Coin

Poland issued a fan-shaped 10 zloty coin but the oddest coin ever was the 2002 Nauru,Europe-shaped coin. Dictionary definitions from Wiktionary
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News stories from Wikinews. Coins with guitar shapes were issued in Somalia this year. Significant religious groups include Roman Catholics (27%), Protestants (1.2%), and Czechoslovak Hussites (1%). Bi-metallic coins are used for comemorative purposes and in the 1990s,France used a tri-metallic coin. Despite the very visible presence of cathedrals and church buildings all over the country, the majority of Czechs (59%) are agnostics or atheists or without any dogmatic organization of belief, mostly as a consequence of the anti-religious policy during the communist era. Some coins, called bracteates, are so thin they can only be struck on one side. After the 1993 division, some Slovaks remained in the Czech Republic and comprise roughly 2% of the current population.

Such a coin is often said to be "weighted.". Other ethnic groups include Slovaks, Germans, Roma, Hungarians, Ukrainians and Poles. Coins are sometimes falsified to make one side weigh more. The majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic (95%) are ethnically Czech and speak Czech, a member of the Slavic languages. See also coin flipping. Main article: Demographics of the Czech Republic. A widely publicized example of an asymmetrical coin is the Belgian one euro coin(reference needed). The Czech government has expressed a desire to adopt the euro currency in 2010, but the introduction of the currency is currently only in the early planning stages.

See Bernoulli trial; a fair coin is defined to have the probability of heads (in the parlance of Bernoulli trials, a "success") of exactly 0.5. Moves to complete banking, telecommunications, and energy privatisation will add to foreign investment, while intensified restructuring among large enterprises and banks and improvements in the financial sector should strengthen output growth. Coins are popularly used as a sort of two-sided die; in order to choose between two options with a random possibility, one choice will be labeled "heads" and the other "tails," and a coin will be flipped or "tossed" to see whether the heads or tails side comes up on top. Uncomfortably high fiscal and current account deficits could be future problems. Some older such designs remain, such as the 12-sided Australian 50 cent coin. The rate of corruption remains one of the highest among OECD countries. If a coin had an even number of sides this would not be true. Growth in 2000-2001 was led by exports to the EU, especially Germany, and foreign investment, while domestic demand is reviving.

This is so that the coin has a constant diameter, and therefore will be recognised by machines whichever way it is inserted. One of the most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the Czech Republic has been recovering from recession since mid-1999. Coins that are not round (British 50 pence for example) usually have an odd number of sides, with the edges rounded off. Main article: Economy of the Czech Republic. Some coins have coin orientation, where the coin must be flipped vertically to see the other side; other coins, such as British coins, have medallic orientation, where the coin must be flipped horizontally to see the other side. The local climate is temperate with warm summers and cold, cloudy, humid winters, typified by a mixture of maritime and continental influences. The orientation of the obverse with respect to the reverse differs between countries. Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea.

[1] Another rule is that the side carrying the year of minting is the obverse, although most Canadian coins, and all Japanese coins, are an exception. Moravia, the eastern part, is also quite hilly and is drained predominantly by the Morava river, but also contains the source of the Oder (Czech: Odra) river. However, the rule is violated in some cases. The Czech landscape is quite varied; Bohemia to the west consists of a basin, drained by the Elbe (Czech: Labe) and Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains such as the Sudeten with its part Krkonoše, where one also finds the highest point in the country, the Sněžka at 1,602 m. The back side is called the reverse, or colloquially tails. Main article: Geography of the Czech Republic. Traditionally the side of a coin carrying a bust of a monarch or other authority, or a national emblem, is called the obverse, or colloquially heads. The Czech Republic consists of 13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and one capital city (hlavní město), marked by a *:.

The monarch would have to periodically recall, paying only bullion value of the silver, and re-mint circulating coins. Main article: Regions of the Czech Republic. This form of debasement in Tudor England led to the formulation of Gresham's Law. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic is as follows:. Circulating unmilled British sterling silver coins were known to be shaved to almost half of their minted weight. In year 2004 the army transformed into fully professional organization and compulsory military service has been ended. This is the reason some modern coins have ridges, known as "reeds," on their edges; the presence of reeding shows that the coin's edge has not been shaved. Czech forces have been gradually downsized from 200,000 to 35,000 and at the same time modernized and reoriented toward defensive posture.

