Chicago, Illinois

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. The Lake Alvord Bridge was designated a civil engineering landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in the 1970's.
. Ironically, the city's few reinforced concrete structures, including the Lake Alvord Bridge, survived the 1906 earthquake and fire in remarkable shape, vindicating Ransome's faith in the method.

When creating references please refer to the Wikipedia Cite Sources guidelines. Ransome left San Francisco a few year's later, frustrated and bitter at the building community's indifference to concrete construction.
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. The face of the bridge was scored and hammered to resemble sandstone. Related topics. Ransome is believed to have used his patented cold-twisted square steel bar for reinforcement, placed longitudinally in the arch and curved in the same arc.

Museums. The bridge was constructed as a single arch 64-feet wide with a 20-foot span. Related topics. Ransome, the great 19th century innovator in reinforced concrete design, mixing equipment, and construction systems. and international transportation hub by working to expand O'Hare International Airport. Additionally, a new airport has been proposed for Peotone, Illinois, and the city is working toward expanding its ties with the Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary, Indiana. Known as the Lake Alvord Bridge, it was built in 1889 by Ernest L. In the 21st century, Chicago is working toward maintaining its status as a U.S. Moore.

The land is to be converted into a lakeside park. Other famous San Franciscans include philanthropist Gordon Getty, publisher William Randolph Hearst, and co-founder of Intel Corporation and the author of Moore's law, Gordon E. Daley in a nighttime coup, was a relatively small airstrip but unique because of its proximity to Chicago's downtown, and as an airstrip for private planes it was one of the busiest in the world. US Supreme Court Associate Justice Stephen Breyer, former Governors of California Jerry Brown and Pat Brown, US Senator Dianne Feinstein, former US Secretaries of Defense Robert McNamara and Caspar Weinberger, and gay rights activists Harvey Milk and Jose Sarria were or are San Franciscans who made names for themselves in politics. Meigs Field, which was closed by Mayor Richard M. Simpson, and baseball legend Joe DiMaggio are all sportspeople with San Francisco connections. In the 20th century, Chicago held on to its status as a transportation hub with the building of three airports: O'Hare International Airport, Midway Airport, and Meigs Field. Baseball player Barry Bonds, American football legend O.J.

All of the Class I railroads in existence in the United States maintain (often multiple) terminals in and around Chicago, and the city is served by a large number of smaller railroads that both interconnect the larger railroads and connect to locations not served by the larger railroads. Photographer Ansel Adams, writer Anne Rice, comedian Gracie Allen, actor and director Clint Eastwood, "mother" of Modern Dance Isadora Duncan, Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead, author Jack London, musician Carlos Santana, Metallica guitarist Kirk Hammett, personality Courtney Love, and actor/comic Robin Williams are examples of notable arts and entertainment figures who have lived in the city. Chicago is still the railroad hub of the United States. Many notable people have grown up in or have lived as adults in San Francisco. This network allowed Chicago to become the center of the meat packing industry. There are now plans in the works to build a major cruise ship terminal/mall similar to Pier 39. By 1856, Chicago was the railroad hub of America and by the end of the decade more than 100 trains were coming and going each day. Most of the port's activities are now mostly for commuter ferries that leave from the Ferry Building, cruise ship docking, and tourism.

In the 1850s the railroads started growing from Chicago faster than anywhere else in the world. Many of the piers remained derelict for years until recently, when the port converted many of the piers to office space and sold them. Even today Chicago's importance in global distribution remains as it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore. The advent of container shipping made San Francisco's pier based port obsolete, as much of the city's container traffic is now limited to a small port in the south-east corner of the city, or sent across the bay to the Port of Oakland. Chicago then became one of the largest grain and lumber ports in the world, with grain going to more established populations and lumber being sent to the forest-starved prairies where new settlers needed to build. The Port of San Francisco was once the largest and busiest seaport on the west coast. Louis, and south to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico. Other large airports in the region include Oakland International Airport, 32.2 km (20 miles) from San Francisco and San Jose International Airport, 70.8 km (44 miles) from San Francisco.

The Illinois and Michigan Canal, completed in 1848, allowed for transport around the world with connecting waterways through Chicago all the way to New York and the Atlantic, west to St. Rail extensions there include BART. Much of this status stems from its geographic proximity during a time when the United States was growing quickly in population and area. It is the only major international hub airport in California other than LAX in Los Angeles. During the late 1990s economic boom, SFO was the sixth busiest international airport in the world, but has since fallen off of the top ten during the economic depression of 2000-2001. Chicago can be considered one of the prime transportation hubs in America. San Francisco International Airport dubbed SFO, is located 12.9 km (8 miles) south of the city in San Mateo County on a landfill extension into the San Francisco Bay. Related topics. The Phoenix symbolizes the city's emergence from the ashes of several devastating fires in the early 1850's.

[2] (http://www.uic.edu/depts/mcam/aboutcom.html/). Above is a rising phoenix and behind is the bay with sailing ships. The University of Illinois at Chicago claims to be the largest medical school in the United States (1300 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford and Urbana-Champaign). The seal, which was adopted in the 1850's, depicts two working men, on one side a miner and on the other a sailor with a sextant. It is also home to the sprawling Illinois Medical District on the Near West Side as well as the American Medical Association, the American Hospital Association, the American Dental Association, and the American College of Surgeons. Underneath the phoenix it has a motto written in Spanish: "Oro en Paz, Fierro en Guerra," which translates into: "Gold in Peace, Iron in War.". The city is first among the major dental and medical training centers in the United States. The flag depicts an arising Phoenix, symbolic of the City's recovery from the 1906 fire.

The United States has the largest health care system in the world, and Chicago is arguably the capital of that system. Other fictional works set in San Francisco include The Joy Luck Club, The Maltese Falcon, and Tales of the City. Related topics. Landmarks from the city in that game include the Golden Gate and Bay Bridges, City Hall, the Transamerica Pyramid, cable cars, and Chinatown. Until about 1850, men outnumbered women and this male-dominated subculture encouraged gambling and drinking, as well as activities such as billiards and horse racing. The city is featured in the popular video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as the fictional city San Fierro. While the complete truth of the story is sometimes doubted, it is important as an early Chicago legend and does reflect the early days of sports in the city. Early Chicago had only the most primitive of sports. Doubtfire, The Game, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, Pacific Heights, Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, The Presidio, Dirty Harry, Bullitt, Twisted, and Vertigo.

