Church of Christ

Alternate meanings: see Church of Christ (disambiguation).

The Churches of Christ are a body of autonomous Christian congregations. Since the Churches of Christ claim to be a restoration of the first-century church, they trace their origin to the day of Pentecost.

The Churches of Christ have the following distinctive traits: the refusal to hold to any creeds other than those specifically mentioned in the Bible itself ("Where the Scriptures speak, we speak; where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent,"); the practice of adult baptism for the remission of sins; autonomous congregational church organization, with congregations overseen by a plurality of elders; the weekly observance of The Lord's Supper; and the belief in a cappella congregational singing during worship. The American Restoration Movement of the 19th century promoted returning to the practices of the first century Churches of Christ. Other churches that were advanced by the Restoration Movement include the Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ (Instrumental) and the Disciples of Christ.

The churches of Christ are distinct, in that they believe that they are not another denomination, but rather are striving to be the one, true Church. Many members today consider themselves to be Christians only.

Some Churches of Christ are called non-institutional and may have strong disagreements with other Churches of Christ. It should be noted that some members, particularly older members, of this group are apt to object to being referred to as "Protestants", believing that Christ's Church was not founded as a protest against anything, other than perhaps the domination of the present world by Satan. The church of Christ has firm disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church and does not recognize the authority of the Holy See. Some, and probably most, members would also object to the categorization of their church as a "denomination", as one of the tenets of this movement is that they are not a denomination and that denominationalism is a sinful departure from the original plan laid down in the Bible for the Church.

Church organization

There is no headquarters for the Church of Christ; each congregation has its own structure, consisting of Elders, Deacons, and one or more Preachers/Ministers/Evangelists. Typically, the churches participate in a loose, informal network of other local Churches of Christ. From the beginning of the Restoration Movement, newspapers and magazines edited by church leaders have been important forces in unifying like-minded churches. Also, most congregations value the influence of church of Christ-affiliated colleges and universities, such as Abilene Christian University, Freed-Hardeman University, Harding University, Oklahoma Christian University, and Heritage Christian University (formerly International Bible College (IBC)) .

Elders are spiritually mature Christian men whose religious work may be in some specialized capacity of a spiritual nature. Few are "church professionals"; the vast majority have, or are retired from, a secular career. They provide moral guidance, and they or their designees approve and establish Bible study curriculum, select Sunday school teachers, and select the Preacher/Evangelist when the position becomes vacant. In some congregations, elders also select the deacons. Elders are also called pastors, shepherds, and bishops (all Biblical terms referring to the same office), but the use of "elder" is the most common by far. Elders are selected by the members of a congregation; the method of doing this varies considerably between congregations, but involves confirming that a potential elder does indeed embody all of the characteristics of elders which are listed in the Bible in 1 Timothy and Titus. In a decreasing number of congregations, the eldership is something of a self-perpetuating board in which its members are the determiners of the qualfications of their sucessors and announce whom they have selected to join them with little or no congregational input; this practice was at one time fairly widespread but is no longer acceptable to many members of many congregations.

Deacons are recognized special servants of the church and most often take care of specialized needs of the congregation. Typically, the physical building in which services are held is overseen by a Deacon. Like Elders, Deacons are generally selected by the congregations in a manner very similar to that of elders. Qualifications of Deacons are also listed in the Bible in 1 Timothy.

The Preacher/Evangelist/Minister prepares and delivers sermons, teaches Bible classes, performs weddings, preaches or evangelizes the gospel, and performs baptisms. This position is typically paid. (People associated with the Churches of Christ do not use the title "pastor" to refer to their pulpit minister, as this term is held to refer to the same position as "elder" or "bishop" in the Bible, which they feel requires a certain set of qualifications outlined in 1 Timothy and Titus.) Typically these ministers are not 'ordained' as is the tradition of many denominational organizations, and do not use the salutation 'Reverend' or 'Rev.' before their name, professing that only God should be recognized as reverend.

Many congregations also employ other paid ministers besides the pulpit minister, including ministers for youth, college students and women. Some members of the church of Christ, and some groups within the churches of Christ, do not believe in paid ministers or youth ministers.

Hermeneutics

A closer look at the Church of Christ requires an understanding of its historically accepted hermeneutic. This hermeneutic is often summarized in three parts: "Command", "Example", and "Necessary Inference".

"Command" refers to a direct command found in the Scriptures (this being further complicated by what some mainstream evangelicals would refer to as the dispensation principle; for example, the command to build an ark was directed to Noah specifically, as opposed to being directed to Christians in general. Additionally, commands are classified as 'Specific' or 'Generic' in nature.)
"Example" is sometimes phrased as "an approved Apostolic example." The intent here is that the apostles or 1st century Christians performed some action or engaged in some practice that was approved of (or not condemned).
"Necessary inference" refers to some interpretational conclusion that would be necessary in order to obey a command or example.

The principle of silence is also observed by the Churches of Christ, to varying degrees. When the Bible does not specifically or indirectly allow a practice, it is considered forbidden. The disagreements within the Churches of Christ primarily derive from differences in interpretation of the meaning of "necessary inference", and the conclusions which can be rightly drawn from "silence". The non-instrumental Chuches of Christ agree that the absence of references to instrumental music in New Testament worship mean that their use is forbidden. (It should be noted, however, that the Independent Christian Churches and Churches of Christ do use musical instruments and do not see their use as forbidden.) However, the New Testament is necessarily silent about many other issues, such as orphanages/children's homes, Sunday school, and congregationally-owned houses of worship ("church buildings"). In each case, the "mainstream" group has reasoned that "necessary inference" allows their use as a way of providing for otherwise-homeless children, facilitating study of the Scriptures, and providing for a reasonable and convenient setting for worship services. In each case, a dissident non-institutional faction, using the "principle of silence", finds these developments to be unwarranted and sinful innovations, although by far the majority (but not all) of the "non-institutional" congregations do own their own buildings for use as houses of worship, and most have likewise come to approve of Sunday school.

