Coca-Cola

After reviewing all of the possible soundalikes, the company officially adopted kěkǒu-kělè (可口可乐), meaning roughly "tasty and fun". Large coffee shop chains may have a policy of composting coffee grounds or giving them away to those who ask. However, the Coca-Cola company itself never adopted such a translation. Coffee grounds can be obtained inexpensively (usually free) from local coffee shops. In reality, some local Chinese shopkeepers did create their own signs in an effort to approximate the sound of the product's name, resulting in kǒukē-kǒulà (口蝌口蜡), which might more literally be translated as "mouth tadpole, mouth wax". When added to a compost pile, spent coffee grounds compost very rapidly. It is often repeated as an urban legend that the Coca-Cola company mistranslated its product's name into a string of characters meaning "Bite the wax tadpole" while attempting to market the product in Chinese. Many gardeners report that roses love coffee grounds and when furnished with the same become big and colorful.

Pepper is the number one soft drink; and Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island in Canada, where Pepsi is the market leader.^{[citation needed]} In Peru,Inca Kola, the "national beverage" (independently produced until 1999, when Coca-Cola acquired Corporación Inca Kola del Perú S.A., the Peruvian company that formerly produced it) is more popular.[25] In Sweden, despite Coca-Cola's strong holiday-oriented marketing efforts, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season.[26] Note that in Scotland, where the locally produced Irn-Bru was once more popular, 2005 figures show that both Coca-Cola and Diet Coke now outsell Irn-Bru.[27]. Coffee grounds also contain potassium, phosphorus, and many other trace elements that aid plant development. Nevertheless, there are some places like New York state in the United States of America, where Pepsi leads the market; Texas, in the USA, where Dr. Spent coffee grounds are a good fertilizer in gardens because of their high nitrogen content. Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries. Filtered coffee only contains trace amounts of cafestol. Coca Cola's positive business contributions following some of these criticisms include:. A study has shown that cafestol, a substance which is present in boiled coffee drinks, dramatically increases cholesterol levels, especially in women.

Main article: Coca-Cola Company: Praises. One variable is the type of decaffeination process used; while some involve the use of organic solvents which may leave residual traces, others rely on steam. There are many criticisms of both the company's products and trade practices. The health risks of decaffeinated coffee have been studied, with varying results. As the largest seller of soft drinks in the world, including its flagship Coca-Cola drink, the Coca-Cola Company has been criticized for some of its corporate actions, from issues such as monopolistic practices, reliance on low health standards, racist employment practices, the privatization of water supplies, to the abuse of workers' rights, including the assassination of union members. This is a detrimental effect of coffee on the cardiovascular system, which may explain why coffee has so far only been shown to help the heart at levels of four cups (20 fl oz or 600 mL) or fewer per day. Main article: Coca-Cola Company: Criticisms. The study concluded that consumption of coffee is associated with significant elevations in biochemical markers of inflammation.

[20] SINALTRAINAL's boycott followed the removal of the Coca-Cola Company from SINALTRAINAL's lawsuit, see the #Business practices section. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published a study in 2004 which tried to discover why the beneficial and detrimental effects of coffee are conflicting. In Summer 2003, Colombian trade Union SINALTRAINAL called for an international boycott of Coca-Cola products because of intimidation, kidnapping and murder of workers in Coca Cola bottling plants by paramilitaries who were allegedly acting on behalf of the Coca Cola Company in order to drive down wages in Colombia. Women still worried about chemical solvents in decaffeinated coffee should opt for beans which use the Swiss water process, where no chemicals other than water are used, although higher amounts of caffeine remain. See #Business practices section for environmental impact discussions.. As such, these chemicals, namely trichloroethane and methylene chloride, are present in trace amounts at most, and neither pose a significant threat to unborn children. As of 2005, Coke and Pepsi together hold 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India.[19]. These concerns have almost no basis, however, as the solvents in question evaporate at 80–90 °C, and coffee beans are decaffeinated before roasting, which occurs at approximately 200 °C.

Coca-Cola had registered a 15 percent drop in sales after the pesticide allegations were made in 2003. Decaffeinated coffee is occasionally regarded as a potential health risk to pregnant women, due to the high incidence of chemical solvents used to extract the caffeine. In 2004, Coca-Cola was described as being experimentally used as a pesticide by India farmers in Andhra Pradesh.^[17] However, it was later revealed to be a publicity stunt by local activists and farmers.[18]. This study has not yet been repeated, but has caused some doctors to caution against excessive coffee consumption during pregnancy. Narain says CSE's study of pesticide residues in soft drinks was a natural follow-up to a previous study it did on bottled water.[16]. fl oz or 1.4 L) were at 220% increased risk compared with nondrinkers. Ms. Those who drank eight or more cups a day (48 U.S.

Coke's David Cox, Coke's Hong Kong-based communications director for Asia, accuses Sunita Narain, CSE's director, of "brandjacking," using Coke's brand name to draw attention to her campaign against pesticides. "The results seem to indicate a threshold effect around four to seven cups per day," the study reported. Coke and PepsiCo oppose the move, arguing that lab tests aren't reliable enough to detect minute traces of pesticides in complex drinks like soda. A February 2003 Danish study of 18,478 women linked heavy coffee consumption during pregnancy to significantly increased risk of stillbirths (but no significantly increased risk of infant death in the first year). But an Indian parliamentary committee in 2004 backed up CSE's findings and a government-appointed committee is now trying to develop the world's first pesticide standards for soft drinks. fl oz or 1.4 L or more). Coca Cola and PepsiCo angrily denied allegations that their products manufactured in India contained toxin levels far above the norms permitted in the developed world. There are also gender-specific effects, in some PMS sufferers it increases the symptoms, and it can reduce fertility in women, also it may increase the risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and there may be risks to a fetus if a pregnant woman drinks 8 or more cups a day (48 U.S.

CSE said it had tested the same products in the US and found no such residues. It can also cause anxiety and irritability, in some with excessive coffee consumption, and some as a withdrawal symptom. CSE found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca Cola's 30 times. Coffee can also cause insomnia in some, while paradoxically it helps a few sleep more soundly. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, Seven Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thums Up, Limca, Sprite. Coffee can also increase blood pressure among those with high blood pressure, but follow-up studies showed that coffee still decreased the risk of dying from heart disease in the aggregate. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organisation in New Dehli, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants Pepsico and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos — pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system. Many coffee drinkers are familiar with "coffee jitters", a nervous condition that occurs when one has had too much caffeine.

As an example, in 2004 Coca-Cola India's market share was 60.9%.[15]. Many notable effects of coffee are related to its caffeine content. However, these claims conflict with marketshare data. Practitioners in alternative medicine often recommend coffee enemas for "cleansing of the colon" due to its stimulus of peristalsis, although mainstream medicine has not proved any benefits of the practice. Critics claim Coca-Cola is less popular in other places such as India, due to suspicions regarding the health standards of the drink. Therefore it has been variously suggested that the cognitive effects of caffeine are limited to those who have not developed a tolerance, or to those who have developed a tolerance and are caffeine-deprived. In the Middle East, the only region in the world where Coca-Cola is not the number one soda drink, Coca-Cola nonetheless holds almost 25% marketshare and had double-digit growth in 2003.[14]. Some controversy over these effects exists, since by its nature coffee consumption is associated with other behavioral variables.

