Coca

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain.. After reviewing all of the possible soundalikes, the company officially adopted kěkǒu-kělè (可口可乐), meaning roughly "tasty and fun". Morales asserts that "coca no es cocaína"--the coca leaf is not cocaine. However, the Coca-Cola company itself never adopted such a translation. In December 2005, Evo Morales, a former coca growers union leader, was elected President of Bolivia and promised to legalize the cultivation and traditional use of coca. In reality, some local Chinese shopkeepers did create their own signs in an effort to approximate the sound of the product's name, resulting in kǒukē-kǒulà (口蝌口蜡), which might more literally be translated as "mouth tadpole, mouth wax". This provision is designed to accommodate Coca-Cola and other producers of coca products. It is often repeated as an urban legend that the Coca-Cola company mistranslated its product's name into a string of characters meaning "Bite the wax tadpole" while attempting to market the product in Chinese.

Article 27 states that "The Parties may permit the use of coca leaves for the preparation of a flavouring agent, which shall not contain any alkaloids, and, to the extent necessary for such use, may permit the production, import, export, trade in and possession of such leaves". Pepper is the number one soft drink; and Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island in Canada, where Pepsi is the market leader.^{[citation needed]} In Peru,Inca Kola, the "national beverage" (independently produced until 1999, when Coca-Cola acquired Corporación Inca Kola del Perú S.A., the Peruvian company that formerly produced it) is more popular.[25] In Sweden, despite Coca-Cola's strong holiday-oriented marketing efforts, Julmust outsells Coca-Cola during the Christmas season.[26] Note that in Scotland, where the locally produced Irn-Bru was once more popular, 2005 figures show that both Coca-Cola and Diet Coke now outsell Irn-Bru.[27]. The Article 23 controls referred to in paragraph 1 are rules requiring opium-, coca-, and cannabis-cultivating nations to designate an agency to regulate said cultivation and take physical possession of the crops as soon as possible after harvest. Nevertheless, there are some places like New York state in the United States of America, where Pepsi leads the market; Texas, in the USA, where Dr. Article 26 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs states:. Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries. [1] In Colombia, the Paeces, a Tierradentro (Cauca) indigenous community, started in December 2005 to produce a drink called "Coca Sek." The production method belong to the resguardos of Calderas (Inzá) and takes about 150 kg of coca per 3000 produced bottles. Coca Cola's positive business contributions following some of these criticisms include:.

The cocaine itself does not end up in the drink nowadays, however, and is generally sold to the pharmaceutical industry where it is used for various surgical procedures.
Main article: Coca-Cola Company: Praises. The Coca-Cola Company buys 115 tons of coca leaf from Peru and 105 tons from Bolivia per year, which it uses as an ingredient in its Coca-Cola formula (famously a trade secret). There are many criticisms of both the company's products and trade practices. Coca is used industrially in the cosmetics and food industries. As the largest seller of soft drinks in the world, including its flagship Coca-Cola drink, the Coca-Cola Company has been criticized for some of its corporate actions, from issues such as monopolistic practices, reliance on low health standards, racist employment practices, the privatization of water supplies, to the abuse of workers' rights, including the assassination of union members. Several pipes taken from Shakespeare's residence and dated to the seventeenth century have shown evidence of cocaine, which was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Main article: Coca-Cola Company: Criticisms.

showed traces of cocaine (and nicotine), and these studies have been used as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. [20] SINALTRAINAL's boycott followed the removal of the Coca-Cola Company from SINALTRAINAL's lawsuit, see the #Business practices section. to 395 A.D. In Summer 2003, Colombian trade Union SINALTRAINAL called for an international boycott of Coca-Cola products because of intimidation, kidnapping and murder of workers in Coca Cola bottling plants by paramilitaries who were allegedly acting on behalf of the Coca Cola Company in order to drive down wages in Colombia. Samples taken from nine Egyptian mummies that were dated from between 1070 B.C. See #Business practices section for environmental impact discussions.. Historical evidence points to a long history of coca export. As of 2005, Coke and Pepsi together hold 95% market share of soft-drink sales in India.[19].

