Coca

This article incorporates text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, a publication in the public domain.. Many oxen are still in use worldwide, especially in developing nations. Morales asserts that "coca no es cocaína"--the coca leaf is not cocaine. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed and do not try to jerk the load. In December 2005, Evo Morales, a former coca growers union leader, was elected President of Bolivia and promised to legalize the cultivation and traditional use of coca. This is one of the reasons that teams were dragging logs from forests long after horses had taken over most other draught uses in Europe and the New World. This provision is designed to accommodate Coca-Cola and other producers of coca products. Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses, particularly on obstinate or almost un-movable loads.

Article 27 states that "The Parties may permit the use of coca leaves for the preparation of a flavouring agent, which shall not contain any alkaloids, and, to the extent necessary for such use, may permit the production, import, export, trade in and possession of such leaves". Ox teams are steered by commands or noise (whip cracks) and many teamsters were known for their voices and language. The Article 23 controls referred to in paragraph 1 are rules requiring opium-, coca-, and cannabis-cultivating nations to designate an agency to regulate said cultivation and take physical possession of the crops as soon as possible after harvest. Their teamster must make or buy as many as a dozen yokes of different sizes as the animals grow. Article 26 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs states:. Oxen must be painstakingly trained from a young age. [1] In Colombia, the Paeces, a Tierradentro (Cauca) indigenous community, started in December 2005 to produce a drink called "Coca Sek." The production method belong to the resguardos of Calderas (Inzá) and takes about 150 kg of coca per 3000 produced bottles. Yoked oxen cannot slow a load like harnessed horses can, the load has to be controlled downhill by other means.

The cocaine itself does not end up in the drink nowadays, however, and is generally sold to the pharmaceutical industry where it is used for various surgical procedures. Oxen are chosen, from calves, with horns since the horns hold the yoke in place when the oxen lower their heads, back up or slow down (particularly with a wheeled vehicle going downhill). The Coca-Cola Company buys 115 tons of coca leaf from Peru and 105 tons from Bolivia per year, which it uses as an ingredient in its Coca-Cola formula (famously a trade secret). A wooden yoke is fastened about the neck of each pair so that the force of draft is distributed across their shoulders. Coca is used industrially in the cosmetics and food industries. In past days some teams were about fourteen, and even over twenty for logging. Several pipes taken from Shakespeare's residence and dated to the seventeenth century have shown evidence of cocaine, which was first introduced to Europe in the 16th century. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting.

showed traces of cocaine (and nicotine), and these studies have been used as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. Also, the gait of the ox is often important to ox trainers, since the speed the animal walks should roughly match the gait of the ox driver who must work with it. to 395 A.D. American ox trainers favored larger breeds for their ability to do more work in addition to their intelligence (the ability to learn); for the same reason, the typical ox is the male of a breed, rather than the smaller female. Samples taken from nine Egyptian mummies that were dated from between 1070 B.C. The education consists of the animal's learning to respond appropriately to the teamster's (ox driver's) commands: in North America such as (1) get up, (2) whoa, (3) back up, (4) gee (turn to the right) and (5) haw (turn to the left). Historical evidence points to a long history of coca export. An ox is nothing more than a mature bovine with an "education".

Modern export of processed coca (as cocaine) to global markets is well documented, and coca leaves are exported for coca tea, flavoring (Coca-Cola), and for medical use. Contrary to popular American lore, an "ox" is not a unique breed of bovine, nor have any "blue" oxen lived outside the folk tales surrounding Paul Bunyan, the mythical American logger. Coca has a long history of export and use around the world. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs, and sometimes are still in low-impact select-cut logging, in forests. Commercially manufactured coca teas are also available in most stores and supermarkets, including upscale suburban supermarkets. Oxen are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, irrigation by powering pumps, and wagon drawing. Bags of coca leaves are sold in local markets and by street vendors. Usually an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and for time to grow to full size.

It also serves as a powerful symbol of indigenous cultural and religious identity, amongst a diversity of indigenous nations throughout South America. Often they are adult, castrated males. Even today, chewing coca leaves is a common sight in indigenous communities across the central Andean region, particularly in places like the mountains of Bolivia, where the cultivation and consumption of coca is as much a part of the national culture as wine is to France or beer is to Germany. Oxen (plural of ox) are cattle trained as draft animals. Doing so usually causes users to feel a tingling and numbing sensation in their mouths, similar to receiving Novocain during a dental procedure. The outbreaks of mad cow disease have reduced or prevented some traditional uses of cattle for food, for example the eating of brains or spinal cords. The Spanish masticar is also frequently used. Other sports like Bull riding are seen as part of a Rodeo, especially in North America.

