-95 were originally toll roads; they relied on a system of toll plazas at which all traffic would stop and pay an incremental fare, rather than the alternative system of providing drivers a ticket where they entered the highway and charging them when they exited. A series of terrible crashes at these plazas eventually led to abandonment of the whole toll system in 1988. Other major arteries in the state include State Routes 8 and 25 (http://www.nycroads.com/roads/CT-8/|) and US Route 7.
I-95 from south of New Haven to the New York border is one of the most congested highways in the United States due to increasing population density, increasing business in the New York area, and a general increase in American driving, and the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway. At rush hours, multiple backups tens of miles long are common, and the daily radio broadcasts of where crashes have completely blocked traffic are a fact of life for commuters in the area. As a result, commuter rail is also heavily crowded, along with parking facilities and traffic at the stations. Funds to relieve the situation, either by enhancing commuter rail, increasing highway capacity, or both, are lacking, and the problem is noted as one hindering further economic development for the state.
See [1] (http://www.kurumi.com/roads/ct/index.html) for a very complete and in-depth discussion of Connecticut roadways, current, past, and future.
The total gross state product for 2003 was $172 billion. The per capita income for 2003 was $42,972, 2nd in the United States. [2] (http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/statelocal.htm) There is, however, a great disparity in incomes through the state; although New Canaan has the highest per capita income in America, Bridgeport, Hartford, and New Haven are three of the ten cities with the lowest per capita incomes in America. This is due to Fairfield County having become a bedroom community for higher paid New York City workers seeking a less urban lifestyle, as well as the spread of businesses outwards from New York City having reached into southwestern Connecticut. The state did not have an income tax until 1991, making it an attractive haven for high earners fleeing the heavy taxes of New York State, but putting an enormous burden on Connecticut property tax payers, particularly in the cities with their more extensive municipal services. As a result, the middle class largely fled the urban areas for the suburbs, taking stores and other tax-paying businesses with them, and leaving only the urban poor in the now impoverished Connecticut cities. As evident from the dichotomy in income figures described above, this problem has yet to be successfully solved. Exacerbating this problem, the state has a high cost of living, due to a combination of expensive real estate, expensive heating for the winters, the need to import much food from warmer states, and the dependence on private automobiles for mobility.
Connecticut is an important center of the insurance and financial industries, largely in Hartford and in Fairfield county. The recent establishment of two very large and lucrative Indian casinos in the southeastern region of the state has led to a large influx of money in that area, as well as statewide in general.
The agricultural output for the state is nursery stock, eggs, dairy products, cattle, and tobacco. Its industrial outputs are transportation equipment (especially helicopters, aircraft parts, and nuclear submarines), heavy industrial machinery and electrical equipment, fabricated metal products, chemical and pharmaceutical products, and scientific instruments.
Connecticut began, as most communities at the time, as a farming economy. It rapidly developed trade and manufacturing as the farmers, and then the merchants and manufacturers themselves, became affluent enough to start buying things. Manufacturing was aided by a plenitude of resources, including water power, wood for fires and building material, and iron ore, while transportation benefited from several excellent natural harbors, and navigable rivers leading all the way to Massachusetts. As in most of New England, the residents believed that industry, in all senses of the word, not only strengthened individual moral fiber, but also served to make the colony independent and free to pursue its own religious and philosophical beliefs. While manual labor was valued, learning and study was also prized and many schools were founded, with Yale the most significant. The development by Eli Whitney of the system of precision manufacturing of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in the late 1700s, however made Connecticut into a major center of manufacturing. This development changed "made in the United States" from a phrase connoting shoddy workmanship and expensive maintenance, into a world standard for high quality, and the entire system became known as the American system of manufacturing.
Between 1800 and 1860, Connecticut manufacturers applied the system to the manufacture of economically priced high quality firearms, leading to Connecticut's nickname "the arsenal of democracy". Middletown, Connecticut was the major supplier of pistols to the United States government during the War of 1812, with numerous gun manufacturers in the area. In 1810, Oliver Bidwell built the first pistol factory in the United States on the Pameacha River in Middletown, winning a contract with the United States war department for handmade pistols. Also in 1810, Colonel Simeon North built a pistol factory in Middletown on the West River, now the Coginchaug River, also winning a contract from the secretary of war, which led to enlarging his factory to 8,500 square feet (790 mē); he built about 10,000 pistols a year, up until just before the [Civil War]], designing America's first milling machine. Even more successful was Colonel Nathan Starr Jr., whose factory (built of stone quarried from the river) was about the same size as North's, and located across the river half a mile northeast. Starr initially manufactured swords, about 5,000 a year; including presentation swords for the state of Tennessee and War of 1812 heroes, colonel Richard M. Johnson, General Edmond P. Gaines, and General andrew Jackson. The factory later manufactured muskets and rifles until 1845, after which the United States government started government armories in Massachusetts and West Virginia partially modeled after Starr's. In 1812, John R. Johnson and J. D. Johnson built a factory, also on the Pameacha River, which was to sell rifles to the government until 1825. After this period, firearm manufacturing declined in Middletown, but briefly revived during the Civil War. The Savage Revolving Fire Arm Company manufactured pistols between 1859 and 1866, and the Sage Ammunition Works manufactured ammunition between 1864 and 1867.