Modern export of processed coca (as cocaine) to global markets is well documented, and coca leaves are exported for coca tea, flavoring (Coca-Cola), and for medical use. Coca-Cola had registered a 15 percent drop in sales after the pesticide allegations were made in 2003. Coca has a long history of export and use around the world. In 2004, Coca-Cola was described as being experimentally used as a pesticide by India farmers in Andhra Pradesh.^[17] However, it was later revealed to be a publicity stunt by local activists and farmers.[18]. Commercially manufactured coca teas are also available in most stores and supermarkets, including upscale suburban supermarkets. Narain says CSE's study of pesticide residues in soft drinks was a natural follow-up to a previous study it did on bottled water.[16]. Bags of coca leaves are sold in local markets and by street vendors. Ms.

It also serves as a powerful symbol of indigenous cultural and religious identity, amongst a diversity of indigenous nations throughout South America. Coke's David Cox, Coke's Hong Kong-based communications director for Asia, accuses Sunita Narain, CSE's director, of "brandjacking," using Coke's brand name to draw attention to her campaign against pesticides. Even today, chewing coca leaves is a common sight in indigenous communities across the central Andean region, particularly in places like the mountains of Bolivia, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is as much a part of the national culture as wine is to France or beer is to Germany. Coke and PepsiCo oppose the move, arguing that lab tests aren't reliable enough to detect minute traces of pesticides in complex drinks like soda. Doing so usually causes users to feel a tingling and numbing sensation in their mouths, similar to receiving Novocain during a dental procedure. But an Indian parliamentary committee in 2004 backed up CSE's findings and a government-appointed committee is now trying to develop the world's first pesticide standards for soft drinks. The Spanish masticar is also frequently used. Coca Cola and PepsiCo angrily denied allegations that their products manufactured in India contained toxin levels far above the norms permitted in the developed world.

The activity of chewing coca is called chacchar or acullicar, borrowed from Quechua, or in Bolivia, picchar, derived from the Aymara language. CSE said it had tested the same products in the US and found no such residues. This act of initiation is carefully supervised by the mama, a traditional leader. CSE found that the Indian produced Pepsi's soft drink products had 36 times the level of pesticide residues permitted under European Union regulations; Coca Cola's 30 times. When the boy is ready to be married, his mother will initiate him in the use of the coca. Tested products included Coke, Pepsi, Seven Up, Mirinda, Fanta, Thums Up, Limca, Sprite. But it is the woman who gives man their manhood. In 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a non-governmental organisation in New Dehli, said aerated waters produced by soft drinks manufacturers in India, including multinational giants Pepsico and Coca-Cola, contained toxins including lindane, DDT, malathion and chlorpyrifos — pesticides that can contribute to cancer and a breakdown of the immune system.

It is important to stress that poporo is the symbol of manhood. As an example, in 2004 Coca-Cola India's market share was 60.9%.[15]. Women are prohibited of using coca. However, these claims conflict with marketshare data. For a man the poporo is a good companion which means "food" "woman", "memory" and "meditation". Critics claim Coca-Cola is less popular in other places such as India, due to suspicions regarding the health standards of the drink. The movements of the stick in the poporo symbolize the sexual act. In the Middle East, the only region in the world where Coca-Cola is not the number one soda drink, Coca-Cola nonetheless holds almost 25% marketshare and had double-digit growth in 2003.[14].

It represents the womb and the stick is a phallic symbol. However, these claims conflict with marketshare data. The poporo is the mark of manhood, but it is a female's sexual symbol. foreign policy in Israel and elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} They additionally cite the example of Mecca Cola which has become a hit in the past few years. In the Sierra Nevadas de Santa Marta, on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, coca is consumed by the Kogi, Arhuaco & Wiwa by using a special gadget called poporo. Critics claim Coca-Cola is less popular in Arab countries due to disapproval of U.S. Coca leaves are often read in a form of divination analogous to reading tea leaves in other cultures. The performance and talk dealt with the sugar industry and other multinational corporation policies and Coca-Cola as a symbol of corporate power.