As soon as the fight began, police moved in and arrested every criminal and escorted them to the city borders. Movies set in the city include Basic Instinct, The Conversation Edtv, Mrs. During the city's boomtown days local authorities staged a dogfight, knowing that it would attract some of the more unsavory characters on the town's crime scene. San Francisco has been the setting for numerous television programs, such as Dharma & Greg, Full House, The Streets of San Francisco, Charmed, The Midnight Caller and, more recently, Monk. In the early history of the city, sports were at the heart of some founding legends. It is the world's most popular destination for Gay Tourists and hosts the world's largest Gay pride parade and festival in June. It is one of the few cities in the United States with two professional baseball teams (Cubs, White Sox) plus professional football (Bears), soccer (Fire), basketball (Bulls), and two professional hockey teams (the Blackhawks and the minor-league Wolves). Due to the high number of Gay people in the Castro District and Noe Valley and the city's history with Gay Rights, San Francisco is known as the "Gay Mecca".

Chicago is also identified with many sports teams. The Bohemian Grove an exculsive retreat for the rich and powerful, is located north of the city in Sonoma County while it maintains a club within city limits. Related topics. The Sierra Club is headquarted in the city. Moody, a 19th Century evangelist who held a Sunday School and founded a church there. Ironically, the Republican Party have also held 2 conventions in the city while San Francisco's liberalism was budding in the late 1950s and the early 1960s. Chicago is home to the Moody Bible Institute, named after Dwight L. This started with the beat generation or beatniks in the North Beach area and the San Francisco Renaissance in the 1950s to the hippie culture and the Summer of Love in the Haight Ashbury in the 1960s and early 1970s, to rave culture in the 1990s.

Historically, Chicago is remembered for machine politics ("Vote early and vote often" and "A city run of the Daleys, by the Daleys, for the Daleys" are two phrases associated with Chicago politics), meat packing (as mentioned in the nicknames section and made infamous by Upton Sinclair's The Jungle), and gangster violence during Prohibition (some key figures are linked to Chicago, such as Al Capone and John Dillinger). It is also the primary support base for the Green Party. At the same time, Sandburg, who was a lifelong Socialist, published other less well-known poems criticising Chicago's disparities in wealth. It is the unofficial center and capitial of left-wing activity in the United States. It is a loyal stronghold for the Democratic Party as it held a convention here in 1920 and again in 1984. These poems are representative of Chicago's spirit. Following World War II, San Francisco became a nerve center of alternative culture and lifestyle in the United States that is still dominant in the city's culture today. Carl Sandburg, a Pulitzer Prize–winning poet and Abraham Lincoln biographer, gave the city one of its best-known nicknames, "City of Big Shoulders", in his Chicago Poems (1916). The American Indian Film Institute which organizes the annual American Indian Film Festival is based in San Francisco.

Chicago also has a great literary tradition. San Francisco's Ballet and Opera are the some of the oldest continuning performing arts companies in the United States. Many world-famous actors and comedians are from Chicago or have studied there, particularly at Northwestern University. In terms of performing arts, San Francisco boasts the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Opera and the San Francisco Ballet. It is home to The Second City and ImprovOlympic, two of the largest comedy troupes in the world. Between Portola and Glenview streets lies San Francisco's high school SOTA (School of the Arts), dedicated to the performing arts. Chicago is a well-known theater capital and is the mecca for improvizational comedy. Museums include San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the California Palace of the Legion of Honor and the Cable Car Museum, along with offbeat museums such as Ripley's Believe it or Not Museum and the Tattoo Art Museum.

In addition, Chicago schools have developed in various studies, such as the famed Chicago school of architecture and the Chicago schools of economic theory, literary criticism and urban sociology, the latter three founded at the University of Chicago. Some of the most notable landmarks are the Transamerica Pyramid and Golden Gate Bridge. Another local specialty is "cheese fries", French fries covered in cheese. A large fresh-water lake, Lake Merced, is located in the south west corner of the city near San Francisco State University and Fort Funston. The Italian Beef typically includes cheese, peppers, and onions. Buena Vista Park located in the Haight-Ashbury, is the city's oldest, established in 1867. Chicago has a homegrown riposte to the "po' boy" of New Orleans and the equivalent "hoagie" of Philadelphia in the Italian beef sandwich. Another notable park is The Presidio, which is just one part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which also includes Alcatraz.

In the field of popular cuisine, Chicago style Pizza provides the antithesis to New York styles and hot dogs, being synonymous with deep-dish and stuffed pizza in addition to being linked to a robustly complex Chicago style Hot Dog (often called "the garbage dog") that challenges the relative simplicity of a New York coney dog. The best-known, as well as biggest, park is Golden Gate Park which is 174 acres larger than New York's Central Park. In the field of music, Chicago is well-known for its Chicago blues, but it is also the birthplace of the House style of music, whose history is related to the development and fostering of the techno electronic style of music in nearby Detroit. Related topics: Maps of San Francisco, California. For its youth as compared to Eastern cities, Chicago has made many significant pop-cultural contributions. The cornerstone of this development is the new SBC Park baseball stadium and an extension of the University of California, San Francisco medical school. Related topics. A new neighborhood is being developed at the far eastern end of South of Market that is being called Mission Bay.

Additionally Chicago is considered to be the Prime Global Advertising Service Center by the GaWC. The South of Market neighborhood was one of the epicenters of the dot-com boom of the 1990s thus being a showcase of contemporary urban development. Chicago is considered to command the third-largest market in North America (after New York City and Los Angeles - although Mexico City is larger, its market does not hold such importance) and as such has many different forms of media and outlets to support its status. Arguably, the point of gravity in terms of demographic and land use change is moving east & south. They inspired the creation of the City Colleges of Chicago. The Castro neigborhood has the world's highest concentration of Gays. Stanley Brown in 1899. Haight-Ashbury gained prominence during the 1960s as one of the prominent concentrations of hippies.