The activity of chewing coca is called chacchar or acullicar, borrowed from Quechua, or in Bolivia, picchar, derived from the Aymara language. In Portugal, Spain and some Latin American countries, bulls are used in the sport of bullfighting while a similar sport Jallikattu is seen in South India; in many other countries this is illegal. This act of initiation is carefully supervised by the mama, a traditional leader. In Latin America, Australia and the western North America cattle are grazed on large tracts of rangeland called ranchos, ranches or Stations (Australia). When the boy is ready to be married, his mother will initiate him in the use of the coca. It is common to see loose cattle walking the streets, because the holiness it holds in India and other countries that practice Hinduism. But it is the woman who gives man their manhood. In fact a divine cow named Kamadhenu is considered to be the mother of all Hindu Gods.

It is important to stress that poporo is the symbol of manhood. [2] The importance of the cow is highlighted by the fact that a regional holiday called Mattu Pongal (literally Cow Pongal in Tamil) exists which is akin to a bovine thanksgiving day. Women are prohibited of using coca. The bull is my sire.". For a man the poporo is a good companion which means "food" "woman", "memory" and "meditation". In Hinduism, the cow is said to be holy (and thus should not be eaten); "The cow is my mother. The movements of the stick in the poporo symbolize the sexual act. Their ability to provide meat, dairy and draft while reproducing themselves and eating nothing but grass has furthered human interests dramatically through the millennia.

It represents the womb and the stick is a phallic symbol. Some consider them the oldest form of wealth. The poporo is the mark of manhood, but it is a female's sexual symbol. Cattle occupy a unique role in human history. In the Sierra Nevadas de Santa Marta, on the Caribbean Coast of Colombia, coca is consumed by the Kogi, Arhuaco & Wiwa by using a special gadget called poporo. The red color is merely traditional, as the movement of the cape is the attractant. Coca leaves are often read in a form of divination analogous to reading tea leaves in other cultures. This rumour derives from bullfighting, where Matadors traditionally use red-coloured capes to provoke bulls into attacking.

Coca leaves play a crucial part in offerings to the apus (mountains), Inti (the sun), or Pachamama (the earth). This is incorrect, as cattle are mostly colour-blind. It is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them (see also Cocomama). A popular misconception about cattle (primarily bulls) is that they are enraged by the colour red. Coca is still held in veneration among the indigenous and mestizo peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and northern Argentina and Chile. Breeders have attempted to recreate the original gene pool of the aurochs by careful crossing of commercial breeds, creating the Heck cattle breed. Coca was historically employed as an offering to the Sun, or to produce smoke at the great sacrifices; and the priests, it was believed, must chew it during the performance of religious ceremonies, otherwise the gods would not be propitiated. In historical times, their range was restricted to Europe, and the last animals were killed by poachers in Masovia, Poland, in 1627.

Coca was also a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean tribes in the pre-Inca period as well as throughout the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu). The aurochs was originally spread throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. In testament of the significance of coca to indigenous cultures, it is widely believed that the word "coca" most likely originally simply meant "plant," in other words, coca was not just a plant but the plant. The omasum is known as the "Many Plies." The abomasum is most like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "True Stomach.". Cocada can also be used as a measurement of time, meaning the amount of time it takes for a mouthful of coca to lose its flavor and activity. The reticulum is known as the "Honeycomb." The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The coca plant was so central to the worldview of the Yunga and Aymara tribes of South America that distance was often measured in units called "cocada", which signified the number of mouthfuls of coca that one would chew while walking from one point to another. Cattle sometimes consume metal objects which are deposited in the reticulum, and this is where hardware disease occurs.

The perceived boost in energy and strength provided by the cocaine in coca leaves was also very functional in an area where oxygen is scarce and extensive walking is essential. The rumen is the largest compartment and the reticulum is the smallest compartment. It is rich in protein and vitamins, and it grows in regions where other food sources are scarce. They are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. The coca leaf contained many essential nutrients in addition to its more well-known mood-altering alkaloid. Cattle have one stomach, with four compartments. The practice of chewing coca was most likely originally a simple matter of survival. These features allow them to thrive on grasses and other vegetation.

In some places, baking soda is used under the name bico. The microbes that live inside of the rumen are also able to synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogenous sources such as urea and ammonia. The most common base in the La Paz area of Bolivia is a product known as lejía dulce which is made from quinoa ashes mixed with anise and cane sugar, forming a soft black putty with a sweet and pleasing licorice flavor. These microbes are primarily responsible for generating the volatile fatty acids (VGAs) that cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. Many of these materials are salty in flavor, but there are variations. Cattle are ruminants, meaning that they have a unique digestive system that allows them to digest otherwise unpalatable foods by repeatedly regurgitating and rechewing them as "cud." The cud is then reswallowed and further digested by specialized bacterial, protozoal and fungal microbes that live in the rumen. Other names for this basifying substance are llipta in Peru and lejía in Bolivia. The word "heifer" is sometimes used in a similar fashion, the implication being that the target of the term is overweight.