Coca leaves play a crucial part in offerings to the apus (mountains), Inti (the sun), or Pachamama (the earth). As part of their 2005 "Experience The Experience" tour, art group monochrom created a 'Brick Of Coke': they put several gallons of Coca-Cola into a pot and boiled it down until the residue left behind could be molded into a brick. It is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them (see also Cocomama). The identification with the spread of American culture has led to the pun "Coca-Colonisation". Coca is still held in veneration among the indigenous and mestizo peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and northern Argentina and Chile. The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca-Cola Company. Coca was historically employed as an offering to the Sun, or to produce smoke at the great sacrifices; and the priests, it was believed, must chew it during the performance of religious ceremonies, otherwise the gods would not be propitiated. The Coca-Cola drink has a high degree of identification with the United States itself, being considered an "American brand" or to a small extent as representing America (compare Mickey Mouse).

Coca was also a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean tribes in the pre-Inca period as well as throughout the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu). There are some groups who criticize this move to use high fructose corn syrup over sugar due to the fact that the corn in which the corn syrup is maintained may come from genetically altered plants. In testament of the significance of coca to indigenous cultures, it is widely believed that the word "coca" most likely originally simply meant "plant," in other words, coca was not just a plant but the plant. This was done largely due to the prices of sugar increasing during these times. Cocada can also be used as a measurement of time, meaning the amount of time it takes for a mouthful of coca to lose its flavor and activity. Since the late 1980s in the US, Coke has been made with high fructose corn syrup instead of sugar glucose/fructose, except Kosher for Passover Coke which can't be made with high fructose corn syrup. The coca plant was so central to the worldview of the Yunga and Aymara tribes of South America that distance was often measured in units called "cocada", which signified the number of mouthfuls of coca that one would chew while walking from one point to another. For more, see phosphoric acid in food.

The perceived boost in energy and strength provided by the cocaine in coca leaves was also very functional in an area where oxygen is scarce and extensive walking is essential. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of phosphoric acid^[13]. It is rich in protein and vitamins, and it grows in regions where other food sources are scarce. [12]. The coca leaf contained many essential nutrients in addition to its more well-known mood-altering alkaloid. In 2003 the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry took a grant of $1m dollars from Coca-Cola to fund educational research. The practice of chewing coca was most likely originally a simple matter of survival. The impartiality of this experiment can be reasonably questioned.

In some places, baking soda is used under the name bico. [11]. The most common base in the La Paz area of Bolivia is a product known as lejía dulce which is made from quinoa ashes mixed with anise and cane sugar, forming a soft black putty with a sweet and pleasing licorice flavor. Diet Coke was found to be slightly less acidic. Many of these materials are salty in flavor, but there are variations. None of those are in the critical range to damage tooth enamel. Other names for this basifying substance are llipta in Peru and lejía in Bolivia. A 2005 experiment by the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry found the pH of the mouth to be 5.5, 5.6, and 5.7 in 5, 10, and 20 minutes (respectively) after swishing 15 mL in the mouth for one minute.

A tiny quantity of ilucta is chewed together with the coca leaves; it softens their astringent flavor and activates the alkaloids. Under normal conditions, its acidity causes no immediate harm.^[10]. They traditionally carried a woven pouch called a chuspa or huallqui in which they kept a day's supply of coca leaves, along with a small amount of ilucta or uipta, which is made from pulverized unslaked lime or from the ashes of the quinoa plant. Evidence has been presented in numerous cases against Coca-Cola since the 1920s that decisively proves that the drink is not more harmful than comparable soft drinks, or indeed acidic fruit juices like Mr Juicy apple juice. In the Andes, the indigenous peoples have been chewing the leaves of the coca plant for millennia. The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine.^[8] The soft drink industry dismisses many of these criticisms as urban myths.^[9] There are some reports that Coca-Cola is addictive, although the veracity of these reports has yet to be established.^{[citation needed]}. Some anesthetics such as Novocaine are derived from the coca plant. While many nutritionists believe that "soft drinks and other calorie-rich, nutrient-poor food can fit into a good diet"^{[citation needed]}, it is generally agreed that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed to excess^{[citation needed]}, particularly to young children whose soda consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet.^[6] Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have a lower intake of calcium (which can contribute to osteoporosis), magnesium, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin A.^[7].