Community colleges were pioneered by locals William Rainey Harper and J. Russian Hill is probably most noted for the top end of that portion of Lombard Street that is sometimes referred to as "the crookedest (most winding) street in the world". Columbia College, Roosevelt University and The School of the Art Institute are major schools geared towards urban studies, fine arts and performance arts. The predominantly latino Mission District is one of the oldest neighborhoods, as it was the site of one of the twenty one missions in California. Major research universities such as the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Illinois at Chicago call Chicago home. It also boasts a budding Vietnamese community in the Tenderloin neighborhood, an Italian community in North Beach, a French Quarter and a Russian community in the Richmond district. Loyola is one of the largest institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. Like many large cities in the US, San Francisco has a Japantown and Chinatown; both are among the largest and oldest in the US.

Two of the most honored institutions of the Roman Catholic Church are DePaul University in Lincoln Park and Loyola University in Rogers Park and Edgewater. There are also a number of private art schools that operate across the city. Chicago holds a distinguished place in the United States for higher education as the home of such schools as the University of Chicago in Hyde Park and Northwestern University in Evanston. Private schools include:. Main article: Colleges and universities of Chicago. Public Universities include:.
. Despite its limited geographical space, San Francisco is home to a multitude of Universities and Colleges.

Related topics. San Francisco also boasts of legendary venues such as The Fillmore and The Warfield. Of the total population, 28.1% of those under the age of 18 and 15.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Major areas of nightlife in San Francisco are: in North Beach, the Mission District, and South of Market. Below the poverty line are 19.6% of the population and 16.6% of the families. San Francisco also has great nightlife ranging from bars to lounges to clubs. The per capita income for the city is $20,175. Records aside, the race is best known for its colorful costumes and celebratory community spirit (it was initiated after the disastrous 1906 earthquake as a way to boost the city's spirits).

Males have a median income of $35,907 versus $30,536 for females. The city is also the home of the annual Bay to Breakers footrace, which holds the world records for greatest number of participants in a footrace (110K in 1986) as well as longest consecutively running footrace (annually since 1912). The median income for a household in the city is $38,625, and the median income for a family is $42,724. College sports include the University of San Francisco Dons. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 91.1 males. The basketball and ice hockey teams were once based out of San Francisco and played out of the Cow Palace located at the southern border with Daly City. For every 100 females there are 94.2 males. The regional National Hockey League team, the San Jose Sharks play in San Jose.

The median age is 32 years. The regional National Basketball Association team, the Golden State Warriors play across the bay in Oakland. Of the city population, 26.2% are under the age of 18, 11.2% are from 18 to 24, 33.4% are from 25 to 44, 18.9% are from 45 to 64, and 10.3% are 65 years of age or older. San Francisco is the home of the San Francisco 49ers National Football League team and the San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball team. The average household size is 2.67 and the average family size is 3.50. A small fleet of commuter ferries operate from the Embarcadero to points in Marin County, Oakland, and north to Vallejo in Solano County. Of all households, 32.6% are made up of individuals and 8.7% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. In addition, a commuter rail service, Caltrain, operates between San Francisco, San Jose, California and Gilroy, California.

There are 1,061,928 households, of which 28.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% are married couples living together, 18.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.4% are non-families. BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) is the regional transit system, which connects San Francisco with the East Bay through an underwater tunnel, and the San Mateo County, California communities on the San Francisco Peninsula. It is also considered to be the second-largest Serbian city in the world after Belgrade (which has a population of two million). Muni is the city-owned public transit system which operates the Muni Metro light rail system, the F Market heritage streetcar line and the famous San Francisco cable car system (see above), together with buses and electric trolleybuses. Daley. Chicago has the largest ethnically Polish population outside of Polish capital of Warsaw, making it one of the most important Polonia centers. San Francisco has the most extensive and best connected public transit system on the west coast and one of the most diverse in the country. Many of Chicago's politicians have come from this massive Irish population, including the current mayor, Richard M. Going northbound, 101 uses arterial streets, Van Ness Avenue and Lombard Street to the Golden Gate Bridge across to Marin County. Interstate 280 which also begins and ends in the city and goes southbound towards Silicon Valley and Highway 1 which bisects the westside of the city as a arterial thoroughfare.

The main ethnic groups in Chicago are Irish, German, Italian and Polish. Chicago has a very large Irish-American population on its South Side. The major highways in San Francisco are Interstate 80 which begins at the Bay Bridge and goes eastbound; US 101 which begins where 80 ends/begins off and goes southbound towards the Silicon Valley. Chicago's unique culture arises from it being a melting pot, with nearly even percentages of Whites and African-Americans and a sizeable Hispanic minority. Similarly, the Golden Gate Bridge is the only direct road access to Marin County from San Francisco. Of the population, 26.02% are Hispanic or Latino of any race. The Bay Bridge is the only link that provides road direct access to the east bay from San Francisco. The racial makeup of the city is 41.97% White, 36.77% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 4.35% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 13.58% from other races, and 2.92% from two or more races. Because of its unique geography, and the "Freeway Revolt", San Francisco is one of the few major cities in the US next to Boston and New York City that has opted for European style arterial thoroughfares instead of a large network of major highways.

There are 1,152,868 housing units at an average density of 1,959.8/km² (5,075.8/mi²). Related topics: Maps of San Francisco, California. The population density is 4,923.0/km² (12,750.3/mi²). Out of the total population, 13.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. This encompasses about one-fifth of the entire population of the state of Illinois and 1% of the population of the United States. 11.3% of the population and 7.8% of families are below the poverty line. As of the census² of 2000, there are 2,896,016 people, 1,061,928 households, and 632,909 families residing in the city of Chicago proper. The per capita income for the city is $34,556.

People living in the Chicago area are called "Chicagoans.". Males have a median income of $46,260 versus $40,049 for females. Main article: Demographics of Chicago. The median income for a household in the city is $55,221, and the median income for a family is $63,545.
. For every 100 females there are 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.1 males. Related topics. The median age is 36 years.