In 1836, Samuel Colt invented the revolver design which continues to be used to this day. Colt's Manufacturing Company hired Elisha K. Root to modernize production, making Colt weapons the first in the world with truly interchangeable parts. Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson designed the first repeating rifle in Norwich in the early 1850s, which went into production by the New Haven Arms Company (which later became the Winchester Repeating Arms Company), and, just across the border in Massachusetts, the Springfield Armory. Smith also patented a metallic rifle cartridge in 1854. Christian Sharps designed the Sharps breech-loading rifle which in 1854 began to be manufactured in Hartford by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company. Christopher Spencer designed the Spencer repeating rifle which played an important role for union troops at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Another area where precision manufacture led to industrial dominance for Connecticut was in the manufacture of clocks, watches, and other timepieces, by Eli Terry and his apprentice Seth Thomas, the Forestville Manufacturing Company (which became the E. N. Welch Company), the New England Clock Company, the Ansonia Clock Company, Gilbert Clocks, Ingraham Clocks, the New Haven Clock Company, Welch Clocks, Sessions Clocks, and the Waterbury Clock Company, which became Timex Corporation, and is the sole Connecticut survivor of this once flourishing field, now decimated by lower costs of production elsewhere, in the United States and overseas. The American Clock and Watch Museum is located in Bristol, Connecticut.
Similarly, Connecticut industry became well known in allied fields. Hardware and tools continue to be manufactured by Stanley Corporation in New Britain, despite having almost moving elsewhere for financial reasons. Connecticut was a major area for development and manufacture of machine tools. In 1818, Simeon North designed America's first milling machine. Machinist Elisha Root first designed machinery for the Collins Company of Collinsville which manufactured axes which became world-famous, then was hired by Colt in 1849 to modernize firearm production by designing precision drop hammers, boring machines, gauges, jigs, etc., and improving the milling machines designed by Francis A. Pratt for the George S. Lincoln company in Hartford; the resulting Lincoln Miller became world-famous, selling over 150,000 machines. Another Colt engineer, William Mason, patented 125 inventions for manufacture of firearms, as well as steam pumps and power looms. Christopher Spencer invented the automatic lathe turret for machining screws, as well as the variable cam cylinder used to control the turret. Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney invented a thread milling machine in 1865; Whitney also perfected various measurement instruments and Pratt designed the original milling machine manufactured by the George S. Lincoln company of Hartford.. Simon Fairman invented the lathe chuck in West Stafford in 1830, and his son-in-law, Austin F. Cushman, invented the self-centering Cushman Universal Chuck in 1862. Edward P. Bullard designed the vertical boring mill in 1883. Charles E. Billings perfected the drop hammer for metal forging in the 1870s and designed the copper commutator central to the operation of electrical generators and motors. Edwin R. Fellows of Torrington designed the first flat turret lathe, and in 1896 built a gear shaper which permitted the manufacture of effective and reliable gear transmissions for the soon-to-come automobile industry. The name Bridgeport on heavy industrial machinery continues to be a guarantee of high quality around the world, for people who have no idea that it is a city in Connecticut. Even the world of toys was dominated by the A. C. Gilbert Company, manufacturers of Erector Sets as well as other educational toys such as chemistry sets, microscopes, toy trains, etc.
Another area of industry where Connecticut excelled was in bicycle manufacturing, and its spin-off, the earliest automobile manufacturing. Albert Pope of Hartford saw a bicycle in Philadelphia in 1876 and was immediately enthralled with the concept of an "ever-saddled horse that eats nothing and requires no care". He subsequently began the first bicycle manufacturing in America, Columbia Bicycles, and set about marketing the vehicle, setting up a system of distributorships with fixed prices, hiring doctors to tout cycling as healthy exercise, and founding cycling magazines. When the safety bicycle was developed in the 1880s, he was in a perfect position to benefit from the subsequent craze.