When chewed, Coca acts as a stimulant to help ignore hunger sensations, thirst, and fatigue. Since this process cannot extract the cocaine alkaloids at a molecular level, the drink still contains trace amounts of the stimulant^[5]. Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including Methylecgonine cinnamate, Benzoylecgonine, Truxilline, Hydroxytropacocaine, Tropacocaine, Ecgonine, Cuscohygrine, Dihydrocuscohygrine, Nicotine and Hygrine. Today's Coca-Cola uses "spent" coca leaves, those that have been through a cocaine extraction process, to flavor the beverage. The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the alkaloid cocaine which is found in the amount of about 0.2% in fresh leaves. Because cocaine is naturally present in untreated coca leaves, small amounts of cocaine were also present in the beverage. The green leaves (matu) are spread in thin layers on coarse woollen cloths and dried in the sun; they are then packed in sacks, which must be kept dry in order to preserve the quality of the leaves. Contrary to popular belief, the coca leaf extract cocaine was never added to Coca-Cola, per se.

The first and most abundant harvest is in March, after the rains; the second is at the end of June, the third in October or November. The acid can be used to anodize titanium according to various websites.^[4]. They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being bent. One unusual use for Coke is as a rust-control substance—the phosphoric acid in coke converts iron oxide to iron phosphate, and as such can be used as an initial treatment for corroded iron and steel objects being renovated, etc. The leaves are gathered from plants varying in age from one and a half to upwards of forty years. (While Highway Troopers do not use Coca-Cola for this purpose, it was proven on the television program MythBusters that Coca-Cola can be used quite well as a blood cleaning agent.) For more on acidity and health concerns, see the Acidity subsection below.. The plants thrive best in hot, damp situations, such as the clearings of forests; but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier localities, on the sides of hills. All of these claims are false.

The seeds are sown in December and January in small plots (almacigas) sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when from 40-60 cm in height are placed in holes (aspi), or, if the ground is level, in furrows (uachos) in carefully weeded soil. These urban legends usually take the form of "fun facts" — for example, "highway troopers use Coke to clean blood from highways after accidents", "somebody once died in a Coke-drinking competition," or "Coke can dissolve a tooth overnight". Bad specimens have a camphoraceous smell and a brownish colour, and lack the pungent taste. Coca-Cola has been the target of urban legends decrying the drink for its supposedly copious amounts of acid (its pH value of 2.5 is midway between vinegar and gastric acid), or the "life-threatening" effects of its carbonated water. Good samples of the dried leaves are uncurled, are of a deep green on the upper, and a grey-green on the lower surface, and have a strong tea-like odor; when chewed they produce a faint numbness in the mouth, and have a pleasant, pungent taste. One false legend claims that Coke was once green, or was accidentally carbonated when a clerk squirted syrup into the wrong glass. Since the 1980s, the cultivation of coca has become controversial because it is used for the manufacture of the drug cocaine, which is illegal in most countries. The numerous urban legends about Coca-Cola have led the Urban Legends Reference Pages to devote a whole section of their site to "Cokelore".

Since ancient times, its leaves have been used as a stimulant by the indigenous people of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and northern Argentina; it also has religious and symbolic significance. They also sponsor the International Rules football test game played between Australia and Ireland every year. Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes. Coca-Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships, which over the years have included Major League Baseball, the National Football League, National Basketball Association and the National Hockey League, as well as with many teams within those leagues. . In addition, Coca Cola sponsors the annual Coca-Cola 600 for the NASCAR Nextel Cup auto racing series at Lowe's Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. The leaves are sometimes eaten by the moth Eloria noyesi. In fact, one of the FIFA tournament trophy: FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997 was called "FIFA - Coca Cola Cup".