However, these claims conflict with marketshare data. fl oz or 0.95 L or more). foreign policy in Israel and elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} They additionally cite the example of Mecca Cola which has become a hit in the past few years. fl oz, 700 mL), but others occur at 5 or more cups a day (32 U.S. Critics claim Coca-Cola is less popular in Arab countries due to disapproval of U.S. Some of these health effects are realized by as little as 4 cups a day (24 U.S. The performance and talk dealt with the sugar industry and other multinational corporation policies and Coca-Cola as a symbol of corporate power. It also changes the metabolism of a person so that their body burns a higher proportion of lipids to carbohydrates, which can help athletes avoid muscle fatigue.

As part of their 2005 "Experience The Experience" tour, art group monochrom created a 'Brick Of Coke': they put several gallons of Coca-Cola into a pot and boiled it down until the residue left behind could be molded into a brick. Many people drink coffee for its ability to increase short term recall and increase IQ. The identification with the spread of American culture has led to the pun "Coca-Colonisation". However, coffee can also cause loose bowel movements. The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca-Cola Company. Coffee is also a powerful stimulant for peristalsis and is sometimes considered to prevent constipation; it is also a diuretic. The Coca-Cola drink has a high degree of identification with the United States itself, being considered an "American brand" or to a small extent as representing America (compare Mickey Mouse). 6.

There are some groups who criticize this move to use high fructose corn syrup over sugar due to the fact that the corn in which the corn syrup is maintained may come from genetically altered plants. It is present in both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and even in instant coffee. This was done largely due to the prices of sugar increasing during these times. Methylpyridinium is not present in raw coffee beans but is formed during the roasting process from trigonellin, which is common in raw coffee beans. Since the late 1980s in the US, Coke has been made with high fructose corn syrup instead of sugar glucose/fructose, except Kosher for Passover Coke which can't be made with high fructose corn syrup. This compound is not present in significant amounts in other food materials. For more, see phosphoric acid in food. Coffee contains the anticancer compound methylpyridinium.

The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of phosphoric acid^[13]. At the annual meeting of the American Chemical Society in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 2005, chemist Joe Vinson of the University of Scranton presented his analysis showing that for Americans, who as a whole do not consume large quantities of fresh fruits and vegetables, coffee represents by far the largest source of valuable antioxidants in the diet.[4]. [12]. Also, coffee reduces the incidence of heart disease, though whether this is simply because it rids the blood of excess fat or because of its stimulant effect is unknown. In 2003 the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry took a grant of $1m dollars from Coca-Cola to fund educational research. Coffee can reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a variety of liver cancer (Inoue, 2005). The impartiality of this experiment can be reasonably questioned. Coffee can also reduce the incidence of cirrhosis of the liver and prevent colon and bladder cancers.

[11]. While this was originally noticed in patients who consumed high amounts (7 cups a day), the relationship was later shown to be linear (Salazar-Martinez 2004). Diet Coke was found to be slightly less acidic. Coffee intake may reduce one's risk of diabetes mellitus type 2 by up to half. None of those are in the critical range to damage tooth enamel. Some of the beneficial effects may be restricted to one sex, for instance it has been shown to reduce the occurrence of gallstones and gallbladder disease in men. A 2005 experiment by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry found the pH of the mouth to be 5.5, 5.6, and 5.7 in 5, 10, and 20 minutes (respectively) after swishing 15 mL in the mouth for one minute. For this reason some aspirin producers also include a small dose of caffeine in the pill.

Under normal conditions, its acidity causes no immediate harm.^[10]. Coffee increases the effectiveness of pain killers—especially migraine medications—and can rid some people of asthma. Evidence has been presented in numerous cases against Coca-Cola since the 1920s that decisively proves that the drink is not more harmful than comparable soft drinks, or indeed acidic fruit juices like Mr Juicy apple juice. See the caffeine article for more on the pharmacological effects of caffeine. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine.^[8] The soft drink industry dismisses many of these criticisms as urban myths.^[9] There are some reports that Coca-Cola is addictive, although the veracity of these reports has yet to be established.^{[citation needed]}. Caffeine dependence is widespread and withdrawal symptoms are real. While many nutritionists believe that "soft drinks and other calorie-rich, nutrient-poor food can fit into a good diet"^{[citation needed]}, it is generally agreed that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed to excess^{[citation needed]}, particularly to young children whose soda consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet.^[6] Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium (which can contribute to osteoporosis), magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A.^[7]. There are also tisanes that resemble coffee in taste but contain no caffeine (see below).

Since this process cannot extract the cocaine alkaloids at a molecular level, the drink still contains trace amounts of the stimulant^[5]. Decaffeinated coffee usually loses some flavor over normal coffees and tends to be more bitter. Today's Coca-Cola uses "spent" coca leaves, those that have been through a cocaine extraction process, to flavor the beverage. Extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide has also been employed. Because cocaine is naturally present in untreated coca leaves, small amounts of cocaine were also present in the beverage. Another solvent used is ethyl acetate; the resultant decaffeinated coffee is marketed as "natural decaf" due to ethyl acetate being naturally present in fruit. Contrary to popular belief, the coca leaf extract cocaine was never added to Coca-Cola, per se. This is coffee from which most of the caffeine has been removed, by the Swiss water process (which involves the soaking of raw beans to absorb the caffeine) or the use of a chemical solvent such as trichloroethylene ("tri"), or the more popular methylene chloride, in a similar process.

The acid can be used to anodize titanium according to various websites.^[4]. For occasions when one wants to enjoy the flavor of coffee with less stimulation, decaffeinated coffee (also called decaf) is available. One unusual use for Coke is as a rust-control substance—the phosphoric acid in coke converts iron oxide to iron phosphate, and as such can be used as an initial treatment for corroded iron and steel objects being renovated, etc. Coffee contains an as yet unknown chemical agent which stimulates the production of cortisone and adrenaline, two stimulating hormones. (While Highway Troopers do not use Coca-Cola for this purpose, it was proven on the television program MythBusters that Coca-Cola can be used quite well as a blood cleaning agent.) For more on acidity and health concerns, see the Acidity subsection below.. Recent research has uncovered additional stimulating effects of coffee which are not related to its caffeine content. All of these claims are false. Many office workers take a "coffee break" when their energy is diminished.

These urban legends usually take the form of "fun facts" — for example, "highway troopers use Coke to clean blood from highways after accidents", "somebody once died in a Coke-drinking competition," or "Coke can dissolve a tooth overnight". Students preparing for examinations with late-night "cram sessions" use coffee to maintain their concentration. Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decrying the drink for its supposedly copious amounts of acid (its pH value of 2.5 is midway between vinegar and gastric acid), or the "life-threatening" effects of its carbonated water. For this reason, it is often consumed in the morning, and during working hours. One false legend claims that Coke was once green, or was accidentally carbonated when a clerk squirted syrup into the wrong glass. Coffee contains caffeine, which acts as a stimulant. The numerous urban legends about Coca-Cola have led the Urban Legends Reference Pages to devote a whole section of their site to "Cokelore". Fairtrade labelling is becoming more popular in many developed countries, allowing consumers to ensure that co-operative producers receive a viable minimum price for their goods.