A tiny quantity of ilucta is chewed together with the coca leaves; it softens their astringent flavor and activates the alkaloids. In some countries, such as the UK, this slur is used exclusively for women whereas in others it may be used for both genders. They traditionally carried a woven pouch called a chuspa or huallqui in which they kept a day's supply of coca leaves, along with a small amount of ilucta or uipta, which is made from pulverized unslaked lime or from the ashes of the quinoa plant. The word "cow" can also be used derogatively, when describing a person, whom one expresses a dislike for. In the Andes, the indigenous peoples have been chewing the leaves of the coca plant for millennia. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called dairy cows. Some anesthetics such as Novocaine are derived from the coca plant. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either gender.

When chewed, Coca acts as a stimulant to help ignore hunger sensations, thirst, and fatigue. Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Besides cocaine, the coca leaf contains a number of other alkaloids, including Methylecgonine cinnamate, Benzoylecgonine, Truxilline, Hydroxytropacocaine, Tropacocaine, Ecgonine, Cuscohygrine, Dihydrocuscohygrine, Nicotine and Hygrine. Obsolete terms for cattle include "neat" (horned oxen, from which "neatsfoot oil" is derived), "beef" (young ox) and "beefing" (young animal fit for slaughtering). The pharmacologically active ingredient of coca is the alkaloid cocaine which is found in the amount of about 0.2% in fresh leaves. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and Scottish farmers use the term "cattlebeast". The green leaves (matu) are spread in thin layers on coarse woollen cloths and dried in the sun; they are then packed in sacks, which must be kept dry in order to preserve the quality of the leaves. To refer to a specific number of these animals without specifying their gender, it must be stated as (for example) "ten head of cattle.".

The first and most abundant harvest is in March, after the rains; the second is at the end of June, the third in October or November. Today "cow" is probably the closest to being gender-neutral, although it is usually understood to mean female (females of other animals, such as whales or elephants, are also called cows). They are considered ready for plucking when they break on being bent. But "ox" is no longer used in this general sense, being restricted to the sense given above. The leaves are gathered from plants varying in age from one and a half to upwards of forty years. That this was once the standard name for domestic bovines is shown in placenames such as Oxford. The plants thrive best in hot, damp situations, such as the clearings of forests; but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier localities, on the sides of hills. Strictly speaking, the singular noun for the domestic bovine is ox: a bull is a male ox and a cow is a female ox.

The seeds are sown in December and January in small plots (almacigas) sheltered from the sun, and the young plants when from 40-60 cm in height are placed in holes (aspi), or, if the ground is level, in furrows (uachos) in carefully weeded soil. There is no singular equivalent in modern English to cattle other than the various gender and age-specific terms (though "catron" is occasionally seen as a half-serious proposal). Bad specimens have a camphoraceous smell and a brownish colour, and lack the pungent taste. Thus one may refer to some cattle, but not three cattle. Good samples of the dried leaves are uncurled, are of a deep green on the upper, and a grey-green on the lower surface, and have a strong tea-like odor; when chewed they produce a faint numbness in the mouth, and have a pleasant, pungent taste. The term cattle itself is not a plural, but a mass noun. Since the 1980s, the cultivation of coca has become controversial because it is used for the manufacture of the drug cocaine, which is illegal in most countries. The adjective applying to cattle is bovine.

Since ancient times, its leaves have been used as a stimulant by the indigenous people of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and northern Argentina; it also has religious and symbolic significance. An adult female over two years of age (approximately) is called a cow. Coca is traditionally cultivated in the lower altitudes of the eastern slopes of the Andes. An intact male is called a bull. . If castrated as an adult, it is called a stag. The leaves are sometimes eaten by the moth Eloria noyesi. The castrated male is then called a bullock or steer, unless kept for draft purposes, in which case it is called an ox (plural oxen), not to be confused with the related wild musk ox.

The flowers mature into red berries. Male cattle bred for meat are castrated unless needed for breeding. The flowers are small, and disposed in little clusters on short stalks; the corolla is composed of five yellowish-white petals, the anthers are heart-shaped, and the pistil consists of three carpels united to form a three-chambered ovary. A young male is called a bull-calf; a young female before she has calved is called a heifer (pronounced "heffer"). A marked characteristic of the leaf is an areolated portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines once on each side of the midrib, and more conspicuous on the under face of the leaf. Young cattle are called calves. The branches are straight, and the leaves, which have a green tint, are thin, opaque, oval, more or less tapering at the extremities. This article refers to the common modern meaning of "cattle", the European domestic bovine.