The flowers mature into red berries. Since 1978 Coca-Cola is the main sponsor of FIFA and has sponsored each FIFA World Cup and other competitions organised by FIFA. The flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta, which allowed Coca-Cola to spotlight its hometown. A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines once on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf. Coca-Cola was the first-ever sponsor of the Olympic games, at the 1928 games in Amsterdam and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since. The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, more or less tapering at the extremities. Coca-Cola has a policy of avoiding using children younger than the age of 12 in any of its advertising as a result of a lawsuit from the beginning of the 20th century that alleged that Coke's caffeine content was dangerous to children.^{[citation needed]} However, in recent times, this has not stopped the company from targeting young consumers.^{[citation needed]} In addition, it has not been disclosed in exact terms how safe Coke is for consumption by young children (or pregnant mothers).^{[citation needed]}.

The plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2-3 m. However, after a few early successes, Columbia began to under-perform, and was dropped by the company in 1989. The plant is best-known in modern times for the drug cocaine that is manufactured from it. Columbia provided subtle publicity through Coke product placements in many of its films while under Coke's ownership. Under the older Cronquist system of classifying flowering plants, this was placed in an order Linales; more modern systems place it in the order Malpighiales. In an attempt to broaden its portfolio, Coca-Cola purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982. Coca (Erythroxylum coca), often spelled koka in Quechua and Aymara, is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to northwestern South America. Thereafter, Coca-Cola regained its leadership in the market.

Coca tea. Coca-Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars; one of Coke's ads compared the so-called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier. Huallaga Valley. During the 1980s, Pepsi-Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests in which they expressed a preference for Pepsi over Coke. Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history, including "The pause that refreshes", "I'd like to buy the world a Coke", and "Coke is it" (see Coca-Cola slogans). Coca eradication. Advertising for Coke is now almost ubiquitous, especially in southern areas of North America, such as Atlanta, where Coke was invented.

Coke's advertising has been rather pervasive, as one of Woodruff's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca-Cola as their preferred beverage. Coca-Cola's advertising has had a significant impact on American culture, and is frequently credited with the "invention" of the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in red-and-white garments; however, while the company did in fact start promoting this image in the 1930s in its winter advertising campaigns, it was already common before that.^[3] In the 1970s, a song from a Coca-Cola commercial called "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing", produced by Billy Davis, became a popular hit single, but there is no evidence that it did anything to increase sales of the soft drink. It is said that the owner of Root Glass became one of Indiana's wealthiest men because of the bottle, while Samuelsson didn't get anything more than his usual salary. In November 1915, Root Glass Company patented the bottle, and in 1916 it went into production.

However, he continued to turn the pages and eventually he saw a picture of a cacao tree seed pod, with its bulging shape and distinctive grooves. He looked in Encyclopaedia Britannica and was quickly forced to dismiss the idea. Thomas, Samuelsson decided to see if the shapes of the two ingredients behind the product name (coca and kola nuts) could serve as inspiration. According to legend, having received the request for a truly distinctive bottle from bottler Benjamin F.

The equally famous Coca-Cola bottle, called the "Contour bottle" within the company, was created in 1915 by a Swedish former glassblower, Alexander Samuelsson, who had emigrated to the US in the 1880's and was employed as a manager at the Root Glass Company in Terre Haute, Indiana, one of Coca-Cola's bottle suppliers. The typeface used, known as Spencerian script, was developed in the mid 19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period. It was Robsinson who came up with the name, and he also chose the logo’s distinctive cursive script. The famous Coca-Cola logotype is said to have largely been created by John Pemberton's business partner, Frank Mason Robinson, in 1885.