They also sponsor the International Rules football test game played between Australia and Ireland every year. (Mai, 2006). Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League, as well as with many teams within those leagues. Prices are expected to either remain constant or rise in 2006. In addition, Coca Cola sponsors the annual Coca-Cola 600 for the NASCAR Nextel Cup auto racing series at Lowe's Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. Many coffee bean farmers can now live off their products, but not all of the extra-surplus trickles down to them, because rising petroleum prices make the transportation, roasting and packaging of the coffee beans more expensive. In fact, one of the FIFA tournament trophy: FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997 was called "FIFA - Coca Cola Cup". This rise was likely caused by an increase in consumption in Russia and China as well as a harvest which was about 10% to 20% lower than that in the record years before.

Since 1978 Coca-Cola is the main sponsor of FIFA and has sponsored each FIFA World Cup and other competitions organised by FIFA. In 2005, however, the coffee prices rose. This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. According to the Specialty Coffee Association of America, in 2004 16% of adults in the United States drank specialty coffee daily; the number of retail specialty coffee locations, including cafes, kiosks, coffee carts and retail roasters, amounted to 17,400 and total sales were $8.96 billion in 2003. Coca-Cola was the first-ever sponsor of the Olympic games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since. Ironically, the decline in the ingredient cost of green coffee, while not the only cost component of the final cup being served, was paralleled by the rise in popularity of Starbucks and thousands of other specialty cafes, which sold their beverages at unprecedented high prices. Coca-Cola has a policy of avoiding using children younger than the age of 12 in any of its advertising as a result of a lawsuit from the beginning of the 20th century that alleged that Coke's caffeine content was dangerous to children.^{[citation needed]} However, in recent times, this has not stopped the company from targeting young consumers.^{[citation needed]} In addition, it has not been disclosed in exact terms how safe Coke is for consumption by young children (or pregnant mothers).^{[citation needed]}. (Mai, 2006).

However, after a few early successes, Columbia began to under-perform, and was dropped by the company in 1989. The market awarded the more efficient Vietnamese coffee suppliers with trade and caused less efficient coffee bean farmers in many countries such as Brazil, Nicaragua, and Ethiopia not to be able to live off of their products, forcing many to quit the coffee bean production and move into slums in the cities. Columbia provided subtle publicity through Coke product placements in many of its films while under Coke's ownership. Coffee prices had been falling for about a decade until 2004: among the reasons for this decline included the expansion of Brazilian coffee plantations and Vietnam's entry into the market in 1994 when the United States trade embargo against it was lifted. In an attempt to broaden its portfolio, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982. This is where coffee futures contracts, a financial asset involving a standardized contract for the future sale or purchase of a unit of coffee at an agreed price, are traded. Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market. Coffee is also bought and sold as a commodity on the New York Coffee, Sugar, and Cocoa Exchange.

Coca-Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars; one of Coke's ads compared the so-called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier. For instance, in Brazil alone, where almost a third of all the world's coffee is produced, over 5 million people are employed in the cultivation and harvesting of over 3 billion coffee plants; it is a much more labour-intensive culture than alternative cultures of the same regions as soy, sugar cane, wheat or cattle, as it is not subject to automation and requires constant attention. During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests in which they expressed a preference for Pepsi over Coke. Worldwide, 25 million small producers rely on coffee for a living. Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including "The pause that refreshes", "I'd like to buy the world a Coke", and "Coke is it" (see Coca-Cola slogans). With over 400 billion cups consumed every year, coffee is the world's most popular beverage. Advertising for Coke is now almost ubiquitous, especially in southern areas of North America, such as Atlanta, where Coke was invented. Coffee is one of the world's most important primary commodities; it ranks second only to petroleum in terms of dollars traded worldwide.

Coke's advertising has been rather pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. See also dunk (biscuit) for the habit of dipping a biscuit (cookie) or cake into a coffee. Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impact on American culture, and is frequently credited with the "invention" of the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in red-and-white garments; however, while the company did in fact start promoting this image in the 1930s in its winter advertising campaigns, it was already common before that.^[3] In the 1970s, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing", produced by Billy Davis, became a popular hit single, but there is no evidence that it did anything to increase sales of the soft drink. This has encouraged customers, especially from the working world, to relax over a cup of coffee and eat something while being able to check their e-mail and surf the Web all from the comfort of their seat. It is said that the owner of Root Glass became one of Indiana's wealthiest men because of the bottle, while Samuelsson didn't get anything more than his usual salary. In recent years, cafés have begun to offer wireless Internet (Wi-Fi) connectivity to attract customers. In November 1915, Root Glass Company patented the bottle, and in 1916 it went into production. This is ironic in that coffee is a stimulant.

However, he continued to turn the pages and eventually he saw a picture of a cacao tree seed pod, with its bulging shape and distinctive grooves. Contemporary advertising tends to equate the term "coffee break" with rest and relaxation. He looked in Encyclopaedia Britannica and was quickly forced to dismiss the idea. Social habits involving coffee in offices include the morning chat over coffee and the coffee break. Thomas, Samuelsson decided to see if the shapes of the two ingredients behind the product name (coca and kola nuts) could serve as inspiration. Because of the stimulant properties of coffee and because coffee does not adversely impact higher mental functions, coffee is strongly associated with white collar jobs and office workers. According to legend, having received the request for a truly distinctive bottle from bottler Benjamin F. Besides coffee, the host or hostess at the coffee party also serves cake and pastries, hopefully homemade.

The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the "Contour bottle" within the company, was created in 1915 by a Swedish former glassblower, Alexander Samuelsson, who had emigrated to the US in the 1880's and was employed as a manager at the Root Glass Company in Terre Haute, Indiana, one of Coca-Cola's bottle suppliers. In some countries, notably in northern Europe, coffee parties are a popular form of entertaining. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period. Some shops are miniature cafés that specialise in coffee-to-go for hurried travelers, who may visit these on their way to work as a substitute for breakfast. It was Robsinson who came up with the name, and he also chose the logo’s distinctive cursive script. Most cafés also serve tea, sandwiches, pastries, and other light refreshments. The famous Coca-Cola logotype is said to have largely been created by John Pemberton's business partner, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885. Coffee is so popular in the Americas, the Middle East, and Europe that many restaurants specialize in coffee; these are called "coffeehouses" or "cafés".

As sugar and sweetners are added by the bottler, the sweetness of the drink is said to differ in various parts of the world, in order to cater for local taste. However, consumption has also vastly increased in the United Kingdom in recent years. The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchisees, like Coca-Cola Enterprises and Coca-Cola FEMSA, but almost half of the volume sold in the world is produced by fully independent bottlers. Finland consumes the most coffee per capita, an average of four to five cups a day. The bottlers are normally also responsible for all advertisment and other sales initiatives within their areas. The United States is the largest market for coffee, followed by Germany. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sugar (or artificial sweetners) and fill it into cans and bottles, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors. The machines used to process it can handle up to 500 cups an hour, or 1,000 if the water is preheated.^[3].