The plant resembles a blackthorn bush, and grows to a height of 2-3 m. Additionally other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle. The plant is best-known in modern times for the drug cocaine that is manufactured from it. Older English sources like King James Version of the Bible refer to livestock in general as cattle, or sometimes the archaic kine (which comes from the same English stem as cow). Under the older Cronquist system of classifying flowering plants, this was placed in an order Linales; more modern systems place it in the order Malpighiales. The word is closely related to "chattel" (a unit of property) and to "capital" in the sense of "property.". Coca (Erythroxylum coca), often spelled koka in Quechua and Aymara, is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to northwestern South America. It derives from the Latin caput, head, and thus originally meant "unit of livestock" or "one head".

Coca tea. The word "cattle" did not originate as a name for bovine animals. Huallaga Valley. . Coca-Cola. (See aurochs for the history of domestication, and zebu for peculiarities of that group.). Coca eradication. Cattle cannot successfully be bred with water buffalo or African buffalo.

For example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only humpless "Bos taurus-type" cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of European cattle, zebu and yak. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between European cattle and zebu but also with yaks, banteng, gaur, and bison, a cross-genera hybrid. Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. More recently these three have increasingly been grouped as one species, sometimes using the names Bos primigenius taurus, Bos primigenius indicus and Bos primigenius primigenius.

The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and European cattle. These were Bos taurus, the European cattle, including similar types from Africa and Asia; Bos indicus, the zebu; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. Cattle were originally identified by Carolus Linnaeus as three separate species. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion head of cattle in the world today [1].

In some countries, such as India, they are subject to religious ceremonies and respect. They are raised as livestock for meat (called beef and veal), dairy products (milk), leather and as draught animals (pulling carts, plows and the like). Cattle (called cows in vernacular usage) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae. The cow is a photograph that the animators manipulate in such a way as to suggest that the cow is performing all kinds of unusual feats when obviously, it is just a photograph being moved around.

The Drawn Together episode "A Tale of Two Cows" features a character called Live Action Cow. Later the cow is mangled and run over several times by a semi truck and some bikers while the man begs for Shiva's forgivness. In the movie Bubble Boy an Indian ice cream man is threatened by the Indian god Shiva because he accidentally ran over a cow. The popular nursery rhyme 'Hey, diddle-diddle' features a cow jumping over the moon.

A Texas Longhorn with burnt orange coloring named Bevo is the mascot of the sports teams at the University of Texas at Austin. In Kung Pow: Enter the Fist, a famous scene parodying The Matrix bullet time scene involves a 3D animated cow being fought by the hero. In the Computer Game Starcraft and Starcraft:Broodwar the cheat code "there is no cow level" will immediately take the player to the next level. In the Computer Game Diablo II there is an area called the "Secret Cow Level" in which players can gain experience more quickly than usual by fighting an army of bipedal cows.

In a Grape-Nuts television commercial and in the movie Kingpin with Woody Harrelson, in which he pretends to be Amish, there are scenes of men "milking" a bull, thinking it is a cow. These cows will sometimes say "Moo, I say!". In the game Fallout and Fallout 2, cows mutate into Brahman. In the movie Twister, cows are flung about, mooing, by tornadoes.

In Monty Python and the Holy Grail, the French shoot cows out of catapults. The sound a cow makes is often used to create comedic effect. Since 1995, advertisements for Chick-fil-A restaurants have featured cows encouraging people to "Eat Mor Chikin.". The lilac-colored "Milka Cow" is a well-known symbol of the Milka brand of chocolate.

Gary Larson's famous comic strip The Far Side frequently included cows in humorous situations. (Kane, 5). It said that all cattle and pigs have to have a registered brand or earmark by May 1, 1644. The first known law requiring branding in North America was enacted on February 5, 1644 by Connecticut.

The joke is apparent to anyone knowing that a cow possesses no such teeth. A humourous anecdote among farmers suggests that instant death will come to anyone bitten by a cattle's upper front teeth. On February 18, 1930 Elm Farm Ollie became the first cow to fly in an airplane and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane. Bulls in particular are seen as a symbolic emblem of duty and religion.

They appear in numerous stories from the Purana's and Veda's, for example the deity Sri Krishna takes birth in a family of cowherders and Lord Shiva is said to ride on the back of a Bull. Cows are venerated within the Hindu religion of India: According to Vedic scripture they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother' because of the milk they provide. In the popular kids show The Fairly Odd Parents A cow tips over a kerosene lamp and the town mascott, a goat named "Chompy", saves the day by pushing the cow on to the fire, hence putting it out. Michael Ahern, the reporter who created the cow story, admitted in 1893 that he had made it up because he thought it would make colorful copy.

An apocryphal story has it that a cow started the Great Chicago Fire by kicking over a kerosene lamp. The constellation Taurus represents a bull. See: Ox (Zodiac). The ox is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar.

For the mythology and lore connected with the bull, see Bull (mythology).