Connecticut also became an innovative leader in the shipbuilding industry. The first recorded steam powered boat in America was built by South Windsor's John Fitch in 1786. The first military submarine, the Turtle, was built in Connecticut in 1775 by David Bushnell; since then, Connecticut has remained a world leader in the manufacture of these specialized ships. Simon Lake produced submarines for the US Navy in Bridgeport, beginning in 1913, and the work done by John P. Holland led to submarine production by the Electric Boat Company in Groton beginning in 1924, which continues to this day.
In the late 1700s, the Connecticut government engaged in financial incentives for building and operating textile mills.
Between the birth of the US patent system in 1790 and 1930, Connecticut had more patents issued per capita than any other state; in the 1800s, when the US as a whole was issued one patent per three thousand population, Connecticut inventors were issued one patent for every 700-1000 residents. Connecticut's first recorded invention was a lapidary machine, by Abel Buell of Killingworth, in 1765.
As of the 2003, the population of Connecticut was 3,483,372. Its population has grown 6% from its 1990 levels.
10.9% of the population is foreign-born.
Racially, Connecticut is:
The five largest ancestries in the state are: Italian (18.6%), Irish (16.6%), English (10.3%), German (9.9%), African American (9.1%).
6.6% of its population were reported as under 5, 24.7% under 18, and 13.8% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.6% of the population, with 48.4% male.
The religious affiliations of the people of Connecticut are:
There is a significant Jewish population in the state, mostly concentrated in the "Gold Coast" towns between Greenwich and New Haven and in the Hartford suburb of West Hartford. New Haven once had a significant Jewish population, but it has mostly fled elsewhere, although there is still a large concentration in the suburban towns west of New Haven. There are also growing populations of other religions, making the state more diverse.
The three largest Protestant denominations in Connecticut are: Baptist (5% of the total state population), Episcopalian (4%), Methodist (4%).
Ranked by per capita income:
Minor league baseball teams:
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Minor league baseball teams:. Illinois is also home to 49 colleges in the Illinois community college system. Ranked by per capita income:. Notable Illinois institutions of higher education include Loyola University Chicago, Northwestern University, University of Chicago and the several branches of the University of Illinois. The three largest Protestant denominations in Connecticut are: Baptist (5% of the total state population), Episcopalian (4%), Methodist (4%). While many students enter the military or join the workforce directly from high school, students have the option of applying to colleges and universities in Illinois. There are also growing populations of other religions, making the state more diverse. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district. New Haven once had a significant Jewish population, but it has mostly fled elsewhere, although there is still a large concentration in the suburban towns west of New Haven. District territories are often complex in structure. There is a significant Jewish population in the state, mostly concentrated in the "Gold Coast" towns between Greenwich and New Haven and in the Hartford suburb of West Hartford. Education is compulsory from kindergarten through the twelfth grade in Illinois, commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school and high school. The religious affiliations of the people of Connecticut are:. Opponents to the proposal argue that local communities would lose control over what their children would learn in public schools and the means by which those public schools operate. Females made up approximately 51.6% of the population, with 48.4% male. The structure would mimic the system employed by the Hawaii State Department of Education, which has no local school districts. 6.6% of its population were reported as under 5, 24.7% under 18, and 13.8% were 65 or older. However, direct control of the new department would fall under the state governor's jurisdiction. The five largest ancestries in the state are: Italian (18.6%), Irish (16.6%), English (10.3%), German (9.9%), African American (9.1%). In 2002, the Office of the Governor proposed the creation of a monolithic statewide department of education to replace the ISBE. Racially, Connecticut is:. There is current debate as to the role of the ISBE and whether or not its autonomous relationship with the governor and the state legislature is appropriate. 10.9% of the population is foreign-born. The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies. Its population has grown 6% from its 1990 levels. Local municipalities and their respective school districts operate individual public schools but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with an annual school report card. As of the 2003, the population of Connecticut was 3,483,372. The Illinois State Board of Education or ISBE, autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, administers public education in the state. Connecticut's first recorded invention was a lapidary machine, by Abel Buell of Killingworth, in 1765. See complete listing here... Between the birth of the US patent system in 1790 and 1930, Connecticut had more patents issued per capita than any other state; in the 1800s, when the US as a whole was issued one patent per three thousand population, Connecticut inventors were issued one patent for every 700-1000 residents. The three largest Protestant denominations in Illinois are: Baptist (15% of total state population), Lutheran (8%), Methodist (8%). In the late 1700s, the Connecticut government engaged in financial incentives for building and operating textile mills. The religious affiliations of the people of Illinois are:. Holland led to submarine production by the Electric Boat Company in Groton beginning in 1924, which continues to this day. Roman Catholics (who are predominant in and around Chicago) account for one-third of the population. Simon Lake produced submarines for the US Navy in Bridgeport, beginning in 1913, and the work done by John P. Unlike the other Midwestern states, Illinois is not overwhelmingly Protestant--only about half of the people profess that faith. The first military submarine, the Turtle, was built in Connecticut in 1775 by David Bushnell; since then, Connecticut has remained a world leader in the manufacture of these specialized ships. Females made up approximately 51% of the population. The first recorded steam powered boat in America was built by South Windsor's John Fitch in 1786. 7.1% of Illinois' population were reported as under 5, 26.1% under 18, and 12.1% were 65 or older. Connecticut also became an innovative leader in the shipbuilding industry. The top 5 ancestry groups in Illinois are German (19.6%), African American (15.1%), Irish (12.2%), Mexican (9.2%), Polish (7.5%). When the safety bicycle was developed in the 1880s, he was in a perfect position to benefit from the subsequent craze. Racially, the state is:. He subsequently began the first bicycle manufacturing in America, Columbia Bicycles, and set about marketing the vehicle, setting up a system of distributorships with fixed prices, hiring doctors to tout cycling as healthy exercise, and founding cycling magazines. The rest of the population lives in the smaller cities and on the farms that dot the state's gently rolling plains. Albert Pope of Hartford saw a bicycle in Philadelphia in 1876 and was immediately enthralled with the concept of an "ever-saddled horse that eats nothing and requires no care". More than half of the population of Illinois lives in and around Chicago, the leading industrial and transportation center in the region. Another area of industry where Connecticut excelled was in bicycle manufacturing, and its spin-off, the earliest automobile manufacturing. At the northern edge of the state on Lake Michigan lies Chicago, the nation's third largest city. Gilbert Company, manufacturers of Erector Sets as well as other educational toys such as chemistry sets, microscopes, toy trains, etc. Census Bureau, as of 2003, the population of Illinois was 12,653,544. Even the world of toys was dominated by the A. C. According to the U.S. The name Bridgeport on heavy industrial machinery continues to be a guarantee of high quality around the world, for people who have no idea that it is a city in Connecticut. Its industrial outputs are machinery, food processing, electrical equipment, chemical products, publishing, fabricated metal products, transportation equipment, petroleum and coal. Fellows of Torrington designed the first flat turret lathe, and in 1896 built a gear shaper which permitted the manufacture of effective and reliable gear transmissions for the soon-to-come automobile industry. Illinois' agricultural outputs are corn, soybeans, hogs, cattle, dairy products and wheat. Edwin R. The per capita income was $32,965. Billings perfected the drop hammer for metal forging in the 1870s and designed the copper commutator central to the operation of electrical generators and motors. The 2003 total gross state product for Illinois was $499 billion, placing it 5th in the nation. Charles E. In extreme northwestern Illinois the Driftless Area, a region of unglaciated and therefore comparatively higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state. Edward P. Bullard designed the vertical boring mill in 1883. Both figures are as of 2004. Cushman, invented the self-centering Cushman Universal Chuck in 1862. while Cook County is the largest county in terms of population, at 5,327,777. Simon Fairman invented the lathe chuck in West Stafford in 1830, and his son-in-law, Austin F. McLean County, is the largest county in terms of land area, at 1,184 sq mi. Lincoln company of Hartford. This division comprises the area generally along and south of Interstate 70. Pratt and Amos Whitney invented a thread milling machine in 1865; Whitney also perfected various measurement instruments and Pratt designed the original milling machine manufactured by the George S. The combination of coal mining and industrialization, especially in the region around Saint Louis, Missouri, has caused the region to lean Democratic politically. Francis A. The third division is Southern Illinois, or Little Egypt, distinguished from the other two by its warmer climate, different mix of crops (including some cotton farming in the past), more rugged unglaciated topography, coal mining, and proximity to the juncture of the Mississippi River and Ohio River. Christopher Spencer invented the automatic lathe turret for machining screws, as well as the variable cam cylinder used to control the turret. This region's largely rural character helps to sustain a heavily Republican voting pattern and widespread antipathy toward Chicago. Another Colt engineer, William Mason, patented 125 inventions for manufacture of firearms, as well as steam pumps and power looms. Major cities include famously average Peoria, Springfield (the state capital), and Champaign-Urbana (home of the University of Illinois). Machinist Elisha Root first designed machinery for the Collins Company of Collinsville which manufactured axes which became world-famous, then was hired by Colt in 1849 to modernize firearm production by designing precision drop hammers, boring machines, gauges, jigs, etc., and improving the milling machines designed by Francis A. Pratt for the George S. Lincoln company in Hartford; the resulting Lincoln Miller became world-famous, selling over 150,000 machines. Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans, figures prominently. In 1818, Simeon North designed America's first milling machine. Known as the Land of Lincoln, it is characterized by small towns and mid-sized cities. Hardware and tools continue to be manufactured by Stanley Corporation in New Britain, despite having almost moving elsewhere for financial reasons. Connecticut was a major area for development and manufacture of machine tools. Southward and westward, the second major division is Central Illinois, an area of rolling hills and flat prairie. Similarly, Connecticut industry became well known in allied fields. While this tendency has historically been balanced by Republican voters in the suburbs, Democrats have significantly increased their suburban support in the past decade. The American Clock and Watch Museum is located in Bristol, Connecticut. The city of Chicago is heavily Democratic. Welch Company), the New England Clock Company, the Ansonia Clock Company, Gilbert Clocks, Ingraham Clocks, the New Haven Clock Company, Welch Clocks, Sessions Clocks, and the Waterbury Clock Company, which became Timex Corporation, and is the sole Connecticut survivor of this once flourishing field, now decimated by lower costs of production elsewhere, in the United States and overseas. This region is cosmopolitan, densely populated, industrialized, and settled by a variety of ethnic groups. N. This region includes a few counties in Indiana and Wisconsin and streches across much of the Northern Illinois toward the Iowa border, generally along and north of Interstate 80. Another area where precision manufacture led to industrial dominance for Connecticut was in the manufacture of clocks, watches, and other timepieces, by Eli Terry and his apprentice Seth Thomas, the Forestville Manufacturing Company (which became the E. The first is Chicagoland, including the city of Chicago, its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding. Christopher Spencer designed the Spencer repeating rifle which played an important role for union troops at the Battle of Gettysburg. Illinois has three major geographical divisions. Christian Sharps designed the Sharps breech-loading rifle which in 1854 began to be manufactured in Hartford by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company. Illinois also borders Michigan, but only via a water boundary in Lake Michigan. Wesson designed the first repeating rifle in Norwich in the early 1850s, which went into production by the New Haven Arms Company (which later became the Winchester Repeating Arms Company), and, just across the border in Massachusetts, the Springfield Armory. Smith also patented a metallic rifle cartridge in 1854. and borders on Lake Michigan. Surrounding states are Wisconsin to the north, Iowa and Missouri to the west, Kentucky to the south, and Indiana to the east. Horace Smith and Daniel B. It is in the north-central U.S. Root to modernize production, making Colt weapons the first in the world with truly interchangeable parts. See List of Illinois counties. Colt's Manufacturing Company hired Elisha K. The judiciary is comprised of the state supreme court, which oversees the lower appelate courts and circuit courts. In 1836, Samuel Colt invented the revolver design which continues to be used to this day. Legislative functions are given to the Illinois General Assembly, comprised of the 118-member Illinois State House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois State Senate. The Savage Revolving Fire Arm Company manufactured pistols between 1859 and 1866, and the Sage Ammunition Works manufactured ammunition between 1864 and 1867. The executive branch is led by the Governor of Illinois. After this period, firearm manufacturing declined in Middletown, but briefly revived during the Civil War. As codified in the state constitution, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. Johnson built a factory, also on the Pameacha River, which was to sell rifles to the government until 1825. The state government of Illinois is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from traditions cultivated during the state's frontier era. D. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also mustered, as well as two light artillery regiments. Johnson and J. Beginning with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments (see Illinois in the Civil War), which were numbered from the 7th IL to the 156th IL. In 1812, John R. During the Civil War, over 250,000 Illinois men served in the Union Army, more than any other northern state except New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. The factory later manufactured muskets and rifles until 1845, after which the United States government started government armories in Massachusetts and West Virginia partially modeled after Starr's. By 1857, Chicago was Illinois' largest city (see History of Chicago). Starr initially manufactured swords, about 5,000 a year; including presentation swords for the state of Tennessee and War of 1812 heroes, colonel Richard M. Johnson, General Edmond P. Gaines, and General andrew Jackson. Chicago gained prominence as a canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. Even more successful was Colonel Nathan Starr Jr., whose factory (built of stone quarried from the river) was about the same size as North's, and located across the river half a mile northeast. Illinois is known as the "Land of Lincoln" because it is here that the 16th President spent his formative years. Also in 1810, Colonel Simeon North built a pistol factory in Middletown on the West River, now the Coginchaug River, also winning a contract from the secretary of war, which led to enlarging his factory to 8,500 square feet (790 mē); he built about 10,000 pistols a year, up until just before the [Civil War]], designing America's first milling machine. With the 1832 Black Hawk War, the last native tribes were driven out of northern Illinois. In 1810, Oliver Bidwell built the first pistol factory in the United States on the Pameacha River in Middletown, winning a contract with the United States war department for handmade pistols. settlement began in the south part of the state and quickly spread northward, driving out the native residents. Middletown, Connecticut was the major supplier of pistols to the United States government during the War of 1812, with numerous gun manufacturers in the area. Early U.S. Between 1800 and 1860, Connecticut manufacturers applied the system to the manufacture of economically priced high quality firearms, leading to Connecticut's nickname "the arsenal of democracy". state. This development changed "made in the United States" from a phrase connoting shoddy workmanship and expensive maintenance, into a world standard for high quality, and the entire system became known as the American system of manufacturing. In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. The development by Eli Whitney of the system of precision manufacturing of interchangeable parts and the assembly line in the late 1700s, however made Connecticut into a major center of manufacturing. The Illinois Territory was created on February 3, 1809. While manual labor was valued, learning and study was also prized and many schools were founded, with Yale the most significant. The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois. As in most of New England, the residents believed that industry, in all senses of the word, not only strengthened individual moral fiber, but also served to make the colony independent and free to pursue its own religious and philosophical beliefs. The area was ceded to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the Northwest Territory. Manufacturing was aided by a plenitude of resources, including water power, wood for fires and building material, and iron ore, while transportation benefited from several excellent natural harbors, and navigable rivers leading all the way to Massachusetts. As a result of their exploration, Illinois was part of the French empire until 1763, when it passed to the British. It rapidly developed trade and manufacturing as the farmers, and then the merchants and manufacturers themselves, became affluent enough to start buying things. and Louis Joliet explored the Illinois River in 1673. Connecticut began, as most communities at the time, as a farming economy. French explorers Jacques Marquette,S.J. Its industrial outputs are transportation equipment (especially helicopters, aircraft parts, and nuclear submarines), heavy industrial machinery and electrical equipment, fabricated metal products, chemical and pharmaceutical products, and scientific instruments. The Ilini were replaced in Illinois by the Potawatomi, Miami, Sauk, and other tribes. The agricultural output for the state is nursery stock, eggs, dairy products, cattle, and tobacco. The Illini suffered in the seventeenth century as Iroquois expansion forced them to compete with several tribes for land. The recent establishment of two very large and lucrative Indian casinos in the southeastern region of the state has led to a large influx of money in that area, as well as statewide in general. The Illiniwek gave Illinois its name. Connecticut is an important center of the insurance and financial industries, largely in Hartford and in Fairfield county. The next major power in the region was the Illiniwek Confederation, a political alliance among several tribes. Exacerbating this problem, the state has a high cost of living, due to a combination of expensive real estate, expensive heating for the winters, the need to import much food from warmer states, and the dependence on private automobiles for mobility. That civilization vanished circa 1400-1500 for unknown reasons. As evident from the dichotomy in income figures described above, this problem has yet to be successfully solved. Cahokia, the urban center of the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, was located near present-day Collinsville, Illinois. As a result, the middle class largely fled the urban areas for the suburbs, taking stores and other tax-paying businesses with them, and leaving only the urban poor in the now impoverished Connecticut cities. The USS Illinois was named in honor of this state. The state did not have an income tax until 1991, making it an attractive haven for high earners fleeing the heavy taxes of New York State, but putting an enormous burden on Connecticut property tax payers, particularly in the cities with their more extensive municipal services. postal abbreviation for the state is IL. This is due to Fairfield County having become a bedroom community for higher paid New York City workers seeking a less urban lifestyle, as well as the spread of businesses outwards from New York City having reached into southwestern Connecticut. The U.S. [2] (http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/statelocal.htm) There is, however, a great disparity in incomes through the state; although New Canaan has the highest per capita income in America, Bridgeport, Hartford, and New Haven are three of the ten cities with the lowest per capita incomes in America. Most of the state's population resides in Chicago and its suburbs. The per capita income for 2003 was $42,972, 2nd in the United States. The capital of Illinois is Springfield while its largest city is Chicago, along the waterfront of Lake Michigan. The total gross state product for 2003 was $172 billion. The word Illiniwek means simply "the people". See [1] (http://www.kurumi.com/roads/ct/index.html) for a very complete and in-depth discussion of Connecticut roadways, current, past, and future. Its name was given by the state's French explorers after the indigenous Illiniwek people, a consortium of Algonquin tribes that thrived in the area. Funds to relieve the situation, either by enhancing commuter rail, increasing highway capacity, or both, are lacking, and the problem is noted as one hindering further economic development for the state. Illinois (pronounced [ˌɪləˈnɔɪ] or occasionally [ˌɪləˈnɔɪz]) constitutes the 21st state of the United States, located in the former Northwest Territory. As a result, commuter rail is also heavily crowded, along with parking facilities and traffic at the stations. State tree: White oak (Quercus alba). At rush hours, multiple backups tens of miles long are common, and the daily radio broadcasts of where crashes have completely blocked traffic are a fact of life for commuters in the area. State snack: Popcorn. I-95 from south of New Haven to the New York border is one of the most congested highways in the United States due to increasing population density, increasing business in the New York area, and a general increase in American driving, and the congestion spills over to clog the parallel Merritt Parkway. State song: "Illinois". Other major arteries in the state include State Routes 8 and 25 (http://www.nycroads.com/roads/CT-8/|) and US Route 7. State slogan: "Land of Lincoln". A series of terrible crashes at these plazas eventually led to abandonment of the whole toll system in 1988. State prairie grass: Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii). This road and I-95 were originally toll roads; they relied on a system of toll plazas at which all traffic would stop and pay an incremental fare, rather than the alternative system of providing drivers a ticket where they entered the highway and charging them when they exited. State motto: "State sovereignty, national union". The other major interstate traffic arteries in Connecticut are the Merritt Parkway and Wilbur Cross Parkway, which together form Connecticut State Route 15, running from the Hutchinson River Parkway in New York State parallel to I-95 before turning north of New Haven and running parallel to I-91, finally becoming a surface road in Berlin, Connecticut. State mineral: Fluorite. The Interstate highways in the state are I-95 (the Connecticut Turnpike) running southwest to northeast along the coast, I-84 running southwest to northeast in the center of the state, I-91 running north to south in the center of the state, and I-395 running north to south near the eastern border of the state. State insect: Monarch butterfly. The glaciers carved valleys in Connecticut running north to south; as a result, many more roadways in the state run north to south than do east to west, mimicking the previous use of the many north-south rivers as transportation. State fossil: Tully Monster (Tullimonstrum gregarium). In practice, most Connecticut residents find public transportation not fully adequate for all their needs and either own a private vehicle or have access to one. State flower: Purple violet (Viola sororia). (In an episode of the American television show Miracles, the protagonist took a train from Boston directly to Hartford, causing Connecticut residents to joke that that would really have been a miracle.) Bus service is supplied by Connecticut Transit, owned by the Connecticut Department of Transportation. State fish: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). There is railway service along the coastline from New York City to Boston, including commuter rail service between New Haven and New York and a new commuter service along the coastline north of New Haven, with spur service running northwards to cities such as Hartford. State dance: Square dance. Transportation in Connecticut is predominantly via highway. State capital: Springfield. The eight regions of Connecticut are:. State bird: Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Fairfield County's "Gold Coast", for example, is often derided by residents of the rest of the state as being more
similar to New York than to New
England, and many of the residents go for years or even decades without ever traveling to other regions of the state,
considering themselves more attached to New York City and its suburbs in
eastern New York State. State animal: White-tailed deer
(Odocoileus virginianus). Each region boasts varied qualities which distinguish it within the state, and at
times there are minor cultural frictions between the regions and their major cultural centers as each competes for tourists, new
residents, and internal state pride. Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President, is buried in Springfield, Illinois. The state of Connecticut can be said to be sub-divided into eight general regions which generally correspond
with the eight counties of the state,
though there are differences in the boundaries. Ronald Reagan, the 40th President, was born in Tampico, Illinois.
Connecticut's rural areas and small towns in the northeast and northwest corners of the state contrast sharply with its industrial cities, located along the coastal highways from the New York border to New Haven, then northwards to Hartford, as well as further up the coast near New London. 1.9% mixed race. The state, although small, has regional variations in its landscape and culture from the wealthy estates of Fairfield County's "Gold Coast" to the rolling mountains and farms of the Litchfield Hills and the casinos of Southeastern Connecticut. 0.2% American Indian. See: List of Connecticut rivers. 3.4% Asian. The Connecticut River cuts through the center of the state, flowing into Long Island Sound, Connecticut's outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. 12.3% Hispanic. There is an ongoing civic pride and economic competition between Hartford and New Haven, which stems back to the days when the two cities shared the state's capital, and even back to when New Haven and Hartford were two separate colonies. 15.1% Black. In all, there are a total of 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. 67.8% White Non-Hispanic. The state capital is Hartford, and the other major cities include New Haven, New London, Norwich, Stamford, Waterbury, Torrington and Bridgeport. The Junior United States Senator is Barack Obama (Democrat). Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York State, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. Durbin (Democrat). Connecticut currently has five representatives in the House. The Senior United States Senator is Richard J. Lieberman (Democrat). The Treasurer of Illinois is Judy Baar Topinka (Republican). Dodd (Democrat) and Joseph I. The Secretary of State of Illinois is Jesse White (Democrat). senators are Christopher J. The Lieutenant Governor of Illinois is Pat Quinn (Democrat). Jodi Rell (Republican) and the two U.S. The Governor of Illinois is Rod Blagojevich (Democrat). The current governor of Connecticut is M. One, Naugatuck, is a merged town-borough. There are also 9 incorporated boroughs, eight of which provide additional services to a section of town. The sole exception is the City of Groton, which is a subsection of the Town of Groton. Most cities are coterminal with their namesake towns and have a merged city-town government. There are 169 incorporated cities and towns across the state. The state judicial system and the associated state marshal system, however, are still divided by county, and the eight counties are still widely used for purely geographical purposes, e.g. in weather reports. Unlike most other states, Connecticut does not have county governments or county seats; rather, there is only the state government and the governments of the local municipalities. Prior to that, New Haven and Hartford alternated as capital. Hartford has been the sole capital of Connecticut since 1875. The traditional abbreviation of the state's name is "Conn.". Its first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders", was adopted on January 14, 1639, while its current constitution, the fourth for Connecticut, was adopted in 1965. The first Europeans to settle permanently in Connecticut were English Puritans from Massachusetts in 1633. Connecticut is one of the original 13 states. The name "Connecticut" comes from an Algonquin Indian word meaning "on the long tidal river". Main article: History of Connecticut. USS Connecticut was named in honor of this state. Connecticut was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. Connecticut is a state of the United States, part of the New England region, as well as the southernmost state in New England and one of the wealthiest states in the country. New Britain Rock Cats. Norwich Navigators. Bridgeport Bluefish. Their departure to North Carolina caused great controversy and resentment. Until 1997, the National Hockey League had a franchise in Hartford, the Hartford Whalers. Hartford Wolf Pack of the American Hockey League. Connecticut Sun of the Women's National Basketball Association. Old Lyme, Connecticut $41,386. Madison Center, Connecticut $42,046. Cornwall, Connecticut $42,484. Bridgewater, Connecticut $42,505. Essex, Connecticut $42,806. Lyme, Connecticut $43,347. Fairfield, Connecticut $43,670. Sharon, Connecticut $45,418. Woodbridge, Connecticut $49,049. Redding, Connecticut $50,687. Groton Long Point, Connecticut $51,066. Avon, Connecticut $51,706. Ridgefield, Connecticut $51,795. Essex Village, Connecticut $51,928. Easton, Connecticut $53,885. Georgetown, Connecticut $55,029. Roxbury, Connecticut $56,769. Fenwick, Connecticut $60,625. Wilton, Connecticut $65,806. Deep River Center, Connecticut $72,261. Westport, Connecticut $73,664. Greenwich, Connecticut $74,346. Weston, Connecticut $74,817. Darien, Connecticut $77,519. New Canaan, Connecticut $82,049. Non-Religious – 6%. Other Religions – 3%. Other Christian – 1%. Protestant – 34%. Roman Catholic – 50%. 2.2% Mixed race. 0.3% American Indian. 2.4% Asian. 9.1% Black. 9.4% Hispanic. 77.5% White non-Hispanic. Southeastern Connecticut. The Quiet Corner. Lower Connecticut River Valley. Greater Hartford. Greater New Haven. Naugatuck River Valley. Litchfield Hills. Gold Coast. |