Specific teachings and prohibitions

The Church of Christ believes that the organization and structure of the church was laid down by Jesus Christ himself through his apostles in the form of the New Testament. Since this church has no headquarters and each congregation is independent, the teachings may vary somewhat, but overall there is a remarkable degree of uniformity among Churches of Christ in each region. The common variances are over the institution of Bible classes, the method that the Lord's supper is served (whether the fruit of the vine is served in one cup or many), the role of women in public worship, and whether ministers should be paid professionals or serve on a volunteer basis.

Common beliefs and practices include:

The Bible was written by men who were inspired and guided by God the Father through the Holy Spirit. Most believe in "plenary" inspiration, whereby the inspired author is able to use his language to express divine truth, but the ultimate truthfulness is from God; this contrasts with "mechanical" inspiration, where the Biblical author is just a mortal "typewriter" for an immortal God, or a Divine "secretary" merely taking dictation.
No instrumental music in services (a cappella). The arguments against it are of two categories. A strong argument that claims that it is false doctrine prohibited by a principle or a law of silence, and a weak argument, similar to that originally held by Alexander Campbell, that such would be materialistic or inappropriate, but not necessarily false doctrine. Many congregations contain members with both positions. Commonly, larger congregations speak so as to not take sides between the weak or strong postion. More conservative congregations may still openly call it a sin, and more liberal congregations openly say that it is not a sin, while usually refusing to adopt instruments.

Children below the age of accountability are considered in a "safe" position in the eyes of God, and would not be condemned to hell if they died before the age of accountability (a denial of the common doctrine of Original Sin). Additionally, persons lacking the mental capacity to consciously choose between right or wrong are also saved, as they are incapable of truly choosing wrong.
The requirements for salvation are commonly presented in the following steps:
- Hearing (the Word of God)
- Believing (said Word)
- Repenting (of one's sins)
- Confessing (that Jesus Christ is Lord)
- Being baptized (by immersion).
- Continued faithfulness is enjoined because they do not believe in the doctrine of perseverance of the saints.
Because of the high value attached to the necessity of a believer's baptism by immersion, Churches of Christ are sometimes said to believe in "baptismal regeneration". Members deny that baptism without faith can bring salvation, but point out that the Bible does command believers to be baptized.
Celebration of religious holidays, such as Christmas and Easter, as religious holidays, is often discouraged, although secular observance of such days is usually tolerated. In recent years, this belief is in decline in many churches, and it is not unheard of for a church to have special events for such holidays or even to celebrate them with traditional religious significance. A number of churches, though, continue to practice complete rejection of holidays.
Women are not allowed to hold positions of spiritual authority over grown men.
The "lost" will be condemned to an eternity without God. The vast majority believe in a literal hell, while others believe it is a metaphorical eternity outside of the light of God.
Most churches forbid women from leading public worship when grown men are present. Women are generally not allowed to serve as elders, deacons, or preachers.
Worship can take place at any gathering of church members. Baptism can take place in any suitable body of water allowing total immersion, and may be administered by any member at any time of the day or day of the week.
There is no distinction between clergy and laity; all members are considered to be priests. Certain male members specialize in the field of teaching. These men are often called "Preachers" and, in mainstream Churches of Christ, are generally paid for their work.
The Lord's Supper can be served anywhere members are gathered on Sunday; no particularly "sanctified" location nor specifically "authorized" individual is needed to administer communion (except that those administering communion are almost invariably male as a matter of tradition in most congregations). The practice is to partake in the Lord's Supper each Sunday.
Divorce, except for reasons of marital unfaithfulness is condemned. Remarriage in these cases is considered adultery.
Abortion in most circumstances is considered to be a sin.
Homosexual activity is seen as a sin. They generally differentiate homosexual activity from homosexuality itself or homosexual people, often espousing the idea that while mere sexual orientation is not sinful per se, all homosexual acts are a choice. Many, however, denounce the idea of inherently homosexual people.
Satan is considered to be a literal being, not just a symbolic or allegorical representation of evil. He is seen as literally tempting Christ's followers away from their chosen path, usually by the use of human agents. His power is considerable, although vastly inferior to that of God, who allows Satan to exist so that God's followers worship and follow Him as a true act of free will, not predestination.
Many members of the Churches of Christ practice "closed fellowship" (fellowshipping only fellow members of the Churches of Christ), while others would extend the ties of fellowship to members of evangelical Protestant denominations. The issue of "fellowship" is a hotly debated one.
Generally, a belief that Churches of Christ are not a denomination. Most believe denominationalism itself is sinful, and hold that Christ established only one church. This doctrine is similar to earlier beliefs of Roman Catholicism.
In terms of eschatology, the Church of Christ is generally amillennial.
The theology of Churches of Christ is basically Arminian, although probably not often referred to as such. Original Sin and the whole idea of Total Depravity from which it ensues are rejected, although the human prediliction to sin due to temptations and the limitations of human nature is affirmed. Election and predestination are functions of the exercise of free will – those who freely choose God's way through Christ are elect and hence saved, others are lost. This decision can be changed based on the believer's behavior – he or she can consciously elect to cease following Christ and hence be lost ("fallen from grace"). God's sacrifice of Christ provided sufficient grace to save all persons from their sins, but it is imcumbent upon them to accept Christ's will and follow Him for this grace to save them personally.
A small subset of congregations are King James Only in orientation. Other, mostly older congregations use the KJV exclusively as a matter of tradition, but most congregations use a variety of translations of the Bible.
Miraculous Gifts – Most members of Churches of Christ do not believe supernatural miraculous events occur in the current times. They believe that these gifts died with those that were given supernatural Spiritual gifts during the time of Jesus and the apostles.
Several members of the Churches of Christ have claimed "conscientious objector" status during wartime. This opinion was "mainstream", at least in some circles, in the late 19th century and was the viewpoint frequenly published in mainstream Church of Christ publications such as David Lipscomb's Gospel Advocate. This movement lost most of its currency in the Churches of Christ during World War II, and has been fairly uncommon since World War II – the contemporary Church of Christ is not an historical peace church, but it is still listed as such by the US military for consideration of "conscientious objector" status.
Use of specialized vocabulary to circumvent common English usage which is in conflict with accepted doctrine.
- "church" - The word is often left uncapitalized in the name "church of Christ" to emphasize that the churches are not a denomination.
- "member of the church" - Many members of the Churches of Christ believe that only members of the Church of Christ are Christians. However, the English designation of "Christian" generally means anyone who calls himself a Christian. Thus the euphemism, "member of the church."
- "obey the gospel" - be baptized
- "religious" - Used instead of the word "Christian." For example, a conservative member of the Church of Christ might say "Religious Book Store," or "Religious Music" instead of "Christian Book Store," or "Christian Music," on the premise that only "real Christians", those found within the fellowship of his group, would actually make "Christian Music" or write truly "Christian" books.
- "denomination" - Churches other than the Church of Christ, including the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Words and phrases common to most evangelical churches are often absent or modified in the Churches of Christ.
- "Altar call" becomes "invitation."
- "Sanctuary" becomes "auditorium."
- "Sunday School" is frequently "Bible class."
- "Pastor" is never used to mean "minister." The term "preacher," "evangelist," or "minister" is used instead, i.e. "youth pastor" becomes "youth minister." Consequently, the word "pastor" is rarely used to refer to elders.
- "Minister of Music" is "song leader", or, in more progressive congregations, "worship leader," or "worship minister."