The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to various bottlers throughout the world who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. Its primary use is in large institutional situations where coffee needs to be produced for thousands of people at the same time. The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. It costs about 10 cents a cup to produce. However, experienced perfumers and food scientists - today aided by modern analytical methods - can easily identify the composition of food products, a fact that is further supported by the many cola flavorings and competing soft drinks like Pepsi. It is described as having a flavor about as good as low-grade robusta coffee. Woodruff, the company presents the formula of Coca-Cola as one of the most closely held trade secrets in modern business that only a few employees know or have access to. Another type of premade coffee is liquid coffee concentrate.

As a publicity marketing strategy started by Robert W. Other premade coffee drinks are also commercially available, but tend to be less popular. By 1998, it was sold in only a few places in the Midwestern U.S. They also sell a canned espresso drink, Double Shot, lightly sweetened and blended with cream. However, sales falloff caused a severe cutback in distribution. In the United States, Starbucks sells its popular Frappuccino drinks in glass bottles, a beverage consisting primarily of milk, coffee, sugar, and flavoring (like vanilla or caramel). In 1992 the company renamed the product "Coke II" (not to be confused with "Coke C2", a reduced-sugar cola launched by Coca-Cola in 2004). Japanese convenience stores and groceries also have a wide availability of plastic-bottled coffee drinks, which typically are lightly sweetened and pre-blended with milk.

Meanwhile, the market share for New Coke had dwindled to only 3% by 1986. To match with the often busy life of Korean city dwellers, companies mostly have canned coffee with a wide variety of tastes. But the flop of New Coke brought a recovery. Vending machines typically sell a number of varieties of canned coffee, available both hot and cold. Purchases of vanilla more than halved during this period. Canned coffee is a beverage that has been popular in Asian countries for many years, particularly in Japan and South Korea. When New Coke was introduced in 1985, this had a severe impact on the economy of Madagascar, a prime vanilla exporter, since New Coke used vanillin, a less-expensive synthetic substitute. Instant and soluble coffee has been dried into soluble powder or granules, which can be quickly dissolved in hot water for consumption.

The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest consumer of natural vanilla extract. Connoisseurs shun such conveniences as compromising the flavor of the coffee; they prefer freshly ground beans and traditional brewing techniques. The truth is we are not that dumb, and we are not that smart.". Some even grind the beans automatically before brewing. Some cynics will say that we planned the whole thing. Electronic coffee makers boil the water and brew the infusion with little human assistance and sometimes according to a timer. Donald Keough, company president at the time, responded to the accusation by declaring: "Some critics will say Coca-Cola made a marketing mistake. However, if it is kept in an oxygen-free environment it can last almost indefinitely at room temperature, and sealed containers of brewed coffee are sometimes commercially available in food stores in America or Europe.

The company was later accused of performing this volte-face as an elaborate ruse to introduce a new product while reviving interest in the original. For this reason aficionados frown upon the hotplate which is sometimes used to keep brewed coffee warm prior to serving. This and other protests caused the company to return to the old formula under the name Coca-Cola Classic on July 10, 1985. Brewed coffee continually heated will deteriorate rapidly in flavor; even at room temperature, deterioration will occur. Gay Mullins, from Seattle, Washington, founded the Old Cola Drinkers of America organization, which attempted to sue the company, and lobbied for the formula of Old Coke to be released into the public domain. The usual ratio of coffee to water for the style of coffee most prevalent in Europe, America, and other Westernized nations is between one and two tablespoons of ground coffee per six ounces (180 millilitres) of water; the full two tablespoons per six ounces tends to be recommended by experienced coffee lovers. The new Coca-Cola formula subsequently caused a public backlash. If the water is too hot, some undesirable elements will be extracted, adversely affecting the taste, especially in bitterness.

Coca-Cola management was unprepared, however, for the nostalgic sentiments the drink aroused in the American public; some compared changing the Coke formula to rewriting the American Constitution. Any cooler and some of the solubles that make up the flavor will not be extracted. It is possible that customers would not have noticed the change if it had been made secretly or gradually, and thus brand loyalty could have been maintained. The recommended brewing temperature of coffee is 93 °C (204 °F). The commercial failure of New Coke therefore came as a grievous blow to the management of the Coca-Cola Company. Water temperature is crucial to the proper extraction of flavor from the ground coffee. It has also been alleged that Woodruff might not have been able to understand what Goizueta was telling him. The fineness of the grind required differs by the method of extraction.

Goizueta claims that Woodruff endorsed it a few months before his death in 1985; others have pointed out that, as the two men were alone when the matter was discussed, Goizueta might have misinterpreted the wishes of the dying Woodruff, who could speak only in monosyllables. Coffee in all these forms is made with coffee grounds (coffee beans that have been roasted and ground) and hot water, the grounds either remaining behind or being filtered out of the cup or jug after the main soluble compounds have been removed. Woodruff played in the reformulation. If the method allows the water to pass only once through the grounds, the resulting brew will contain mainly the more soluble components (including caffeine), whereas if the water is repeatedly cycled through the beans (as with the common percolator), the brew will contain more of the relatively less soluble compounds found in the bean; as these tend to be more bitter, that type of process is less favored by coffee aficionados. It is unclear what part long-time company president Robert W. Coffee can be brewed in several different ways, but these methods fall into four main groups depending upon how the water is introduced to the coffee grounds. The reformulation was led by the then-CEO of the company, Roberto Goizueta, and the president Don Keough. There are two methods of producing coffee grounds ready for brewing.

Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi. With the rise of coffee as a gourmet beverage, it has become much more popular to grind the beans at home before brewing, and there are many home appliances available which are dedicated to the process. Coca-Cola tinkered with the formula and created the new Coke. The rate of deterioration increases when the coffee is ground, as a result of the greater surface area exposed to oxygen. In taste tests, drinkers are more likely to respond positively to sweeter drinks, and Pepsi had the advantage over Coke because it is much sweeter. At the other extreme, an overly coarse grind will produce a weak, watery, under-flavored result. Double-blind taste tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which is believed to have more lemon oil, less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke. Beans which are too finely ground for the brewing method in which they are used will expose too much surface area to the heated water and produce a bitter, harsh, "over-extracted" taste.

Some authorities believe that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically to respond to its commercial competitor, Pepsi. Brewing methods which expose coffee grounds to heated water for a longer duration of time require a coarser grind than faster brewing methods. In 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, changed the formula of the drink. The fineness of the grounds has a major impact on the brewing process, and matching the consistency of the grind with the brewing method is critical to extracting the optimal amount of flavor from the roasted beans. For more corporate history, see The history of the Coca-Cola Company. However, as is said in the coffee industry, "the proof is in the cup.". Before the United States entered World War II, the difficulty of shipping Coca-Cola concentrate to Germany and its occupied states led to the creation of a new drink by a Coca-Cola employee, Fanta. Some companies have tried to extend the freshness using a nitrogen-infusion system that flushes the inert gas into the roasted coffee, replacing the oxygen, ostensibly reducing oxidation.