As sugar and sweetners are added by the bottler, the sweetness of the drink is said to differ in various parts of the world, in order to cater for local taste. The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchisees, like Coca-Cola Enterprises and Coca-Cola FEMSA, but almost half of the volume sold in the world is produced by fully independent bottlers. The bottlers are normally also responsible for all advertisment and other sales initiatives within their areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sugar (or artificial sweetners) and fill it into cans and bottles, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants and food service distributors.

The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to various bottlers throughout the world who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. The actual production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. However, experienced perfumers and food scientists - today aided by modern analytical methods - can easily identify the composition of food products, a fact that is further supported by the many cola flavorings and competing soft drinks like Pepsi. Woodruff, the company presents the formula of Coca-Cola as one of the most closely held trade secrets in modern business that only a few employees know or have access to.

As a publicity marketing strategy started by Robert W. By 1998, it was sold in only a few places in the Midwestern U.S. However, sales falloff caused a severe cutback in distribution. In 1992 the company renamed the product "Coke II" (not to be confused with "Coke C2", a reduced-sugar cola launched by Coca-Cola in 2004).

Meanwhile, the market share for New Coke had dwindled to only 3% by 1986. But the flop of New Coke brought a recovery. Purchases of vanilla more than halved during this period. When New Coke was introduced in 1985, this had a severe impact on the economy of Madagascar, a prime vanilla exporter, since New Coke used vanillin, a less-expensive synthetic substitute.

The Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest consumer of natural vanilla extract. The truth is we are not that dumb, and we are not that smart.". Some cynics will say that we planned the whole thing. Donald Keough, company president at the time, responded to the accusation by declaring: "Some critics will say Coca-Cola made a marketing mistake.

The company was later accused of performing this volte-face as an elaborate ruse to introduce a new product while reviving interest in the original. This and other protests caused the company to return to the old formula under the name Coca-Cola Classic on July 10, 1985. Gay Mullins, from Seattle, Washington, founded the Old Cola Drinkers of America organization, which attempted to sue the company, and lobbied for the formula of Old Coke to be released into the public domain. The new Coca-Cola formula subsequently caused a public backlash.

Coca-Cola management was unprepared, however, for the nostalgic sentiments the drink aroused in the American public; some compared changing the Coke formula to rewriting the American Constitution. It is possible that customers would not have noticed the change if it had been made secretly or gradually, and thus brand loyalty could have been maintained. The commercial failure of New Coke therefore came as a grievous blow to the management of the Coca-Cola Company. It has also been alleged that Woodruff might not have been able to understand what Goizueta was telling him.

Goizueta claims that Woodruff endorsed it a few months before his death in 1985; others have pointed out that, as the two men were alone when the matter was discussed, Goizueta might have misinterpreted the wishes of the dying Woodruff, who could speak only in monosyllables. Woodruff played in the reformulation. It is unclear what part long-time company president Robert W. The reformulation was led by the then-CEO of the company, Roberto Goizueta, and the president Don Keough.

Follow-up taste tests revealed that most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi. Coca-Cola tinkered with the formula and created the new Coke. In taste tests, drinkers are more likely to respond positively to sweeter drinks, and Pepsi had the advantage over Coke because it is much sweeter. Double-blind taste tests suggested that more consumers preferred the taste of Pepsi (which is believed to have more lemon oil, less orange oil, and uses vanillin rather than vanilla) to Coke.

Some authorities believe that New Coke, as the reformulated drink came to be known, was invented specifically to respond to its commercial competitor, Pepsi. In 1985, Coca-Cola, amid much publicity, changed the formula of the drink. For more corporate history, see The history of the Coca-Cola Company. Before the United States entered World War II, the difficulty of shipping Coca-Cola concentrate to Germany and its occupied states led to the creation of a new drink by a Coca-Cola employee, Fanta.

The beverage had become synonymous with the American way of life. The popularity of the drink exploded as American soldiers returned home from the war with a taste for the drink. Coca-Cola set up bottling plants in several locations overseas to assure the drink's availability to soldiers, setting the stage for the company's post-war overseas expansion. The United States Army permitted Coca-Cola employees to enter the front lines as "Technical Officers" where they operated Coke's system of providing refreshments for soldiers, who welcomed the beverage as a reminder of home.