Because of the autonomous nature of Churches of Christ, practices vary greatly within Churches of Christ. Many congregations are actively debating many of these issues, but as a whole this list reflects practices considered to be standard, with a focus on those beliefs that distinguish the Churches of Christ from Protestant groups.

Other Restoration Movement bodies

The Churches of Christ were advanced during the American Restoration Movement of the 19th century. As in the New Testament, this movement recognized the body as "The Churches of Christ" or "Christian Churches," which others sometimes called "Campbellites". After the American Civil War, there began to be divisions in this body over the issues of missionary societies and instrumental music in worship which reached a head in 1906 when the two groups formally split, agreeing to be listed separately in the religious census then conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Those holding to the prohibition of instrumental music are the Churches of Christ of today.

Other groups related to the Restoration Movement were the Christian Connexion and The Christian Church, both of which merged into the Congregational Church during the 1930s and thus eventually became part of the United Church of Christ, a group now part of the Protestant Mainstream and unrelated to the Churches of Christ.

Disputes within the Church

A major disagreement over the establishment of "institutions" at a level over that of the local congregations in order to serve works such as children's homes came to a head in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, those who disagree with this idea are referred to as non-institutional or often by the pejoratives "anti-cooperation" or "anti." They represent approximately 15% of U.S. membership and are also represented by missionaries in other countries as well.

What was called the International Churches of Christ (sometimes called "The Boston Movement" which was grounded in the Church of Christ "Crossroads Movement"), was often labeled a cult by mainstream extremists, had its origins in certain congregations of the Church of Christ. Since the late 1980s, however, some Church of Christ leaders had repudiated the Boston Movement as an apostatized, schismatic cult; the Boston Movement in turn declared itself to be a faithful remnant being called out of a dead or dying church, namely the mainstream Churches of Christ. The Crossroads/Boston/ICOC movement saw tremendous growth in comparison to the congregations led by the "mainstream" Church of Christ critics. (See the Paden article, second link below under the "ICOC" heading, for a fairly impartial examination of this subject.) Representatives of the ICOC and the mainstream Churches of Christ attended reconciliation meetings at the 2004 Abilene Christian University lectureships.

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(See the Paden article, second link below under the "ICOC" heading, for a fairly impartial examination of this subject.) Representatives of the ICOC and the mainstream Churches of Christ attended reconciliation meetings at the 2004 Abilene Christian University lectureships. Instead, they hired Louisiana State University coach Nick Saban. The Crossroads/Boston/ICOC movement saw tremendous growth in comparison to the congregations led by the "mainstream" Church of Christ critics. Despite this, the Dolphins decided not to hire Bates for the permanent coaching position. Since the late 1980s, however, some Church of Christ leaders had repudiated the Boston Movement as an apostatized, schismatic cult; the Boston Movement in turn declared itself to be a faithful remnant being called out of a dead or dying church, namely the mainstream Churches of Christ. He was replaced on an interim basis by defensive coordinator Jim Bates. Under Bates, the Dolphins fared much better, winning three of their final seven games, including a 29-28 upset victory over the defending champion Patriots on December 20. What was called the International Churches of Christ (sometimes called "The Boston Movement" which was grounded in the Church of Christ "Crossroads Movement"), was often labeled a cult by mainstream extremists, had its origins in certain congregations of the Church of Christ. After a 1-8 start, Wannstedt resigned on November 9, 2004.