Today Chicago is considered to be a Prime Accountancy, Advertising and Legal Service Centers by the GaWC. In the city the population is spread out with 14.5% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 40.5% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who are 65 years of age or older. From this were established the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and the modern systems we use today for futures and commodity trading. The average household size is 2.30 and the average family size is 3.22. Later, people as far away as New York City began buying contracts by telegraph on the goods that would be stored in Chicago in the future. 38.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Grain was stored in Chicago, and people began buying contracts on it. There are 329,700 households out of which 16.6% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.6% are married couples living together, 8.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 56.0% are non-families.

Massive amounts of goods passed through Chicago from places in the Mississippi Valley such as St. Louis, Missouri. The ethnic makeup is 19.6% Chinese, 8.8% Irish, 7.7% German, and 6.1% English. A number of events led to this, along with Chicago's transportation systems and geographic proximity to the rest of the country. 14.10% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Modern-day futures and commodity trading markets were pioneered in Chicago. The racial makeup of the city is 49.66% White, 7.79% African American, 0.45% Native American, 30.84% Asian, 0.49% Pacific Islander, 6.48% from other races, and 4.28% from two or more races. As the major meat companies grew in Chicago many, such as Armour, created global enterprises and communicated with divisions spread across the globe via telegraph. There are 346,527 housing units at an average density of 2,865.6/km² (7,421.2/mi²).

Today, we consider industries such as steel, oil, and banking to be the great global market segments, but in the 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry represented the first global industry. The population density is 6,423.2/km² (16,634.4/mi²), making it the second densest city (and fifth densest county) in the country [3] (http://gislounge.com/features/aa041101c.shtml). The efficiency of Chicago's meat packing industry and its disassembly plants inspired others such as Henry Ford when he developed Model-T assembly lines. As of the census² of 2000, there are 776,733 people, 329,700 households, and 145,068 families residing in the city. More operating months meant hundreds of thousands of new man-hours in which people could work. See also: List of Mayors of San Francisco, California. Before this time, meat production and distribution facilities, otherwise known as disassembly plants, had to shut down in the hot summer months. The headquarters of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court of California, and the First Appelate District of the California Courts of Appeal are in San Francisco.

During the 1860s two factors helped this development: First, the Civil War increased the demand for food products, and Chicago's transportation network ensured that goods could be delivered quickly to soldiers all over the northern United States; second, meat packing plants began to utilize ice. The current President of the Board of Supervisors is Aaron Peskin. By 1862 Chicago had displaced Cincinnati, Ohio, as "Porkopolis". The current mayor is Gavin Newsom. Swift and Philip Armour helped the area to become the largest producer of meat products in the world at the time. One good place to read about San Francisco politics is at The Usual Suspects, at [2] (http://www.SFUsualSuspects.com). Great entrepreneurs such as Gustavus F. Due to its implementation, there was no December runoff election. (Although the city offices are, by state law, non-partisan, there are still considerable political differences among candidates that may generally be identified as being aligned with various parties.).

In the 1850s and 1860s Chicago's pork and beef industry exploded. In the Board of Supervisors race in November 2004, Instant Runoff Voting worked well, with many winners known on election night and all winners within a couple of days. Carl Sandburg described Chicago as a "stacker of wheat", and some would argue that the grain elevators were Chicago's first skyscrapers. A recent electoral innovation that was to be implemented for the November 2003 elections, but was not prepared in time, is the use of ranked preference voting, also known as instant runoff voting. In 1848 Chicago built its first grain elevator, and in 1858 there were twelve grain elevators dotting the skyline. While most cities in California are General Law Cities, San Francisco is one of a few Charter Cities, theoretically giving the city's voters additional control over governmental structures and allowing the city to exercise considerable control over some lands not located in the city such as those associated with San Francisco International Airport and the Hetch Hetchy water and power system. In the 1840s Chicago became the largest grain port in the world, shipping food from the Mississippi Valley region which was also growing into the largest food-producing region in the world. The eleven members of the Board are elected to represent eleven districts in the city; current elected members are listed in the table on the right.

Additionally, the building of the Illinois and Michigan Canal helped move goods south down the Mississippi River. It is governed by a mayor, who runs the executive branch of the city, and a Board of Supervisors, which comprises the legislative branch. With that, many railroads started to be built from Chicago to other parts of the country, further aiding the growth of the city. San Francisco is both a city and a county, and is the only one of California's 58 counties to possess that distinction. Situated on the Great Lakes and with so many new people settling the area, Chicago became an ideal location for shipping and receiving goods. LucasArts is located in Marin County, though the company plans to relocate to the Presidio in the next few years. Before it was incorporated as a town in 1833 the primary industry was the fur trade. Chicago's early explosive growth led many land speculators and enterprising individuals to the area. ChevronTexaco (fomerly of San Francisco) and IPIX are based in San Ramon, Safeway is based in Pleasanton, and C & H Sugar Company is based in Crockett.

In fact Chicago's gross metropolitan product would rank 18th in the world if it were a nation-state at approximately 380 billion dollars. Outside of Silicon Valley, in the East Bay, Pixar Animation is located in Emeryville. Today Chicago remains the United States' second financial center with the nation's second largest central business district and third largest gross metropolitan product. Hewlett Packard is in Palo Alto near Stanford University. Chicago has been a center for commerce in the United States for most of its modern history. Yahoo! is headquartered in Sunnyvale. Google is headquartered (at the "Googleplex") in Mountain View. Cisco Systems and Adobe Systems are headquartered in San Jose. Main article: Economy of Chicago. Sun Microsystems, Intel, Applied Materials, and McAfee are headquartered in Santa Clara.