When the United States entered World War II, The Coca-Cola Company began providing free drinks for soldiers of the United States Army.
. This meant that Coca-Cola was originally sold in a wide variety of bottles, until the introduction of the iconic, standardized Coke bottle in 1916. Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies — in effect, becoming parent bottlers.

However, the loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for the company for decades to come. Asa Candler was tentative about bottling the drink, but the two entrepreneurs who proposed the idea were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure. The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles, very different from the much later hobble-skirt design that is now so familiar. Biedenharn.

Its proprietor was Joseph A. The first bottling of Coca-Cola occurred in Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891. Coca-Cola was sold in bottles for the first time on March 12, 1894, and cans of Coke first appeared in 1955. Regardless, Candler began aggressively marketing the product — the efficiency of this concerted advertising campaign would not be realized until much later.

In 1892, Candler incorporated a second company, The Coca-Cola Company (the current corporation), and in 1910 Candler had the earliest records of the company burned, further obscuring its legal origins. However, in 1914, Dozier came forward to claim her signature on the bill of sale had been forged, and subsequent analysis has indicated John Pemberton's signature was most likely a forgery as well.^[2]. Candler purchased exclusive rights to the formula from John Pemberton, Margaret Dozier, and Woolfolk Walker. After both failed to catch on, Candler set out to establish a legal claim to Coca-Cola in late 1888, in order to force his two competitors out of the business.

So, in the summer of 1888, Candler sold his beverage under the names Yum Yum and Koke. In an attempt to clarify the situation, John Pemberton declared that the name Coca-Cola belonged to Charley, but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula. ^[1]. Three versions of Coca-Cola — sold by three separate businesses — were on the market.

Meanwhile, Pemberton's alcoholic son Charley Pemberton began selling his own version of the product. Bloodworth. Murphey, and E.H. Mayfield, A.O.

In the same year, Pemberton sold the rights a second time to three more businessmen: J.C. In 1887, while himself suffering from an ongoing addiction to morphine, Pemberton sold a stake in his company to Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated it as the Coca Cola Corporation in 1888. Pemberton claimed Coca-Cola cured a myriad of diseases, including morphine addiction, dyspepsia, neurasthenia, headache, and impotence. Although Pemberton intended it to be mixed with still water, it was sold at soda fountains, which were popular in the United States at the time thanks to a belief that carbonated water was good for the health.

Coca-Cola was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass. Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 that year in the Atlanta Journal. The first sales were made at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta, Georgia, on May 8, 1886, and for the first eight months only an average of nine drinks were sold each day. Pemberton called for 5 ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup.

He named it Coca-Cola, because it included the stimulant coca leaves from South America and was flavored using kola nuts, a source of caffeine. The following year, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton began to develop a non-alchoholic version of the French Wine Cola. He was inspired by the formidable success of French Angelo Mariani's cocawine, Vin Mariani. Columbus, Georgia druggist John Stith Pemberton invented a cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca in 1884.

. Though faced with critiques of its health effects and various allegations of wrongdoing by the company, Coca-Cola has remained an internationally popular soft drink. Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century, Coca-Cola was acquired by the businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose shrewd marketing tactics led Coke to its world-wide soft drink market dominance during the twentieth century. Coke is one of the world's most recognizable and widely sold commercial brands.

The beverage is widely referred to as Coke, a nickname eventually trademarked by the company. Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink, or cola, produced by the The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE:KO) of Atlanta, GA. ^  Mark Thomas Comedy Featuring Coke Online Video about Coke and violations of good practice (accessed June 10, 2005). ^  Coca-Cola Myths and Rumors The Coca-Cola Company (accessed June 10, 2005); "Caffeine and Dehydration: Myth or Fact?," Food Insight, July–August 2002 (accessed June 10, 2005).

^  "Label Caffeine Content of Foods, Scientists Tell FDA," Center for Science in the Public Interest, July 31, 1997 (accessed June 10, 2005). ^  "Cola Soft Drinks may Contribite to Lower Bone Mineral Density in Women," American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, September 19, 2003 (accessed June 10, 2005). ^  Ibid; Russell Robertson, "Soda, Calcium, and Osteoporosis," Healthlink—Medical College of Wisconsin (accessed June 10, 2005). Jacobson, "Liquid Candy: How Soft Drinks are Harming Americans' Health," Center for Science in the Public Interest (accessed June 10, 2005).

^  Michael F. ^  John Vidal, "Things grow better with Coke," Guardian Unlimited, November 2, 2004 (accessed June 10, 2005). ^  Mikkelson and Mikkelson, "Acid Slip," March 29, 2004 (accessed June 10, 2005); Mikkelson and Mikkelson, "Tooth in Advertising," February 27, 2001 (accessed June 10, 2005); Mikkelson and Mikkelson, "CO2 Fast, 2 Furious," April 2, 2004 (accessed June 10, 2005). May 1, 1997 (accessed January 15, 2006).

"Anodizing". ^  Seeley, Bill. Mikkelson, "The Claus That Refreshes," snopes.com, February 27, 2001 (accessed June 10, 2005). ^  Barbara Mikkelson and David P.

Gómez, "Peruvian Drug Control Agency: Coca Cola Buys Coca Leaves," Narco News Bulletin, January 28, 2005 (accessed June 10, 2005). ^  Luis A. ^  Sun Trust. ^  Pages 45–47: (Pendergrast, 2000).

ISBN 0465054684.. For God, Country and Coca-Cola, 41–45, Basic Books. ^  Mark Pendergrast (2000). ISBN 0789014858..

Baseball and American Culture: Across the Diamond, 133, Haworth Press. ^  Rielly, Edward J (2003). servings to Hurricane Katrina Evacuees, donated $10 million to tsunami relief efforts in Asia and after the September 11 terrorist attacks committed to a $12 million financial contribution to disaster relief efforts. Charitable Giving: The Coca-Cola Company and its bottling partners shipped more than 30 million donated 8-oz.

HIV / AIDS in Africa: Coca-Cola will spend up to $5 million per year to fund HIV/AIDS treatment for Africans who work within the company's bottling system which employs 58,000 people in Africa; Coca Cola Africa has a $50 million budget to support HIV/AIDS programmes. Coca-Cola offers domestic partner health benefits and its non-discrimination policy includes sexual orientation. Promoting Diversity: Awards including "50 Best Companies for Minorities" by Fortune Magazine in 2004 and ""50 Best Companies for Latinas to Work for in the U.S." by Latina Style in 2004. [23]) [24]:(For information on SINATRAINAL's boycott following the removal, see the #As a political and corporate symbol section.).

In April 2003 District Judge Jose E Martinez in Miami excluded The Coca-Cola Company and its Colombian unit because its bottling agreement did not give it "explicit control" over labour issues in Colombia; in short, the Coca-Cola Company was dismissed from the case.[22] The lawsuit is continuing against the bottlers, Panamco and Colombian bottler Bebidas y Alimentos. With the help of the United Steelworkers of America, SINALTRAINAL filed a lawsuit in 2001. Specifically, The Coca-Cola Company and its bottlers are accused of directing or tolerating the actions of paramilitaries against their workers in order to prevent them from setting up trade unions, resulting in some of the leaders of said attempted trade unions being murdered. In Colombia, the company has been accused by Colombian trade Union SINALTRAINAL of human rights violations.

[21]. In India, the corporation has provoked a number of boycotts and protests as a result of its perceived low standards of hygiene and adverse impact on the environment. For details on the boycotts, see the Coca-Cola Company page.. and Ireland boycott Coca-Cola products for concerns over human rights abuses.

A number of universities in Canada, the UK, the U.S.