membership and are also represented by missionaries in other countries as well. This led to them being dead-last in the NFL as well as the subject to nicknames like "Stinky Fish" and, to fans, "We Stink". Today, those who disagree with this idea are referred to as non-institutional or often by the pejoratives "anti-cooperation" or "anti." They represent approximately 15% of U.S. These predictions proved right; the Dolphins dropped their first six games of the 2004 year, marking the worst start in franchise history. A major disagreement over the establishment of "institutions" at a level over that of the local congregations in order to serve works such as children's homes came to a head in the 1950s and 1960s. Many experts predicted a disastrous season for the Dolphins. Other groups related to the Restoration Movement were the Christian Connexion and The Christian Church, both of which merged into the Congregational Church during the 1930s and thus eventually became part of the United Church of Christ, a group now part of the Protestant Mainstream and unrelated to the Churches of Christ. Tight end Randy McMichael was arrested for domestic violence and wide receiver David Boston (signed from San Diego) suffered an injury in training camp and will miss the season (Boston also failed a drug test for steroids later in the season). But the biggest shock came when Ricky Williams retired under mysterious circumstances, probably related to drug use.

Instrumental congregations began to divide in the 20th century during the fundamentalist response to modernism which solidified in the 1960s with two groups: the Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ and the Disciples of Christ. The 2004 offseason was terrible for the Dolphins. Those holding to the prohibition of instrumental music are the Churches of Christ of today. At the end of the season it was announced that Dan Marino would return to the team as its president, but quit after a month. After the American Civil War, there began to be divisions in this body over the issues of missionary societies and instrumental music in worship which reached a head in 1906 when the two groups formally split, agreeing to be listed separately in the religious census then conducted by the Bureau of the Census. Miami finished 10-6, but it was still short of a playoff spot. As in the New Testament, this movement recognized the body as "The Churches of Christ" or "Christian Churches," which others sometimes called "Campbellites". In 2003 the Dolphins again started strong (4-1) but finished weak, with devastating mid-season losses to the Patriots, Colts and Titans submarining them.

The Churches of Christ were advanced during the American Restoration Movement of the 19th century. Fans wanted Wannstedt's firing, but he was kept on for the 2003 season. Many congregations are actively debating many of these issues, but as a whole this list reflects practices considered to be standard, with a focus on those beliefs that distinguish the Churches of Christ from Protestant groups. Due to a tiebreaker, both the Dolphins and Patriots lost out on the playoffs as the Jets took the AFC East title. Because of the autonomous nature of Churches of Christ, practices vary greatly within Churches of Christ. The Dolphins started the season 5-1 before Fiedler got injured and was replaced by Ray Lucas, who lost three straight. Because the competition in the division was so close, the Dolphins still had a chance to win the division in the final week against the Patriots, but blew a 10-point fourth-quarter lead and lost in overtime. Common beliefs and practices include:. Miami revitalized its running game in time for the 2002 season by signing running back Ricky Williams from the New Orleans Saints.

The common variances are over the institution of Bible classes, the method that the Lord's supper is served (whether the fruit of the vine is served in one cup or many), the role of women in public worship, and whether ministers should be paid professionals or serve on a volunteer basis. Miami had to settle for a wild card, and lost 20-3 to the Baltimore Ravens in the first round. Since this church has no headquarters and each congregation is independent, the teachings may vary somewhat, but overall there is a remarkable degree of uniformity among Churches of Christ in each region. That honor went to Super Bowl champion New England. The Church of Christ believes that the organization and structure of the church was laid down by Jesus Christ himself through his apostles in the form of the New Testament. In the 2001 season the Dolphins lost two games to the New York Jets, which cost them the division title. However, there are many specific practices that distinguish them from these other bodies. The 2000 season notwithstanding, late-season collapses have been the norm in Miami since the late 1990s.

Churches of Christ mostly agree with the theology of other Fundamentalist Christian groups, believing in Jesus as the Son of God, the death of Jesus by crucifixion as atonement for sin, and most other basic Christian teachings. Miami won a tough overtime game over the Indianapolis Colts on a Lamar Smith touchdown in the wild card round, but were shut out by the Oakland Raiders in the divisional playoff. In each case, a dissident non-institutional faction, using the "principle of silence", finds these developments to be unwarranted and sinful innovations, although by far the majority (but not all) of the "non-institutional" congregations do own their own buildings for use as houses of worship, and most have likewise come to approve of Sunday school. Despite the obviously lowered expectations, the defense broke through with Jason Taylor and Trace Armstrong both getting 10 sacks, and four players (Sam Madison, Brian Walker, Brock Marion and Patrick Surtain) getting at least five interceptions. In addition, Lamar Smith rushed for over 1000 yards and Miami finished atop the AFC East with an 11-5 record. In each case, the "mainstream" group has reasoned that "necessary inference" allows their use as a way of providing for otherwise-homeless children, facilitating study of the Scriptures, and providing for a reasonable and convenient setting for worship services. Dave Wannstedt, formerly of the Chicago Bears, became the new coach; and Jay Fiedler became the new quarterback for the 2000 season. (It should be noted, however, that the Independent Christian Churches and Churches of Christ do use musical instruments and do not see their use as forbidden.) However, the New Testament is necessarily silent about many other issues, such as orphanages/children's homes, Sunday school, and congregationally-owned houses of worship ("church buildings"). After the season, Jimmy Johnson left the team and Marino retired.

The non-instrumental Chuches of Christ agree that the absence of references to instrumental music in New Testament worship mean that their use is forbidden. After a close win over Seattle in the wild card round, they suffered one the worst playoff losses in NFL history against the Jacksonville Jaguars: 62-7. The disagreements within the Churches of Christ primarily derive from differences in interpretation of the meaning of "necessary inference", and the conclusions which can be rightly drawn from "silence". Miami went 2-6 in their last eight games, but still backed into the playoffs at 9-7. When the Bible does not specifically or indirectly allow a practice, it is considered forbidden. In Marino's first game back, he would have the worst game of his career, on Thanksgiving in Dallas, throwing 5 interceptions and having a passer rating of 0.0. The principle of silence is also observed by the Churches of Christ, to varying degrees. In 1999 Marino would be injured in a game where backup Damon Huard led a comeback.

This hermeneutic is often summarized in three parts: "Command", "Example", and "Necessary Inference". The Dolphins beat the Bills in the wild card round, but lost to the eventual champion Denver Broncos (who lost only one of two games that season to Miami) in the divisional playoff. A closer look at the Church of Christ requires an understanding of its historically accepted hermeneutic. McDuffie, but it was not enough to get past the New York Jets into first place in the division. Some members of the church of Christ, and some groups within the churches of Christ, do not believe in paid ministers or youth ministers. Miami had a solid 10-6 season in 1998 with a career season for receiver O.J. Many congregations also employ other paid ministers besides the pulpit minister, including ministers for youth, college students and women. In 1997 Miami stumbled late and backed into the playoffs with a 9-7 season, losing to the New England Patriots in the wild card round.

(People associated with the Churches of Christ do not use the title "pastor" to refer to their pulpit minister, as this term is held to refer to the same position as "elder" or "bishop" in the Bible, which they feel requires a certain set of qualifications outlined in 1 Timothy and Titus.) Typically these ministers are not 'ordained' as is the tradition of many denominational organizations, and do not use the salutation 'Reverend' or 'Rev.' before their name, professing that only God should be recognized as reverend. In 1996 Miami finished 8-8 and out of the playoffs, with rookie Karim Abdul-Jabbar's 1000-yard rushing season one of the lone bright spots. This position is typically paid. Jimmy Johnson, who had won a collegiate national championship at the University of Miami and two Super Bowls with the Dallas Cowboys, was named as Shula’s replacement. The Preacher/Evangelist/Minister prepares and delivers sermons, teaches Bible classes, performs weddings, preaches or evangelizes the gospel, and performs baptisms. Following the 1995 season Don Shula became an executive in the Dolphins’ front office. Qualifications of Deacons are also listed in the Bible in 1 Timothy. In 1995 Marino broke the career passing records formerly held by Fran Tarkenton for yards (48,841), touchdowns (352), and completions (3,913). The Dolphins finished 9-7, second in the AFC East, but still made the playoffs as a wild card; losing to Buffalo in the first round.

Like Elders, Deacons are generally selected by the congregations in a manner very similar to that of elders. After beating the Kansas City Chiefs in the wild card round, they suffered a heart-breaking last-second loss to the San Diego Chargers in the divisional playoff. Typically, the physical building in which services are held is overseen by a Deacon. With Marino back for the 1994 season they won the AFC East again with a 10-6 record. Deacons are recognized special servants of the church and most often take care of specialized needs of the congregation. Both Marino and backup Scott Mitchell suffered season-ending injuries, and Miami lost its final 5 games to miss the playoffs at 9-7. In a decreasing number of congregations, the eldership is something of a self-perpetuating board in which its members are the determiners of the qualfications of their sucessors and announce whom they have selected to join them with little or no congregational input; this practice was at one time fairly widespread but is no longer acceptable to many members of many congregations. 1993 turned into a disastrous year for the Dolphins.

Elders are selected by the members of a congregation; the method of doing this varies considerably between congregations, but involves confirming that a potential elder does indeed embody all of the characteristics of elders which are listed in the Bible in 1 Timothy and Titus. They beat the Chargers in the divisional playoff, but were stunned by the Buffalo Bills in the AFC Championship. Elders are also called pastors, shepherds, and bishops (all Biblical terms referring to the same office), but the use of "elder" is the most common by far. The Dolphins finished 11-5 in 1992, capturing the AFC East title in Mark Higgs' best season as a running back and Keith Jackson (newly acquired from the Philadelphia Eagles) leading the team in receiving. In some congregations, elders also select the deacons. They beat the Kansas City Chiefs in the wild card round, but lost to the Buffalo Bills in the divisional playoff. The team struggled with defensive injuries in 1991, and narrowly missed the playoffs on an overtime loss to the New York Jets the final week of the season. They provide moral guidance, and they or their designees approve and establish Bible study curriculum, select Sunday school teachers, and select the Preacher/Evangelist when the position becomes vacant. By 1990 the Dolphins had finally shaped up on defense, and finished with a 11-5 record, second in the AFC East.

Few are "church professionals"; the vast majority have, or are retired from, a secular career. Miami had their first losing season in years in 1988, and were back to 8-8 in 1989. Elders are spiritually mature Christian men whose religious work may be in some specialized capacity of a spiritual nature. The problems continued in 1987, with an 8-7 record in a strike-shortened year; their first at new Joe Robbie Stadium. Also, most congregations value the influence of church of Christ-affiliated colleges and universities, such as Abilene Christian University, Freed-Hardeman University, Harding University, Oklahoma Christian University, and Heritage Christian University (formerly International Bible College (IBC)) . In 1986 the Dolphins, hampered by defensive struggles, stumbled to 8-8, out of the playoff picture. From the beginning of the Restoration Movement, newspapers and magazines edited by church leaders have been important forces in unifying like-minded churches. New England forced 6 turnovers on the way to a 31-14 win - the Patriots' first in Miami since 1969.

Typically, the churches participate in a loose, informal network of other local Churches of Christ. The cinderella New England Patriots, the Dolphins' opponents in the AFC Championship, had different plans. There is no headquarters for the Church of Christ; each congregation has its own structure, consisting of Elders, Deacons, and one or more Preachers/Ministers/Evangelists. After beating the Cleveland Browns in the divisional playoffs, many people were looking forward to a rematch with Chicago in Super Bowl XX. Some, and probably most, members would also object to the categorization of their church as a "denomination", as one of the tenets of this movement is that they are not a denomination and that denominationalism is a sinful departure from the original plan laid down in the Bible for the Church. In 1985 Miami went 12-4 and was the only team that beat the Chicago Bears all year. The church of Christ has firm disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church and does not recognize the authority of the Holy See. It would be Marino's only Super Bowl appearance.

It should be noted that some members, particularly older members, of this group are apt to object to being referred to as "Protestants", believing that Christ's Church was not founded as a protest against anything, other than perhaps the domination of the present world by Satan. In the title game, however, Miami lost to the San Francisco 49ers 38-16. Some Churches of Christ are called non-institutional and may have strong disagreements with other Churches of Christ. Miami beat the Seahawks and Steelers in the playoffs to get to Super Bowl XIX. Many members today consider themselves to be Christians only. Marino, in his first full season, was voted MVP as he threw for over 5000 yards and 48 touchdowns. The churches of Christ are distinct, in that they believe that they are not another denomination, but rather are striving to be the one, true Church. In 1984, the Dolphins won their first 11 games en route to a 14-2 season.

Other churches that were advanced by the Restoration Movement include the Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ (Instrumental) and the Disciples of Christ. Defensive End Doug Betters was the Defensive Player of the Year. The American Restoration Movement of the 19th century promoted returning to the practices of the first century Churches of Christ. Seldom sacked by defenders, Marino was protected by an outstanding offensive line as he passed to receivers such as Mark Clayton and Mark Duper. Despite the regular season success (the Dolphins went 12-4, the only team in the AFC East with a winning record), they were upset in the divisional playoff by the Seattle Seahawks. The Churches of Christ have the following distinctive traits: the refusal to hold to any creeds other than those specifically mentioned in the Bible itself ("Where the Scriptures speak, we speak; where the Scriptures are silent, we are silent,"); the practice of adult baptism for the remission of sins; autonomous congregational church organization, with congregations overseen by a plurality of elders; the weekly observance of The Lord's Supper; and the belief in a cappella congregational singing during worship. During the mid-1980s Marino produced the most impressive set of passing statistics in NFL history, setting single-season records for most yards (5,084), touchdown passes (48), and completions (362) during the 1984 season. Since the Churches of Christ claim to be a restoration of the first-century church, they trace their origin to the day of Pentecost. During the third game of the 1983 season, Shula replaced quarterback David Woodley with rookie Dan Marino, who went on to win the AFC passing championship and rookie of the year award.

The Churches of Christ are a body of autonomous Christian congregations. Ironically after enjoying success rooted in a defense-first philosophy, and employing a ball control offense to take pressure off of lacklustre quarterbacks, the next 17 seasons would be marked by an average rushing game and defense that limited a great quarterback. International Churches of Christ. After shutting out the New York Jets in the AFC championship, they lost Super Bowl XVII to Washington 27-17. Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Church of Christ. In the second round against San Diego the Dolphins got revenge for their loss the previous year, winning even more handily. "Minister of Music" is "song leader", or, in more progressive congregations, "worship leader," or "worship minister.". In the first round in Miami, they met again, with the Dolphins winning easily.

"youth pastor" becomes "youth minister." Consequently, the word "pastor" is rarely used to refer to elders. Late in the season in a snowy game against the New England Patriots, a convicted felon on work release cleared a path for Patriots kicker John Smith to score the game-winning field goal. "Pastor" is never used to mean "minister." The term "preacher," "evangelist," or "minister" is used instead, i.e. During the first two rounds of the playoffs they got revenge for previous losses. "Sunday School" is frequently "Bible class.". In the strike-shortened season of 1982, the Dolphins, led by the "Killer B's" defense (Baumhower, Bill Barnett, Lyle Blackwood, Kim Bokamper and Bob Brudzinski), held five of their nine opponents to 14 or fewer points en route to their fourth Super Bowl appearance. "Sanctuary" becomes "auditorium.". Chargers tight end Kellen Winslow, under exhaustion, blocked Uwe von Schummann's field goal try on the last play of regulation, and Rolf Benirschke kicked the game-winner for San Diego in overtime.

"Altar call" becomes "invitation.". After being down 24-0, Miami tied it at 24. After taking the lead, San Diego tied it up 38-38 late. Words and phrases common to most evangelical churches are often absent or modified in the Churches of Christ.

. The Dolphins were back on top of the AFC East in the 1981 season, with an 11-4-1 record. They reached the divisional playoff against the San Diego Chargers, regarded by some as one of the most memorable games in NFL history. "denomination" - Churches other than the Church of Christ, including the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches. The Dolphins finished 8-8 and out of the playoffs. "religious" - Used instead of the word "Christian." For example, a conservative member of the Church of Christ might say "Religious Book Store," or "Religious Music" instead of "Christian Book Store," or "Christian Music," on the premise that only "real Christians", those found within the fellowship of his group, would actually make "Christian Music" or write truly "Christian" books. In 1980 the late David Woodley took over at quarterback and Griese retired after the season.

"obey the gospel" - be baptized. After winning the division with a 10-6 record, the Dolphins lost the divisional playoff to the eventual champion Pittsburgh Steelers. Thus the euphemism, "member of the church.". Csonka returned to the Dolphins in time for the 1979 season. However, the English designation of "Christian" generally means anyone who calls himself a Christian. They made the playoffs as a wild card in 1978, but lost in the first round to the Houston Oilers. "member of the church" - Many members of the Churches of Christ believe that only members of the Church of Christ are Christians. The Dolphins went 10-4 again in 1977, but again lost the division title (and playoff spot) to the Colts.

"church" - The word is often left uncapitalized in the name "church of Christ" to emphasize that the churches are not a denomination. Duhe and linemen Bob Baumhower and Doug Betters. Use of specialized vocabulary to circumvent common English usage which is in conflict with accepted doctrine.

. J. This movement lost most of its currency in the Churches of Christ during World War II, and has been fairly uncommon since World War II – the contemporary Church of Christ is not an historical peace church, but it is still listed as such by the US military for consideration of "conscientious objector" status. Shula built a solid defense around a new set of stars, including linebacker A. This opinion was "mainstream", at least in some circles, in the late 19th century and was the viewpoint frequenly published in mainstream Church of Christ publications such as David Lipscomb's Gospel Advocate. Miami rebounded from a losing record in 1976 by winning ten or more games in four of the next five seasons.

Several members of the Churches of Christ have claimed "conscientious objector" status during wartime. After the disappointing defeat, several players, including Csonka, Warfield, and running back Jim Kiick, joined the short-lived World Football League. The Dolphins managed to win ten games in 1975, aided by Griese’s consistency and the fine play of wide receiver Nat Moore. They did not make the playoffs however, losing on a tiebreaker to the Baltimore Colts. They believe that these gifts died with those that were given supernatural Spiritual gifts during the time of Jesus and the apostles. Miami reached the playoffs again in 1974 but lost in the first round to the Oakland Raiders. Miraculous Gifts – Most members of Churches of Christ do not believe supernatural miraculous events occur in the current times. The Dolphins won 12 games during the 1973 season and repeated as Super Bowl VIII champions, routing the Minnesota Vikings 24-7. Other, mostly older congregations use the KJV exclusively as a matter of tradition, but most congregations use a variety of translations of the Bible. It was led by linebacker Nick Buoniconti, end Bill Stanfill, and safeties Dick Anderson and Jake Scott.

A small subset of congregations are King James Only in orientation. The 1972 Dolphins defensive unit, called the No-Name Defense because Miami’s impressive offense received much more publicity, was the league’s best that year. God's sacrifice of Christ provided sufficient grace to save all persons from their sins, but it is imcumbent upon them to accept Christ's will and follow Him for this grace to save them personally. The offensive line included future Hall of Fame members Jim Langer and Larry Little. This decision can be changed based on the believer's behavior – he or she can consciously elect to cease following Christ and hence be lost ("fallen from grace"). During this season, Griese and veteran quarterback Earl Morrall shared the passing duties, and running backs Larry Csonka and Mercury Morris became the first teammates to rush for more than 1,000 yards each. Election and predestination are functions of the exercise of free will – those who freely choose God's way through Christ are elect and hence saved, others are lost. (This is sometimes called the "Perfect Season".) Miami went on to win two playoff games and then Super Bowl VII, defeating the Washington Redskins 14-7.

Original Sin and the whole idea of Total Depravity from which it ensues are rejected, although the human prediliction to sin due to temptations and the limitations of human nature is affirmed. In 1972 the Dolphins accomplished an amazing feat, becoming the first NFL team to finish a season undefeated (the 1948 Cleveland Browns had accomplished the feat, but as members of the All-America Football Conference). The theology of Churches of Christ is basically Arminian, although probably not often referred to as such. In Super Bowl VI, however, Miami lost to the Dallas Cowboys 24-3. In terms of eschatology, the Church of Christ is generally amillennial. The AFC Divisional Playoff Game, in which the Dolphins defeated the Kansas City Chiefs, was the longest contest in NFL history (82 minutes 40 seconds). This doctrine is similar to earlier beliefs of Roman Catholicism. The Dolphins were a successful team during the early 1970s, capturing the AFC championship in 1971 behind quarterback Bob Griese and wide receiver Paul Warfield.

Most believe denominationalism itself is sinful, and hold that Christ established only one church. Miami joined the NFL in 1970 when the NFL and AFL completed their merger. Generally, a belief that Churches of Christ are not a denomination. The Dolphins began play in 1966, and after four consecutive losing seasons, Don Shula replaced George Wilson as head coach. The issue of "fellowship" is a hotly debated one. Miami joined the American Football League (AFL) when an expansion team franchise was awarded to lawyer Joseph Robbie and actor Danny Thomas in 1965. Many members of the Churches of Christ practice "closed fellowship" (fellowshipping only fellow members of the Churches of Christ), while others would extend the ties of fellowship to members of evangelical Protestant denominations. He piloted the Dolphins to numerous playoff appearances and one Super Bowl, and he holds numerous NFL career passing records.