The coldest temperature ever recorded officially in Chicago is -27°F (-33°C) on January 11, 1982, with unofficial reports of -30°F.
. Electronic Arts and Oracle Corporation are based in Redwood City. The highest official temperature ever recorded is 105°F (42°C) on July 17, 1995 during the Chicago Heat Wave. Apple Computer and Symantec are based in Cupertino. The highest temperature ever recorded in Chicago is an unofficial 109°F (44°C) on July 24, 1935. Some 65 km (~ 40 miles) south of San Francisco is the Silicon Valley, which holds much of the computing business in the world. For example, in Chicago it has snowed in September (1942), been 90°F (33°C) in March (1982), and had a day where the high and low temperatures differed by more than 65°F (31°C) in one day (February 8, 1900). Many major American and international banks and venture capital firms have all set up their regional headquarters in the city.

Chicago has four clearly defined seasons, although in certain years some seasons may overextend their welcome and linger into months they do not traditionally occupy. The Pacific Exchange, a regional stock exchange, is located in the financial district. Sudden changes of weather, large daily temperature ranges, and unpredictable precipitation patterns are all staples of Chicago weather. Mint. Chicago has a climate typical of the Midwest. Federal Reserve as well as major production facilities for the U.S. Main article: Climate of Chicago. It is the home of the twelfth district of the U.S.

. West Coast. Related topics. Because of the California gold rush, San Francisco became and remains the banking and financial center of the U.S. A list of the color aerial views of the urban area of Chicago. The geographical center of the city is on the east side of Grandview Avenue between Alvarado and Twenty-third Streets. Chicago is also recognized around the world for its magnificent skyline, and is globally ranked fourth based on number of buildings and floors.[1] (http://www.emporis.com/en/bu/sk/st/sr/). The city itself is often reputed to be roughly a seven mile by seven mile square, but in fact it is slightly smaller, 46.7 mi², of which .33 mi² are the Farallon Islands.

The Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) consists of Cook County and five surrounding Illinois counties as well as the Chicago–Gary–Kenosha Consolidated Statistical Area (CSA), which is made up of nine counties, two of them in northwestern Indiana and one in southeastern Wisconsin. The total area is 79.86% water. Connecting the Chicago River with the Des Plaines is the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. 120.9 km² (46.7 mi²) of it is land and 479.7 km² (185.2 mi²) of it is water. The city lies beside Lake Michigan and two rivers, the Chicago in Downtown Chicago and the Calumet in the industrial Far South Side, entirely or partially flow through Chicago. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city and county has a total area of 600.7 km² (231.9 mi²). The city has been built on relatively flat land; the average height of land is 579 feet (176 metres) above sea level. The fog is less pronounced during the month of September, which is generally the warmest, most summer-like month of the year.

The total area is 2.94% water. Thus, the summer temperatures are significantly lower in San Francisco than in other parts of inland California. Census Bureau, Chicago has a total area of 606.1 km² (234.0 mi²), of which 588.3 km² (227.1 mi²) is land and 17.8 km² (6.9 mi²) is water. The combination of cold ocean water and the high heat of the California mainland mean that San Francisco's western half is often shrouded in fog during the months of July and August. According to the U.S. The Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the city is particularly cold year round. When the city we know today was initially founded in the 1830s the land was swampy and most of the early building began around the mouth of the Chicago River. Snow is virtually unheard of.

Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois at the southwestern tip of Lake Michigan. Rain in the summer is extremely rare, but winters can often be very rainy. Main article: Geography of Chicago. The weather is remarkably mild all year round, with a so-called Mediterranean climate characterized by cool, foggy summers and relatively warm winters; average daily high temperatures in the summer typically range from 15 -20 degrees Celsius (the upper 60s to low 70s Fahrenheit), while in the winter it virtually never reaches freezing.
. Surrounded on three sides by water, San Francisco's climate is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean. Related topics. Coit Tower, a notable landmark dedicated to San Francisco's firefighters, is located at the top of Telegraph Hill.

The city is the county seat of Cook County. Along with New Orleans' streetcars, San Francisco's cable cars are one of only two mobile United States National Monuments. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions. It is still possible to take a cable car ride up and down Nob and Russian Hills. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. San Francisco is also famous for its Cable cars (narrow gauge, 1067 mm (3'6")), which were designed to carry residents up those steep hills. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Not to be missed are the beautiful homes and area of the city known as Pacific Heights as well as victorians in the Haight-Ashbury and the "painted ladies" of Alamo Square and the Castro.

The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. On top of Mount Davidson is a 31.4 meter (103 foot) tall cross built in 1934. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. About 1.2km (1 mile) south of Mount Sutro is San Francisco's highest mountain, Mount Davidson, which is over 282 meters (over 925 feet) high. Daley. Nearby are the equally well known Twin Peaks, which are a pair of hills resting at one of the city's highest points. The current mayor is Richard M. Dominating this area is Mount Sutro, which is the site of Sutro Tower, a large red and white radio transmission tower, that is a well known landmark to city residents.

The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. Near the geographic center of the city and away from the downtown area are a series of less populated hills. The mayor is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years. Three of San Francisco's notable hill neighborhoods are Nob Hill, Russian Hill, and Telegraph Hill, all located near Downtown. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. San Francisco is famous for its hills and the streets which run straight up and down them. Main article: Law and government of Chicago. Such land is extremely unstable during earthquakes; the resultant liquefaction during earthquakes causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake.

Related topics. Entire neighborhoods of the city such as the Marina and Hunters Point were created and sit on man made landfill (made up of mud, sand, and rubble from past earthquakes) and other reclaimation projects over the San Francisco Bay when flatland became scarce. Today, the Chinatown near 35th and Cermak is a tourist draw, and Devon avenue is a lively Indian neighborhood based on Indians and Pakistanis working as professionals in Chicago. New buildings must be built to very high structural standards, while many dollars must be spent to retrofit the city's older buildings and bridges. Prior to World War I and the dispersal and persecution of German-Americans consequent on war hysteria, Lincoln Avenue was a major German-speaking area. The threat of another major earthquake like the 1906 one plays a major role in the city's infrastructure development. Lively ethnic neighborhoods have long been a Chicago feature. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989, which also did significant damage to parts of the city, is also famous for having interrupted a World Series baseball game between the Bay Area's two Major League Baseball teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics.