The beverage had become synonymous with the American way of life. Despite the varying claims of "what is fresh" when it comes to coffee, the industry leaders in specialty coffee generally agree that roasted coffee should be ground and brewed no more than about 14 days off-the-roast. The popularity of the drink exploded as American soldiers returned home from the war with a taste for the drink. Once roasted, the volatile compounds that give coffee its complex flavors dissipate quickly. Coca-Cola set up bottling plants in several locations overseas to assure the drink's availability to soldiers, setting the stage for the company's post-war overseas expansion. This CO₂ also affects the flavor of the brewed coffee, and most experts recommend a two- to five-day "resting" period post-roast for the CO₂ to sufficiently escape. The United States Army permitted Coca-Cola employees to enter the front lines as "Technical Officers" where they operated Coke's system of providing refreshments for soldiers, who welcomed the beverage as a reminder of home. For this reason, many roasters who package whole beans immediately after roasting do so in bags with one-way valves, allowing the CO₂ to escape but nothing in.

When the United States entered World War II, The Coca-Cola Company began providing free drinks for soldiers of the United States Army. Because coffee emits CO₂ for days after it is roasted, one must allow the coffee to degas before it can be packaged in sealed containers.
. Computerized drum roasters are available which simplify homeroasting, and some home roasters will simply roast in an oven or in air popcorn makers. This meant that Coca-Cola was originally sold in a wide variety of bottles, until the introduction of the iconic, standardized Coke bottle in 1916. Today homeroasting is becoming popular again. Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies — in effect, becoming parent bottlers. This form of roasting requires much skill to do well, and fell out of favor when vacuum sealing of pre-roasted coffee became possible.

However, the loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for the company for decades to come. In the 19th century coffee was usually bought in the form of green beans and roasted in a frying pan. Asa Candler was tentative about bottling the drink, but the two entrepreneurs who proposed the idea were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure. In the United States, major national coffee suppliers tailor their product to tastes in particular regions of the country; for instance, a can of ground coffee purchased in the northeast or northwest will contain a darker roast than an identically appearing can purchased in the central United States. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt design that is now so familiar. Contrary to popular belief, the darker roasts and more strongly flavored coffees do not deliver any more caffeine than lighter roasts. Biedenharn. The dividing line between extremely dark roast and "burnt" is a matter of some debate.

Its proprietor was Joseph A. These roasts are sold by the degree of roast, ranging from "Vienna Roast" to "French Roast" and beyond. The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. At darker roasts, the "roast flavor" is so dominant that it can be difficult to distinguish the origin of the beans used in the roast. Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894, and cans of Coke first appeared in 1955. As the beans darken to a deep brown, the origin flavors of the bean are eclipsed by the flavors created by the roasting process itself. Regardless, Candler began aggressively marketing the product — the efficiency of this concerted advertising campaign would not be realized until much later. A roasting method native to the Ipoh town in Malaysia involves the inclusion of margarine (palm oil-derived) and sugar during the roasting process, producing a variety of roast known as the Ipoh "white" coffee.

In 1892, Candler incorporated a second company, The Coca-Cola Company (the current corporation), and in 1910 Candler had the earliest records of the company burned, further obscuring its legal origins. Coffee beans from famous regions like Java and Kenya are usually roasted lightly so their signature characteristics dominate the flavor. However, in 1914, Dozier came forward to claim her signature on the bill of sale had been forged, and subsequent analysis has indicated John Pemberton's signature was most likely a forgery as well.^[2]. At lighter roasts, the bean will exhibit more of its "terroir" —the flavors created in the bean by the soil and weather conditions in the location where it was grown. Candler purchased exclusive rights to the formula from John Pemberton, Margaret Dozier, and Woolfolk Walker. The beans will continue to darken and the oils will begin to be expelled to the surface until the beans are removed from the heat source. After both failed to catch on, Candler set out to establish a legal claim to Coca-Cola in late 1888, in order to force his two competitors out of the business. "First crack" and "second crack" are benchmarks that a roaster will use to gauge how the roast progresses.

So, in the summer of 1888, Candler sold his beverage under the names Yum Yum and Koke. Coffee beans will crack during the roasting process, not unlike popping popcorn. In an attempt to clarify the situation, John Pemberton declared that the name Coca-Cola belonged to Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula. This oil contains the distinctive compounds which give coffee its flavor; the more oil released, the stronger the flavor. ^[1]. When the inside of the bean reaches about 400 degrees Fahrenheit, it begins to turn brown and the oil is released from the interior of the bean. Three versions of Coca-Cola — sold by three separate businesses — were on the market. During this stage the moisture in the beans is expelled.

Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic son Charley Pemberton began selling his own version of the product. As the bean absorbs heat, the color shifts to yellow and then to a light "cinnamon" brown. Bloodworth. When roasted, the green coffee bean expands to nearly double its original size, changing in color and density. Murphey, and E.H. The roasting process is integral to producing a savory cup of coffee. Mayfield, A.O. However, most coffee experts agree that a green coffee peaks in flavor and freshness within one year of harvest, because over-aged coffee beans will lose much of their essential oil content.

In the same year, Pemberton sold the rights a second time to three more businessmen: J.C. Several of these coffee producers sell coffee beans that have been aged for as long as 3 years, with some as long as 8 years. In 1887, while himself suffering from an ongoing addiction to morphine, Pemberton sold a stake in his company to Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated it as the Coca Cola Corporation in 1888. Although it is still widely debated, certain types of green coffee are believed to improve with age; especially those that are valued for their low acidity, such as coffees from Indonesia or India. Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured a myriad of diseases, including morphine addiction, dyspepsia, neurasthenia, headache, and impotence. Automatic sorting is cost-effective for large producers where quantity and throughput are important factors in production. Although Pemberton intended it to be mixed with still water, it was sold at soda fountains, which were popular in the United States at the time thanks to a belief that carbonated water was good for the health. Elsewhere, beans are sorted automatically by sophisticated machines that employ CCD cameras and can determine both size and color.

Coca-Cola was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass. In many less developed countries, hand sorting is still done because of the low cost of labor. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 that year in the Atlanta Journal. Discoloured, rotten, and damaged beans are also removed at this point. The first sales were made at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886, and for the first eight months only an average of nine drinks were sold each day. The first step in preparation is sorting of beans by color and size. Pemberton called for 5 ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup. At this stage, the beans are referred to as "green coffee".

He named it Coca-Cola, because it included the stimulant coca leaves from South America and was flavored using kola nuts, a source of caffeine. The beans are repeatedly raked into rows and spread out over the course of several days until they are largely dry. The following year, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton began to develop a non-alchoholic version of the French Wine Cola. Coffee beans are spread over a large concrete or rock surface where they are dried by air and sunlight. He was inspired by the formidable success of French Angelo Mariani's cocawine, Vin Mariani. Each produces its own flavour profile and each is, in essence, a different way of handling the process of defruiting the beans. Columbus, Georgia druggist John Stith Pemberton invented a cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca in 1884. Other coffee processing methods include the Pulped Natural process, the Indonesian "semi-washed" methods as well as aguapulping and re-fermentation.