Prior to the use of milled edges, circulating coins suffered from "shaving," a common problem where unscrupulous persons would shave a small amount of precious metal from the edge of a circulating coin. Being a member of NATO since 1999, the Czech Republic completes a major overhaul of the extensive Czechoslovak armed forces which until 1989 formed one of the pillars of the Warsaw Pact military alliance. The milled, or reeded, edges still found on many coins were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. The Czech Armed Forces (Czech: Armáda České republiky) consists of Land and Air Forces and of specialized support units. Increasingly common are coin counting machines which charge money to consumers for converting their "coins" into "cash". The Constitutional Court, which rules on constitutional issues, is appointed by the president, and its members serve 10-year terms. has never revised its coinage system to accommodate this inflation, and as a result, coins in America today are scarcely regarded as "money" in any practical sense. The country's highest court of appeals is the Supreme Court.

What is unique to the United States, among the developed countries, is that the U.S. The 81 members of the Czech Senate serve for 6-year terms with one-third being elected every 2 years on the basis of two-round majority voting. The United Kingdom saw similar inflation during the same era. The 200 Chamber delegates are elected for 4-year terms, on the basis of proportional representation. Virtually every other country debased their coinage too. The Czech parliament (Parlament) is bicameral, with a Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) and a Senate (Senát). It also should not be inferred that such debasement and inflation were unique to the U.S. He also appoints the prime minister, who sets the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy, as well the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the prime minister.

For example, in 1960, the silver in a dime was worth less than four cents. The president is also granted specific powers such as the right to nominate Constitutional Court judges, dissolve parliament under certain conditions, complete immunity, and enact a veto on legislation. silver coinage, such coins were actually fiat money, because the value of silver was relatively low. According to its constitution, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary democracy whose head of state is a president, indirectly elected every five years by the parliament. It should be remembered, however, that for most of the era of U.S. Main article: Politics of the Czech Republic. Some consider a classic example of this phenomenon to be the behavior of price levels in the United States since 1964 (the last year circulating United States Coins were minted of 90 percent silver). The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

Debasement of money almost always leads to price inflation unless price controls are also instituted by the governing authority. On January 1, 1993, the country peacefully split in two, creating the independent Czech and Slovak republics. By replacing some fraction of a coin's precious metal content with a base metal (often copper or nickel), the intrinsic value of each individual coin was reduced (thereby "debasing" their money), allowing the coining authority to produce more coins than would otherwise be possible. In 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its political independence through a peaceful "Velvet Revolution". Throughout history, governments have been known to create more coinage than their supply of precious metals would allow. In 1968, an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize party rule and create "socialism with a human face" during the Prague Spring. For example, in 1979 and 1980, a Chinese architectural team excavating the region surrounding the ancient kingdom of Loulan discovered some Mesolithic stone tools and coins (see Loulan: Modern Chinese Expeditions). In 1948, a reconstituted Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence.

The history of coins is a long and interesting one. Only a few who had been active in the resistance or were required for economic reasons were allowed to stay, though many of them emigrated later due to the anti-German sentiment prevalent in post War Czechoslovakia. True coins also developed very close to this time frame in both India and China. As a consequence, 15 000 - 30 000 (according to the official German-Czech Committee of Historians) Germans were killed or otherwise died. Under three generations of Lydian kings, the money of Lydia gradually moved from being lumps of electrum (a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold) to coins of a guaranteed weight and purity, marked with the seal of the King. About 3 million Germans, almost the entire German minority of pre-War Czechoslovakia, were expelled to Germany and Austria. By the above definition, the invention and first known usage of coins comes from the Kingdom of Lydia circa 643-630 B.C. From 1945 to 1948 the Sudetenland was cleansed of ethnic Germans (under the so-called Beneš decrees and the Treaty of Potsdam).

These criteria are:. Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fighting against Nazis were acknowledged by Allies. To distinguish between these two types of coins, as well as from other forms of tokens which have been used as money, monetary scholars have defined three criteria that an object must meet to be a "true coin". 125 000 citizens, including 83 000 Jews, were killed, and hundreds of thousand of others were sent to prisons and concentration camps or forced labour. This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat rather than agreed by the people, which really makes it less a coin and more a token in the strictest sense. Appr. However, in modern times, most coins are made of a base metal and their value comes strictly from their status as fiat money. Eventually Slovakia broke away further in 1939 and the remaining Czech territory was occupied by Hitler who installed the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, which was proclaimed part of the Reich and where the Protectorate President and Prime Minister were subordinate to the Nazi Reichsprotektor ('imperial protector').

The market exchange value of a coin comes from its historic value, and/or the intrinsic value of the component metal (for example gold coins, silver coins or platinum coins). Poland occupied majority Polish speaking areas around Cesky Tesin, while Slovakia gained greater autonomy, with the state being renamed to "Czecho-Slovakia". See Coin collecting and Numismatics for more information on the collecting of coins, bank notes, token coins and Exonumia. Hitler used the opportunity and, supported by Konrad Henlein's Sudeten German Party, gained the majority German speaking Sudetenland through the Munich Agreement. . Although Czechoslovakia was a democratic and liberal state guaranteeing and also implementing cultural and language rights to its minorities (schools in German language areas were entirely German), the centralistic state did not grant its minorities territorial political autonomy, which resulted in discontent and strong support among the minorities to break away from Czechoslovakia. Coins are usually used for lower-valued units, and banknotes are usually used for the higher values; also, in most money systems, the highest value coin is worth less than the lowest-value note. This new country contained large German, Hungarian and Polish minorities.

Along with banknotes, coins make up the cash forms of all modern money systems. Following the collapse of this empire after World War I, the independent republic of Czechoslovakia was created in 1918. A coin is usually a piece of hard material, generally metal and usually in the shape of a disc, which is issued by a government to be used as a form of money. Bohemia later came under Habsburg influence and became part of Austria-Hungary. It must be marked to identify the authority that guarantees the content. Religious conflicts such as the 15th century Hussite Wars and the 17th century Thirty Years War had a devastating affect on the local population. It must be of a standardized weight and purity. It was part of the Holy Roman Empire during the entire existence of this confederation.

It must be made of a valuable material, and trade for close to the market value of that material. The kingdom of Bohemia was a significant local power during the Middle Ages. The Bohemian or Czech state emerged in the late 9th century when it was unified by the Přemyslids. The Moravian principality arose in the 8th century (see under Great Moravia). During the 7th century the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.

Following in the Germans' wake, they moved southward into Bohemia, Moravia, and some of present day Austria. In an equally significant migration, Slavic people from the Black Sea and Carpathian regions settled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). the 5th century, many Germanic tribes moved westward and southward out of Central Europe. During the Migration Period of ca.

In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC Celtic migrations, the Boii (see Bohemia) and later in the 1st century Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlement in the area dating back to the Neolithic era. Main article: History of the Czech lands. .

See Names of the Czech Republic and Czech lands.. Its Czech equivalent Česko faced opposition of the Czech people as well, but now it seems to be quite settled down in the language. The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1993 announced that the name Czechia is to be used in all situations other than formal official documents and the full names of government institutions [1], [2], but this has not caught on in English usage. On May 1, 2004, it became a member state of the European Union.

The country is composed of two entire historic regions, Bohemia and Moravia, parts of Silesia and small sections of historic Lower Austria. Other major cities include Brno, Ostrava, Zlín, Plzeň, Pardubice, Hradec Králové, České Budějovice, Liberec, Olomouc, and Ústí nad Labem. Historic Prague (Czech: Praha), a major tourist attraction, is its capital and largest city. The country has borders with Poland to the north, Germany to the northwest and west, Austria to the south, and Slovakia to the east.

The Czech Republic (Czech: Česká republika) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Department of State website.. Much of the material in these articles comes from the CIA World Factbook 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Spa towns in the Czech Republic.