His power is considerable, although vastly inferior to that of God, who allows Satan to exist so that God's followers worship and follow Him as a true act of free will, not predestination. During the 1980s and 1990s quarterback Dan Marino became the most prolific passer in NFL history. He is seen as literally tempting Christ's followers away from their chosen path, usually by the use of human agents. Five future Hall of Fame members played for Miami during the 1970s, including running back Larry Csonka and quarterback Bob Griese. Satan is considered to be a literal being, not just a symbolic or allegorical representation of evil. In 1972 the Dolphins became the first and only NFL team to complete a 14-game regular season (and the entire postseason) without a loss. Many, however, denounce the idea of inherently homosexual people. His Dolphins teams posted losing records in only 2 of his 26 seasons with the club.

They generally differentiate homosexual activity from homosexuality itself or homosexual people, often espousing the idea that while mere sexual orientation is not sinful per se, all homosexual acts are a choice. For most of their history, the Dolphins were coached by Don Shula, the winningest head coach in professional football history. Homosexual activity is seen as a sin. The team is named for the dolphins that inhabit the coastal waters of Florida. Abortion in most circumstances is considered to be a sin. Miami Dolphins, professional football team and one of the four teams in the Eastern Division of the American Football Conference (AFC) of the National Football League (NFL). Remarriage in these cases is considered adultery. The Miami Dolphins are a National Football League team based in Miami, Florida.

Divorce, except for reasons of marital unfaithfulness is condemned. Jimmy Johnson (coach). The practice is to partake in the Lord's Supper each Sunday. Garo Yepremian. The Lord's Supper can be served anywhere members are gathered on Sunday; no particularly "sanctified" location nor specifically "authorized" individual is needed to administer communion (except that those administering communion are almost invariably male as a matter of tradition in most congregations). Ricky Williams. These men are often called "Preachers" and, in mainstream Churches of Christ, are generally paid for their work. Paul Warfield.

Certain male members specialize in the field of teaching. John Stofa. There is no distinction between clergy and laity; all members are considered to be priests. Dwight Stephenson. Baptism can take place in any suitable body of water allowing total immersion, and may be administered by any member at any time of the day or day of the week. Jake Scott. Worship can take place at any gathering of church members. Mercury Morris.

Women are generally not allowed to serve as elders, deacons, or preachers. Nat Moore. Most churches forbid women from leading public worship when grown men are present. Gene Mingo. The vast majority believe in a literal hell, while others believe it is a metaphorical eternity outside of the light of God. Wahoo McDaniel. The "lost" will be condemned to an eternity without God. Larry Little.

Women are not allowed to hold positions of spiritual authority over grown men. Jim Kiick. A number of churches, though, continue to practice complete rejection of holidays. Cookie Gilchrist. In recent years, this belief is in decline in many churches, and it is not unheard of for a church to have special events for such holidays or even to celebrate them with traditional religious significance. Mark Duper. Celebration of religious holidays, such as Christmas and Easter, as religious holidays, is often discouraged, although secular observance of such days is usually tolerated. Mark Clayton.

Members deny that baptism without faith can bring salvation, but point out that the Bible does command believers to be baptized. Keith Byars. Because of the high value attached to the necessity of a believer's baptism by immersion, Churches of Christ are sometimes said to believe in "baptismal regeneration". Nick Buoniconti. Continued faithfulness is enjoined because they do not believe in the doctrine of perseverance of the saints. Dick Anderson. Being baptized (by immersion). Larry Csonka 39.

Confessing (that Jesus Christ is Lord). Dan Marino 13. Repenting (of one's sins). Bob Griese12. Believing (said Word). Zach Thomas. Hearing (the Word of God). Jason Taylor.

The requirements for salvation are commonly presented in the following steps:

. Junior Seau. Children below the age of accountability are considered in a "safe" position in the eyes of God, and would not be condemned to hell if they died before the age of accountability (a denial of the common doctrine of Original Sin). Additionally, persons lacking the mental capacity to consciously choose between right or wrong are also saved, as they are incapable of truly choosing wrong. Randy McMichael. More conservative congregations may still openly call it a sin, and more liberal congregations openly say that it is not a sin, while usually refusing to adopt instruments. Sam Madison. Commonly, larger congregations speak so as to not take sides between the weak or strong postion. Sammy Knight.

Many congregations contain members with both positions. Jeno James. A strong argument that claims that it is false doctrine prohibited by a principle or a law of silence, and a weak argument, similar to that originally held by Alexander Campbell, that such would be materialistic or inappropriate, but not necessarily false doctrine. Gus Frerotte. The arguments against it are of two categories. Chris Chambers. No instrumental music in services (a cappella). Tim Bowens.

Most believe in "plenary" inspiration, whereby the inspired author is able to use his language to express divine truth, but the ultimate truthfulness is from God; this contrasts with "mechanical" inspiration, where the Biblical author is just a mortal "typewriter" for an immortal God, or a Divine "secretary" merely taking dictation. Marty Booker. The Bible was written by men who were inspired and guided by God the Father through the Holy Spirit. Paul Warfield. "Necessary inference" refers to some interpretational conclusion that would be necessary in order to obey a command or example. Dwight Stephenson. "Example" is sometimes phrased as "an approved Apostolic example." The intent here is that the apostles or 1st century Christians performed some action or engaged in some practice that was approved of (or not condemned). Don Shula.

Additionally, commands are classified as 'Specific' or 'Generic' in nature.). Dan Marino. "Command" refers to a direct command found in the Scriptures (this being further complicated by what some mainstream evangelicals would refer to as the dispensation principle; for example, the command to build an ark was directed to Noah specifically, as opposed to being directed to Christians in general. Larry Little. Jim Langer. Bob Griese.