. This creates a unique flavour profile with reduced acidity and increased body, though if done poorly can lead to defect. Though faced with critiques of its health effects and various allegations of wrongdoing by the company, Coca-Cola has remained an internationally popular soft drink. Washed coffees tend to be described as "clean" and "bright." Coffees called "naturals" are those where the fruit is not immediately removed from the beans, but is instead allowed to dry and partially ferment. Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century, Coca-Cola was acquired by the businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose shrewd marketing tactics led Coke to its world-wide soft drink market dominance during the twentieth century. These coffees tend to rest in water (the "ferment" stage) for a set amount of time (depending on the origin and producer). Coke is one of the world's most recognizable and widely sold commercial brands. The defruited coffee bean is flushed with water to remove clinging fruit and additional sugars before drying.

The beverage is widely referred to as Coke, a nickname eventually trademarked by the company. For "washed" coffees, after harvesting, the flesh of the coffee berry must be quickly removed by soaking, scouring and/or mechanical rubbing. Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink, or cola, produced by the The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE:KO) of Atlanta, GA. The coffee berries are a type of drupe, with fruit flesh directly covering the coffee bean. ^  Mark Thomas Comedy Featuring Coke Online Video about Coke and violations of good practice (accessed June 10, 2005). As such coffee picking is one of the most important stages in coffee production, and is the chief determinant for the quality of the end product. ^  Coca-Cola Myths and Rumors The Coca-Cola Company (accessed June 10, 2005); "Caffeine and Dehydration: Myth or Fact?," Food Insight, July–August 2002 (accessed June 10, 2005). Red berries, with its higher aromatic oil and lower organic acid content are more fragrant, smooth, and mellow.

^  "Label Caffeine Content of Foods, Scientists Tell FDA," Center for Science in the Public Interest, July 31, 1997 (accessed June 10, 2005). Mixes of green and red berries, or just green berries, are used to produce cheaper mass consumer coffee beans, which are characterized by a displeasingly bitter/astringent flavour and a sharp greenish odour. ^  "Cola Soft Drinks may Contribite to Lower Bone Mineral Density in Women," American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, September 19, 2003 (accessed June 10, 2005). This discernment typically only occurs with growers who harvest for higher end/specialty coffee where the pickers are paid better for their labour. ^  Ibid; Russell Robertson, "Soda, Calcium, and Osteoporosis," Healthlink—Medical College of Wisconsin (accessed June 10, 2005). Depending on the grower, coffee pickers are sometimes specifically instructed to not pick green coffee berries since the seeds in the berries are not fully formed or mature. Jacobson, "Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health," Center for Science in the Public Interest (accessed June 10, 2005). An experienced coffee picker can collect up to 6-7 baskets a day.

^  Michael F. As of 2003, payment per basket is between US$2.00 to $10 with the overwhelming majority of the labourers receiving payment at the lower end. ^  John Vidal, "Things grow better with Coke," Guardian Unlimited, November 2, 2004 (accessed June 10, 2005). Coffee berries are most commonly picked by hand by labourers who receive payment by the basketful. ^  Mikkelson and Mikkelson, "Acid Slip," March 29, 2004 (accessed June 10, 2005); Mikkelson and Mikkelson, "Tooth in Advertising," February 27, 2001 (accessed June 10, 2005); Mikkelson and Mikkelson, "CO2 Fast, 2 Furious," April 2, 2004 (accessed June 10, 2005). Much processing and human labour is required before coffee berries and its seed can be processed into roasted coffee with which most Western consumers are familiar. May 1, 1997 (accessed January 15, 2006). So-called Ethical coffee is produced or traded under specific conditions and guidelines, which are generally more environmentally friendly or economically equitable to the producers.

"Anodizing". A number of classifications are used to label coffee produced under certain environmental or labor standards. ^  Seeley, Bill. Often these beans are blended with other, less expensive varieties and the suffix "blend" added to the labelling, such as "Blue Mountain blend" or "Kona blend" even though they only contain a small amount of the coffee mentioned. Mikkelson, "The Claus That Refreshes," snopes.com, February 27, 2001 (accessed June 10, 2005). Jamaican Blue Mountain and Hawaiian Kona coffees are perhaps the most prominent examples. ^  Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Some bean varieties are so well-known and so in-demand that they are far more expensive than others.

Gómez, "Peruvian Drug Control Agency: Coca Cola Buys Coca Leaves," Narco News Bulletin, January 28, 2005 (accessed June 10, 2005). In addition to those blends sold commercially, many coffee houses have their own signature "house blends". ^  Luis A. Nowadays, the Mocha-Java blend is often blended with some other varieties to provide variety. ^  Sun Trust. The chocolate flavor notes peculiar to Mocha gave rise to the popular chocolate-flavored beverage, the Cafe Mocha, which may have been invented in circumstances where no Mocha beans were available. ^  Pages 45–47: (Pendergrast, 2000). One of the oldest traditional blends is Mocha-Java, combining beans of the same name.

ISBN 0465054684.. Coffees are often blended for balance and complexity, and many popular blendings exist. For God, Country and Coca-Cola, 41–45, Basic Books. Some well-known arabica coffees include:. ^  Mark Pendergrast (2000). These are dependent on the local environment where the coffee plants are grown, their method of process, and the genetic subspecies or varietal. ISBN 0789014858..
Coffee beans from two different places usually have distinctive characteristics such as flavor (flavor criteria includes terms such as "citrus-like" or "earthy"), caffeine content, body or mouthfeel, and acidity.

Baseball and American Culture: Across the Diamond, 133, Haworth Press. The beans are collected from the droppings of the Common Palm Civet, whose digestive processes give it a distinctive flavor. ^  Rielly, Edward J (2003). One unusual and very expensive variety of robusta is the Indonesian Kopi Luwak and the Philippine Kape Alamid. servings to Hurricane Katrina Evacuees, donated $10 million to tsunami relief efforts in Asia and after the September 11 terrorist attacks committed to a $12 million financial contribution to disaster relief efforts. Robusta coffees (traded in London at much lower prices than New York's Arabica) are preferred by large industrial clients (multinational roasters, instant coffee producers, etc.) because of their lower cost. Charitable Giving: The Coca-Cola Company and its bottling partners shipped more than 30 million donated 8-oz. In 1997 the "c" price of coffee in New York broke US$3.00/lb, but by late 2001 it had fallen to US$0.43/lb.

HIV / AIDS in Africa: Coca-Cola will spend up to $5 million per year to fund HIV/AIDS treatment for Africans who work within the company's bottling system which employs 58,000 people in Africa; Coca Cola Africa has a $50 million budget to support HIV/AIDS programmes. Many experts believe this giant influx of cheap green coffee led to the prolonged pricing crisis from 2001 to the present. Coca-Cola offers domestic partner health benefits and its non-discrimination policy includes sexual orientation. The largest coffee exporting nation remains Brazil, but in recent years the green coffee market has been flooded by large quantities of robusta beans from Vietnam ^[2], due to low costs and to financing provided by the World Bank indirectly through the French Government. Promoting Diversity: Awards including "50 Best Companies for Minorities" by Fortune Magazine in 2004 and ""50 Best Companies for Latinas to Work for in the U.S." by Latina Style in 2004. Coffee aficionados may even distinguish auctioned coffees by lot number. [23]) [24]:(For information on SINATRAINAL's boycott following the removal, see the #As a political and corporate symbol section.). The modern coffee trade is much more specific about origin, labeling coffees by country, region, and sometimes even the producing estate.