In a reversal of the pattern of the 1960s which is an emulation of modern Paris, the very wealthy once again dominate the city center, with new residential housing in the Loop (even the financial district), River North (formerly the Near North Side) and south of the Loop, while the poor have been migrating to the older ring of suburbs of Chicago. The Daly City Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. At the same time, pathologies remain including homelessness and crime. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1851, 1858, 1865, and 1868. Chicago's population declines and lack of new construction, characteristic of the town during the 1960s and 1970s, have been reversed by a considerable amount of mostly private investment which make its center today quite lively, with a number of museums, a first rate symphony and opera company, and many live theaters. The most serious earthquake, in 1906, is mentioned above. In August 1968, the Democratic National Convention in Chicago was disrupted, at first by peaceful, if noisy, protests and then by what an ex-governor of Illinois characterized as a "police riot" when overworked Chicago police charged demonstrators on Michigan avenue. San Francisco lies near the San Andreas Fault; a major source of earthquake activity in California.

On December 2, 1942, the world's first controlled nuclear reaction was conducted at the University of Chicago as part of the top-secret Manhattan Project. On June 5th, the mayors of 100 cities, including the mayor of San Francisco, signed an accord that made their cities more compliant with the Kyoto Protocol. Instead, the River flowed into the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal, and eventually into the Mississippi River. In 2005, San Francisco hosted the United Nations annual World Enivronment Day, the first time it has been held in the US. The Chicago River's direction of flow was reversed in 1900 to prevent sewage from running into Lake Michigan, the city's water source. While somewhat controversial, the law will go into effect on July 1, 2005. Today, Chicago remains a town of still-strong unions as a result of a tradition of labor militancy. Other California cities have enacted similar outdoor smoking bans (though not as far-reaching), but San Francisco's new anti-smoking policy is significant considering the city's size and cultural influence on the rest of the state and the nation.

The 1880s and 1890s were a time when many Chicagoans made their fortune, but the ordinary person's lot was fairly grim, with poor housing, disease and long hours the norm. Two noted events of this period were the Haymarket Riot, which started in a way that is still under debate and the Pullman Strike of 1894, started when railcar magnate George Pullman turned workers out of their company housing when they were no longer needed. California's statewide smoking bans already being some of the toughest in the nation, the new policy in San Francisco represents an even stricter stance on public smoking. Chicago's resurgence onto the world scene was capped by the World Columbian Exposition (1893 Chicago World's Fair). San Francisco's history of innovative ordinances was seen again with the 2004 decision to ban outdoor smoking in all city-owned parks, plazas and public sports venues, amongst other outdoor areas. The first skyscraper was constructed in 1885 using novel steel-skeleton construction. Newsom also helped enact a strong new homeless policy, "Care Not Cash," in which the checks that homeless people previously received were replaced with vouchers for housing. In the following years, Chicago rebuilt itself and its architecture became influential throughout the world. The California Supreme Court later invalidated these licenses.

In 1871, most of the city burned in the Great Chicago Fire. to issue same-sex marriage licenses in February, 2004. The 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago nominated home-state candidate Abraham Lincoln. The newly elected Mayor Newsom, who won by a close margin, burst onto the national political scene when, in defiance of state law, he led San Francisco to become the first city in the U.S. In 1855, the level of the city was raised four to seven feet, with individual buildings jacked up and fill brought in to raise streets above the swamp. The 2003 mayoral election of Matt Gonzalez versus Gavin Newsom was notable in that it was between a candidate of the progressive left and a moderate liberal, conservative candidates having had a hard time in the city. Chicago also became home to nationwide retailers such as Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck and Company that offered catalog shopping using these connections. Though top officials were formally indicted, they were soon exonerated, but with considerable damage to their reputations, and having brought the city nationwide ridicule.

Chicago would go on to become the transportation hub of the United States with its road, rail, and water (and later air) connections. The resulting scandal was dubbed "Fajitagate" after it was alleged that high-ranking officers within the Police Department had tried to cover up the incident. The first rail line to Chicago, the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, was also completed in 1848. In November of 2002, three off-duty police officers (one the son of the assistant chief) allegedly assaulted two civilians over a bag of steak fajitas. The opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1848 allowed shipping from the Great Lakes through Chicago to the Mississippi River and so to the Gulf of Mexico. The success of Craigslist stands as a testament to the over-production of the dot-com era. On March 4, 1837, Chicago was granted a city charter by the state. Craig Newmark founded the website Craigslist based in his San Francisco home.

On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was incorporated with a population of 350. South of Market, where many dot com companies were located, had been bustling and crowded with few vacancies, but by 2002 was a virtual wasteland of empty offices and for-rent signs. It was destroyed in the Fort Dearborn Massacre during the War of 1812, but was rebuilt in 1816 and remained in use until 1837. By 2001, the boom was over, and many people left San Francisco. In 1803, Fort Dearborn was built. The resulting backlash resulted in a progressive majority winning control of the Board of Supervisors in the 2000 election. In 1795, the Chicago area was ceded by the Native Americans in the Treaty of Greenville to the United States for use as a military post. The rising rents forced many people and businesses to leave, and this caused considerable tension in the city's politics.

In the 1770s the first non-native settler, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a Haitian of African descent, settled on the banks of the Chicago River. During the dot-com boom of the 1990s, large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer software professionals moved into the city, followed by marketing and sales professionals, and changed the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became gentrified. The area now known as Chicago was primarily inhabited by Potawatomis. Known in most of the United States as the "World Series Quake," but in California and by seismologists as the Loma Prieta earthquake, it caused significant destruction and loss of life throughout the greater bay area. Main article: History of Chicago. The quake also caused extensive damage in the Marina District and the South of Market. Its unique cuisine, skyscrapers and sports teams are also the most recognized symbols of the city. The damage to these freeways was so extensive, that they were eventually demolished.

Chicago is known for its cultural and ethnic diversity and frontier and political history. The quake severely damaged many of the city's freeway's including the Embarcadero Freeway and the Central Freeway. With several colloquial nicknames, Chicago is ranked by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network as one of the ten alpha world cities. On October 17, 1989, an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the Richter magnitude scale struck on the San Andreas Fault near Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz mountains, approximately 70 miles south of San Francisco, during game 3 of the 1989 World Series. A former frontier town in existence for over 175 years, Chicago is located in the midwest state of Illinois along the western shores of Lake Michigan. Present mayor Gavin Newsom's policy on the homeless is the controversial "Care Not Cash" program where he plans to end the city's generous welfare policies towards the homeless and instead wants the homeless to be put in affordable housing and attend city funded drug rehabilitation and job training programs. Chicago and Chicagoland, when combined with the greater Milwaukee region, is often considered a megacity or megalopolis with a population that nears approximately 12 million people. His successor, Willie Brown, was able to largely ignore the problem, riding on the strong economy into a second term.

The city itself covers 606.1 km² (234.0 mi²) but when combined with its suburbs and eight collar counties, forming the greater metropolitan area known as Chicagoland, it encompasses more than 5,000 mi² with a population that nears approximately 10 million people. And it did displace them - to the rest of the city. Classified as a world class city, it is the fourth largest in North America and the seventh largest in Western Hemisphere. Jordan launched the "MATRIX" program the next year, which aimed to displace the homeless through aggressive police action. Chicago, Illinois — officially the City of Chicago and colloquially known as Chicago, the Second City and the Windy City — is the third largest city of the United States after New York City and Los Angeles and is the largest inland city of the nation. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 2,896,016 people. Mayor Art Agnos (1988-92) was the first to attack the problem, and not the last; it is a top issue for San Franciscans even today. Agnos allowed the homeless to camp in the Civic Center park, which led to its title of "Camp Agnos." The failure of this lenient policy led to his being replaced by Frank Jordan in 1992.
. During the 1980s, homeless people began appearing in large numbers in the city, the result of factors that were affecting the country at large, combined with San Francisco's attractive environment and generous welfare policies, economic and social changes, and the availability of addictive drugs are often cited as reasons for the growth of the problem.

Miller ISBN 0684801949. This law has become a standard in many of the world's cities today, and pushed skyscraper construction to the South of Market district where it is still ongoing. City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America by Donald L. Similar to the freeway revolt in the city decades earlier, a "skyscraper revolt" forced the city to enact height restriction limits on tall buildings. The Encyclopedia of Chicago (online version) (http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/). This was met with widespread opposition with the city's residents who felt that the skyscrapers ruined views and destroyed San Francisco's unique character. The Encyclopedia of Chicago ISBN 0226310159. Under former Mayor, and now US senator, Diane Feinstein, San Francisco underwent "Manhattanization" when many of the large skyscrapers present in the Financial District and residential condominiums were built across the city in the late 1970s through the 1980s.

City of Chicago Homepage (http://www.cityofchicago.org/). San Francisco has more gays and lesbians than any other US city. Travel guide to Chicago, Illinois from Wikitravel. Today, the gay population of the city is estimated to be at about 15%, and gays remain an important force in the city's politics. Photos of Chicago - Terra Galleria (http://www.terragalleria.com/america/mid-west/illinois/). In the 1980s, the AIDS virus wreaked havoc on the gay community there. Spertus Institute - Museum dedicated solely to Judaica. Because of the rise of this new population, as well as the overall change in ethnic and cultural demographics, tensions arose in the city, and these tensions led to tragedy in 1978 when a conservative member of the Board of Supervisors and a former cop, Dan White, murdered San Francisco's first openly gay elected official, Supervisor Harvey Milk and the city's mayor George Moscone on November 27 (see "Twinkie Defense").

The Pacific Northwest–themed Oceanarium features dolphins, whales, and other animals from the region, as well as a panoramic view of Lake Michigan. In the 1970s, large numbers of gay people moved to San Francisco's Castro district, which previous to their arrival, had been abandoned by Irish-Americans who moved en masse to the more affluent and culturally homogenous suburbs. Located on the Museum Campus, the Shedd Aquarium is home to a large collection of marine life from throughout the world. When drugs and violence began to become a serious problem in the Haight, many lesbians and gays simply moved "over the hill", to the Castro. Lake Shore Dr., +1 312-939-2438. These lesbians and gays were the prime movers of Gay Liberation and often lived communally, buying (like their straight counterparts) decrepit Victorians in the Haight and fixing them up. Shedd Aquarium, 1200 S. The late 1960s also brought in a new wave of lesbians and gays who were more radical and less mainstream and who had flocked to San Francisco not only for its gay-friendly reputation, but for its reputation as a radical, left-wing epicenter.

Museum of Science and Industry. On the rave scene, the city was the first to host the Love Parade outside its birthplace of Berlin, Germany in 2004. Museum of Holography. During the 1980s and 1990s San Francisco became a major focal point in the North American--and international-- punk and rave scene. Oriental Institute, part of the University of Chicago, one of the best collections of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archeology in the world. Another peculiar development is that the Church Of Satan was founded and made its headquarters in San Francisco in 1966. $10 ($6 student, free Tu after 5PM). At this time, the "San Francisco sound" emerged as an influential force in rock music, with such acts as the Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead achieving international prominence, blurring the boundaries between folk, rock and jazz traditions and further developing the lyrical content of rock.

Art of all types from around the world made since 1945. Thousands of young people poured into the Haight-Ashbury district of the city during 1967, which was known as the Summer of Love. Tu 10AM-8PM, W-Su 10AM-5PM. During the latter half of the following decade, the 1960s, San Francisco was the center of hippie culture. Chicago Ave., +1 312-280-2660. Some of the story of the evolving arts scene of the 1950s is told in the article San Francisco Renaissance. Museum of Contemporary Art, 220 E. San Francisco has often been a magnet for America's counterculture. During the 1950s, City Lights Bookstore in the North Beach neighborhood was an important publisher of Beat Generation literature.

$12 ($7 children, seniors and students; Monday and Tuesday are free seasonally). His planning led to the creation of Embarcadero Center, the Embarcadero Freeway, Japantown, the Geary Street superblocks, and Yerba Buena Gardens. Highlights include the largest Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton in the world as well as a great, kids-friendly Egyptian exhibit. He began levelling entire areas in San Francisco's Western Addition and Japantown neighborhoods. Chicago's natural history museum. Enacting eminent domain whenever necessary, he set upon a plan to tear down huge areas of the city and replace them with modern construction. Critics accused Herman of racism for what was perceived as attempts to create segregation and displacement of African-Americans. Many African-Americans were forced to move from their homes near the Fillmore jazz district to newly constructed projects such as the near the naval base Hunter's Point or even to cities such as Oakland. Every day 9AM-5PM. Justin Herman began an aggressive campaign to renew blighted areas of the city.

Lake Shore Dr., +1 312-922-9410. In the 1950s San Francisco hired Harvard graduate Justin Herman to head the redevelopment agency for the city and county. Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. The neighborhoods once covered by these freeways have been rebuilt, and the restoration of the Embarcadero, San Francisco's historic bay waterfront, as a public space has been especially successful. The ceiling of Preston Bradley Hall includes a 38-foot Tiffany glass dome. Over the course of several referenda, San Francisco's residents elected not to rebuild either structure. Built in 1897 as Chicago's first public library, the building now houses the city's Visitor Information Center, galleries, and exhibit halls. In 1989, the Loma Prieta earthquake destroyed the Embarcadero Freeway and portions of the so-called Central Freeway.

Except holidays, M-Th 10AM-7PM, F 10AM-6PM, Sa 10AM-5PM, Su 11AM-5PM. Although some minor modifications have been allowed to the ends of existing freeways, the city's anti-freeway policy has remained in place ever since. Washington St. In 1959, the Board of Supervisors voted to halt construction of any more freeways in the city, an event known as the Freeway Revolt. Chicago Cultural Center (Home Page (http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Tourism/CultureCenterTour/)), 78 E. Caltrans tried to minimize displacement (and its land acquisition costs) by building double-decker freeways, but the crude state of civil engineering at that time resulted in construction of some embarrassingly ugly freeways which ultimately turned out to be seismically unsafe. Famous pieces include American Gothic by Grant Wood, and A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat. However, Caltrans soon encountered strong resistance in San Francisco, for the city's high population density meant that virtually any right-of-way would displace a large number of people.

Michigan Ave. One of the premier museums in the United States. During the early 1950s, Caltrans commenced an aggressive freeway construction program in the Bay Area. Art Institute of Chicago, 111 S. The Treaty of San Francisco which established peaceful relations with Japan, was drafted and signed there six years later in 1951. Public Transit Trip Planner (http://tripsweb.rtachicago.com/). The United Nations Charter was also drafted in San Francisco in 1945. Chicago Pedway. During World War II, San Francisco was the major mainland supply point and port of embarkation for the war in the Pacific.

Chicago Tunnel Company. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge was opened in 1936 and the Golden Gate Bridge in 1937. Chicago Trolley Company. On July 22, 1916 a bomb exploded on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 and injuring 40. Route 66. In 1915, the city hosted the Panama-Pacific Exposition, officially to celebrate the opening of the Panama Canal, but also as a showcase of the vibrant completely rebuilt city less than a decade after the Earthquake. Chicago rail stations. Unwilling to evict the remains of San Francisco's most prominent founding citizens, however, the above-ground Columbarium of San Francisco was allowed to remain, whose 30,000 deceased residents are the only permitted within the city to this day.

Chicago Regional Port District. In 1912, this time with no excuse other than the rising value of real estate, all remaining cemeteries in the city were evicted to south of the city limit, where in the modern-day town of Colma the dead now outnumber the living more than ten-thousand to one. Multilevel streets in Chicago. [1] (http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/news/10737701.htm) See also: 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Streets and highways of Chicago. With the centennial of the disaster approaching, a city supervisor sponsored a resolution to amend the death toll, noting "there is evidence to show the number was suppressed for political reasons" (namely that the city's reputation would have suffered). Mass transit in Chicago. Many residents were trapped between the water on three sides and the approaching fire, and a mass evacuation similar to that of the later Battle of Dunkirk to safety across the Bay saved thousands.

Airports of Chicago. The official reported death toll was 478, but most historians agree the true tally was much higher, probably over 3,000. Chicagoland hospitals. Water mains ruptured throughout San Francisco, and the fires that followed burned out of control for days, destroying the vast majority of buildings in the city. U.S. cities with teams from four major sports. The quake is estimated by modern scientists to have reached 8.25 on the Richter scale. Chicago Wolves. On April 18, 1906, a devastating earthquake resulted from the rupture of over 270 miles of the San Andreas Fault, from San Juan Bautista to Eureka, centered immediately offshore of San Francisco.

Chicago Bruisers. A fifteen-block section of Chinatown was quarantined while city leaders squabbled over the proper course to take, but the outbreak was finally eradicated by 1905. Chicago Enforcers. Burials moved to the undeveloped area just south of the city limit, now the town of Colma, California. Chicago Rush. Mistakenly believing that interred corpses contributed to the transmission of plague, and possibly also motivated by the opportunity for profitable land speculation, city leaders banned all cemeteries within the city. Chicago Blitz. In 1900, a ship from China brought with it rats infected with bubonic plague.

Chicago Motor Speedway. Norton. Arlington Park. One of most colorful figures of late 19th century San Francisco was "Emperor" Joshua A. List of non-fiction about Chicago. The Sisters of Mercy were contracted to run San Francisco's first county hospital at the height of the cholera epidemic, and in 1857, the order opened its own charity hospital, Mercy Hospital of San Francisco, which is still in operation today at its original location on Stanyan Street. List of fiction set in Chicago. The responsibility for caring for the indigent sick had previously rested on the state, but faced with the San Francisco cholera epidemic, the state legislature devolved this responsibility to the counties, setting the precedent for California's system of county hospitals for the poor still in effect today.

Area code 773. As the city's rapid gold-rush area population growth had significantly outstripped the development of infrastructure, including sanitation, a serious cholera epidemic quickly broke out. Area code 312. Carolina) docked in San Francisco. Area codes