In April 2003 District Judge Jose E Martinez in Miami excluded The Coca-Cola Company and its Colombian unit because its bottling agreement did not give it "explicit control" over labour issues in Colombia; in short, the Coca-Cola Company was dismissed from the case.[22] The lawsuit is continuing against the bottlers, Panamco and Colombian bottler Bebidas y Alimentos. Arabica coffees were traditionally named by the port they were exported from, the two oldest being Mocha, from Yemen, and Java, from Indonesia. With the help of the United Steelworkers of America, SINALTRAINAL filed a lawsuit in 2001. In Italy many espresso blends are based on dark-roasted robusta. Specifically, The Coca-Cola Company and its bottlers are accused of directing or tolerating the actions of paramilitaries against their workers in order to prevent them from setting up trade unions, resulting in some of the leaders of said attempted trade unions being murdered. Good quality robustas are used as ingredients in some espresso blends to provide a better "crema" (foamy head), and to lower the ingredient cost. In Colombia, the company has been accused by Colombian trade Union SINALTRAINAL of human rights violations. Compared to arabica, robusta tends to be more bitter, with a telltale "burnt rubber" aroma and flavor.

[21]. This has led to its use as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends such as Folgers, Maxwell House and almost all instant coffee products. In India, the corporation has provoked a number of boycotts and protests as a result of its perceived low standards of hygiene and adverse impact on the environment. It is more susceptible to disease, and considered by professional cuppers to be greatly superior in flavor to Coffea canephora (robusta), which contains about twice as much caffeine—a natural insecticide (paralyzes and kills some of the insects that attempt to feed on the plant) and stimulant— and can be cultivated in environments where arabica will not thrive. For details on the boycotts, see the Coca-Cola Company page.. It is thought to be indigenous to Ethiopia, but as the name implies it was first cultivated on the Arabian Peninsula. and Ireland boycott Coca-Cola products for concerns over human rights abuses. Coffea arabica is the older of them.

A number of universities in Canada, the UK, the U.S. There are two main species of the coffee plant. It should kept in mind, however, "cafe" can most likely be a shortened form of "cafeteria," i.e., a place where meals are served. In South African English cafe can refer to a convenience store rather than a place where coffee or other beverages are served. There is also often a selection of desserts or light sandwiches and other snacks.

In French, Spanish, and German, a "café" is typically a place that serves a wide variety of beverages, usually several types of coffee, tea, and often alcoholic beverages. This usage of the word has also spread to other languages. Also, in the Netherlands, the word coffee shop is used for places where marijuana is sold (the reason being that one needs fewer permits for a coffee shop). In Dutch the word refers to a bar and is thus more associated with alcohol consumption.

In English, "cafe" refers mostly to places where meals are served, as well as coffee. The mother plant for much of the arabica coffee in the world is kept in the Amsterdam Hortus Botanicus. For many decades in the 19th and early 20th centuries Brazil was the biggest producer and virtual monopolist in the trade, until a policy of maintaing high prices opened opportunities to other growers, like Colombia, Guatemala and Indonesia. The success of coffee in 17th-century Europe was paralleled with the spread of the habit of tobacco smoking all over the continent during the course of the Thirty Years War (1618– 48).

The first coffee plantation in the New World was established in Brazil in 1727, and this country, like most others cultivating coffee as a commercial commodity, relied heavily on slave labor from Africa for its viability until abolition in 1888. Another more credible story is that the first coffeehouses were opened in Krakow in the 16th or 17th century because of closer trade ties with the East, most notably the Turks. Legend has it that the first coffeehouse opened in Vienna in 1683 after the Battle of Vienna, taking its supplies from the spoils left behind by the defeated Turks. Women were not allowed in coffeehouses, and in London, the anonymous 1674 "Women's Petition Against Coffee" complained:.

By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England. Largely through the efforts of the British and Dutch East India companies, coffee became available in Europe in the 16th century, at the latest from Leonhard Rauwolf's 1583 account, with first coffeehouses opening in the mid-17th century: in Cornhill, London in 1652, in Boston in 1670, and in Paris in 1671. Coffee was introduced in England in the 1430s by the Greek professor in Oxford, Ioannis Servopoulos. In 1554, the first coffeehouse in Istanbul opened.

Consumption of coffee was outlawed in Mecca in 1511 and in Cairo in 1532, but in the face of its immense popularity, the decree was later rescinded. Qahwa originally referred to a type of wine, and need not be the name of the Kaffa region. A similar myth ascribes the discovery to an Ethiopian goatherd named Kaldi. When traveling in Ethiopia he observed goats of unusual vitality and, upon trying the berries that the goats had been eating, experienced the same effect.

One legendary account (though certainly a myth) is that of the Yemenite Sufi mystic named Shaikh ash-Shadhili. Coffee beans were first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen. One possible origin is the Kaffa region in Ethiopia, where the plant originated (its native name there being bunna). Its ultimate origin is uncertain, there being several legendary accounts of the origin of the drink.

The word entered English in 1598 via Italian caffè, via Turkish kahve, from Arabic qahwa. .
. Its potential benefits and hazards have been, and continue to be, widely studied and discussed.

Coffee is one of humanity's chief sources of caffeine, a stimulant. Coffee is the second most traded commodity in the world, trailing only petroleum. These seeds are usually called coffee beans, although they are not technically beans. Coffee is a drink, usually hot, prepared from the roasted seeds of the coffee plant.

Arfé. Latte art. Soy Coffee (e.g, Soyfee). During wartime, a grain substitute was made from grain, chicory and roasted acorns.

Teeccino). Herbal Coffee (e.g. Dandelion root. It is made from malted barley, chicory, and rye.

Pero, a coffee substitute from Switzerland. Postum. Chocolate-covered roasted coffee beans are available as a confection; unless the beans have been decaffeinated, these will deliver the same caffeine content as brewed coffee and have the same physiological effects. Spanish Coffee consists of Spanish brandy and hot coffee.

Mexican Coffee contains a 1/2 ounce of tequila, one ounce of coffee liqueur, and five ounces of hot coffee. Jamaican Coffee is served steaming with one ounce of coffee-flavored brandy and 3/4 ounce of light rum added to coffee. Italian Coffee consists of a 1/2 ounce of Amaretto, hot coffee, and 1 and 1/2 tablespoons of coffee ice cream. Irish Cream and coffee is a very popular drink, often served as an after dinner drink.

Irish coffee is made by adding 1 and 1/2 ounces of Irish Whiskey to a glass of black coffee, and then layering on 2-3cm of cream with a spoon. It is best presented when it is topped with whipped cream and chocolate shavings. Hot Kiss includes Creme de Menthe (white), one ounce Irish Whiskey, 1/2 ounce Creme de Cacao (white), and hot coffee. Handicapper's Choice consists of Irish Whiskey, Amaretto, and hot coffee.

It can be finished with a topping of whipped cream and chocolate shavings. Doublemint is made with 1 ounce of spearmint schnapps, hot coffee, and a dash of Creme de Menthe (green). Chocolate Coffee Kiss contains 1/4 oz coffee liqueur, 1/4 oz Irish cream liqueur, 1 splash of Creme de Cacao (brown), 1 splash of Mandarine Napoleon, 1 and 1/2 oz chocolate syrup, and hot coffee. Capriccio consists of 1 tbsp of sugar, 1/2 ounce brandy of choice, 1/2 ounce Creme de Cafe, 1 ounce of Amaretto, and hot coffee.

Caffè Corretto consists of a shot of espresso with an added shot of liquor, usually grappa or brandy. It is topped with whipped cream. Caffe Di Amaretto is simply prepared with one ounce of Amaretto and a cup of hot coffee. Optional whipped cream and a cinnamon stick can be added.

Cafe L'Orange is prepared with 1/2 ounce cognac, 1/2 ounce Cointreau, 1 ounce Mandarine Napoleon, and 4 ounces of hot coffee. The rim of the coffee cup should be dipped in lime juice and sugar. Boston Caribbean Coffee is made with 1 ounce Creme de Cacao (brown), 1 ounce dark rum, and hot coffee, sprinkled with ground cinnamon and with a cinnamon stick. A cinnamon stick may also be added for additional flavoring.

It is topped with whipped cream and sprinkled with chocolate shavings. Black Gold is made with 4 ounces of hot coffee, 1/4 ounce triple sec, Amaretto, Irish Cream liqueur, hazelnut liqueur, and a dash of cinnamon schnapps. It consists of coffee, ice, and sweetened condensed milk. Thai iced coffee is a popular drink commonly offered at Thai restaurants in the United States.

A frappuccino is an iced latte, mocha, or macchiato mixed with crushed ice and flavorings (such as vanilla/hazelnut if requested by the customer) and blended. Another prominent example is the Javakula at Seattle's Best Coffee. One commonly used by many stores is Ice Storm. Other coffeehouses serve similar concoctions, but under different names, since "Frappuccino" is a Starbucks trademark.

Frappuccino is a variation of iced coffee created by Starbucks. Frappé is served cold, with a drinking straw, either with or without sugar or milk. This type of coffee is probably consumed in Greece more than traditional Greek coffee, especially in the spring and summer months. It was created in Greece in 1957 in the city of Thessaloniki.

Frappé is a cold coffee drink made from instant coffee. Iced coffee can also be an iced form of any drink in this list. Since sugar does not dissolve well in cold coffee, it is conventionally added while the coffee is hot. Iced coffee normally contains milk and sugar.

Chicory has historically been used as a coffee substitute when real coffee was scarce, as in wartime. Chicory is sometimes combined with coffee as a flavoring and mellowing agent, as in the style of coffee served at the famous Café du Monde in New Orleans. It is popular on the islands of Java and Bali and their surroundings. However, kopi tubruk is made from coarse coffee grounds, and is boiled together with a solid lump of sugar.

Kopi tubruk is an Indonesian-style coffee similar in presentation to Greek coffee. In many places it is customary to serve it with a tall glass of water on the side. (See above for preparation method.) It is usually made sweet, with sugar added before the brew process begins, and often is flavored with cardamom or other spices. The crema or "face" is considered crucial, and since it requires some skill to achieve its presence is taken as evidence of a well-made brew.

Traditional Turkish coffee cups have no handles, but modern ones often do. Turkish coffee, also called Greek coffee or Armenian coffee (Surj), is served in very small cups about the size of those used for espresso. It is also highly popular in Cambodia and Laos. Due to the high volume of coffee grounds required to make strong coffee in this fashion, the brewing process is quite slow.

In this form, hot water is allowed to drip though a metal mesh into a cup, and the resulting strong brew is poured into a glass containing sweetened condensed milk which may contain ice. Vietnamese-style coffee is another form of drip brew. The ratio is usually 1/4 decoction, 3/4 milk. The coffee is drip-brewed for a few hours in a traditional metal coffee filter before being served with milk and sugar.

Indian (Madras) filter coffee, particularly common in southern India, is prepared with rough-ground dark roasted coffee beans (e.g., Arabica, PeaBerry). Common flavors are caramel and vanilla, but others are sometimes used. As with the latte and the caffe macchiato, sugar or syrup can be added to a latte macchiato. Latte macchiato is the inverse of a caffè macchiato, being a tall glass of steamed milk spotted with a small amount of espresso.

The most commonly used flavors are caramel and vanilla, but others can be added as well. As with latte, sometimes sugar or flavored syrup will be added to a macchiato. Caffè macchiato — macchiato meaning "marked" or "spotted" — is an espresso with a small amount of steamed milk added to the top, usually 1-2 oz. Mocha is a latte with chocolate added.

In the Maghreb, the orange blossom is used as a flavoring. Other flavorings include spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, cardamom, or Italian syrups. Chocolate is a common additive that is either sprinkled on top or mixed with the coffee to imitate the taste of Mocha. Flavored coffee: In some cultures, flavored coffees are common.

Long black is espresso, usually a double shot, with equal parts hot water, favored in New Zealand and Australia. Americano style coffee is made with espresso (normally several shots) and hot water to give a similar strength (but different flavor) from drip-brewed coffee. Some add sugar. Café au lait is similar to latte except that drip-brewed coffee is used instead of espresso, with an equal amount of milk.

Common flavors are caramel and vanilla, yet other flavors are often added as well. Often sugar or flavored syrup will be added to a latte. A latte is also commonly served in a tall glass; if the espresso is slowly poured into the frothed milk from the rim of the glass, three layers of different shades will form, with the milk at the bottom, the froth on top and the espresso in between. More frothed milk makes it weaker than a cappuccino, and a traditional latte is served an average 10–20 degrees Celsius cooler than a black or white coffee or cappuccino.

A latte comprises one-third espresso and nearly two-thirds steamed milk. Latte (as it is known in the USA, Italian for "milk" - originally caffè e latte or café latte) is espresso with steamed milk, traditionally topped with froth created from steaming the milk. This is a specialty of Australia and New Zealand, particularly favored in the latter. Flat white is a shot of espresso in a cappuccino cup, topped up with steamed milk but no foam.

Cappuccino comprises equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and milk froth, and is occasionally garnished with spices or powdered cocoa. (Note: though having a similar term, this is not to be confused with the Beirut herbal tea or Ipoh town coffee blend). Some add sugar. White coffee is black coffee with milk added.

A demitasse is somewhat similar to an espresso without the crema: a small cup of strong black coffee often served after a meal. Some add sugar. Black coffee is drip-brewed, percolated, vacuum brewed, or French-press-style coffee served without cream. This method is especially suitable for use with local-brew coffees in Malaysia, primarily of the varieties Robusta and Liberica which are often much stronger in flavor, allowing the ground coffee in the sock to be reused.

Malaysian coffee is often brewed using a "sock", which is really just a muslin bag shaped like a filter into which coffee is loaded then steeped into hot water. Coffee bags (akin to tea bags) are much rarer than their tea equivalents, as they are much bulkier (more coffee is required in a coffee bag than tea in a tea bag). This style of "total immersion brewing" is considered by many coffee experts to be the ideal way to prepare fine coffee at home. The coffee and hot water are combined in the cylinder (normally for four minutes) before the plunger, in the form of a metal foil, is depressed, leaving the coffee at the top ready to be poured.

A cafetière (or French press) is a tall, narrow glass cylinder with a plunger that includes a filter. Steeping: