Calvin Coolidge

. Free software available at alphaWorks (IBM's showcase for emerging software technology):. Coolidge appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:. The initial developments of this project include scroll mice and other input devices that sense the user's pulse, monitor his or her facial expressions, and the movement of his or her eyelids.
. The technology aims to enable devices to recognize and use natural input, such as facial expressions. [11]. BlueEyes is the name of a human recognition venture initiated by IBM to allow people to interact with computers in a more natural manner.

An academic conference on Coolidge was held July 30-31, 1998, at the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library to mark the 75th anniversary of his lantern-light homestead inaugural. The company will retain the right to use certain IBM brand names for an initial period of five years. [10]. IBM will have a 19% stake in Lenovo, which will move its headquarters to New York State and appoint an IBM executive as its chief executive officer. The State of Vermont dedicated a new historic-site visitors' center nearby to mark Coolidge's 100th birthday on July 4, 1972. The deal was approved by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States in March 2005, and completed in May 2005. Coolidge is buried beneath a simple headstone in Notch Cemetery, Plymouth Notch, Vermont, where the family homestead is maintained as a museum. In 2004, IBM announced the proposed sale of its PC business to Chinese computer maker Lenovo, which is partially owned by the Chinese government, for USD650 million in cash and USD600 million in Lenovo stock.

Shortly before his death, Coolidge confided to an old friend: "I feel I no longer fit in these times.". Since that loss, IBM has made major changes in its business activities, shifting its focus significantly away from components and hardware and towards software and services. Prior to his death, Coolidge felt disappointed about Hoover's re-election defeat, after which his health began to decline very rapidly. On January 19, 1993 IBM announced a USD4.97 billion loss for 1992, which was at that time the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history. in Northampton, Massachusetts on January 5, 1933 at the age of 60. Litigation continued until 1983, and had a significant impact on the company's practices. He died suddenly of coronary thrombosis at his home, "The Beeches," at 12:45 p.m. The suit alleged that IBM violated the Section 2 of the Sherman Act by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business.

Coolidge published an autobiography in 1929 and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Calvin Coolidge Says," from 1930-1931. IBM in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, on January 17, 1969. [9]. v. In his post-White House years, Coolidge served as chairman of the non-partisan Railroad Commission, as honorary president of the Foundation of the Blind, as director of New York Life Insurance Company, as president of the American Antiquarian Society, and as trustee of Amherst College. Department of Justice, which filed a complaint for the case U.S. Coolidge did not seek renomination; he announced his decision with typical terseness: "I do not choose to run for President in 1928." After leaving office, he and wife Grace returned to Northampton, Mass., where his political career had begun. IBM's success in the mid-1960s led to inquiries as to IBM antitrust violations by the U.S.

The treaty, ratified in 1929, committed signatories including the U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan to "renounce war, as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another." [8]. It was originally known as the IBM System/360 and, in far more modern 64-bit form, is now known as the IBM zSeries (often referred to as "IBM mainframes"). A notable foreign-affairs initiative of the Coolidge administration was the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, named for Coolidge's Secretary of State, Frank Kellogg, and for French foreign minister Aristide Briand. The IBM computer range that earned it its position in the market at that time is still growing today. Did he support these measures while president? No, because in the 1920s, such matters were considered the responsibilities of state and local governments." [7]. General Electric remains one of the world's largest companies, but no longer operates in the computer market. Although some later commentators have dismissed Coolidge as a doctrinaire, laissez-faire ideologue, historian Robert Sobel offers some context based on Coolidge's sense of federalism: "As Governor of Massachusetts, Coolidge supported wages and hours legislation, opposed child labor, imposed economic controls during World War I, favored safety measures in factories, and even worker representation on corporate boards. NCR and Honeywell dropped out of the general mainframe and mini sector and concentrated on lucrative niche markets.

During his Presidency, the United States experienced a wildly successful period of economic growth: the so-called "Roaring Twenties." Coolidge not only lowered taxes, but also reduced the national debt. Most of those companies are now long gone as IBM competitors, except for Unisys, which is the result of multiple mergers that included UNIVAC and Burroughs. Coolidge was the last President of the United States who did not attempt to intervene in free markets, letting business cycles run their course. When only Burroughs, Univac, NCR and Honeywell produced mainframes, a bit later, people talked of "IBM and the B.U.N.C.H.". Coolidge made use of the new medium of radio and made radio history several times while president: his inauguration was the first presidential inauguration broadcast on radio; on February 12, 1924 he became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio and on February 22 he also became the first to deliver such a speech from the White House. People in this business would talk of "IBM and the seven dwarfs", given the much smaller size of the other companies or of their computer divisions. He was easily elected President of the United States in his own right in 1924. IBM was the largest of the eight major computer companies (with UNIVAC, Burroughs, Scientific Data Systems, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, RCA and Honeywell) through most of the 1960s.

[6]. Crago), "we couldn't imagine where we could absorb two thousand programmers at IBM when this job would be over someday." IBM would use its experience designing massive, integrated real-time networks with SAGE to design its SABRE airline reservation system, which met with much success. Occasionally, he would flip through the entire stack and announce, "I have no questions today." The reporters were not allowed to quote him directly, or even to attribute his remarks to "a White House spokesman." It was nothing like today's open, sometimes disputatious press conferences. IBM neglected, however, to gain an even more dominant role in the nascent industry by allowing the RAND Corporation to take over the job of programming the new computers, because, according to one project participant (Robert P. When reporters were admitted to his office, he would go through the slips, discarding any he had no desire to address. More valuable to the company in the long run than the profits, however, was the access to cutting-edge research into digital computers being done under military auspices. Louis Lyons, a Washington newsman in the 1920s and later an official of Harvard's Nieman Foundation for Journalism, recalled that Coolidge required all questions to be submitted in advance, written on slips of paper. IBM built fifty-six SAGE computers at the price of $30 million each, and at the peak of the project devoted more than 7,000 employees (20% of its then workforce) to the project.

[5] Coolidge's press conferences, however, reflected his reticent personality with a vengeance. Working on the SAGE anti-aircraft system, IBM gained access to crucial research being done at MIT, working on the first real-time, digital computer (which included many other advancements such as an integrated video display, magnetic core memory, light guns, the first effective algebraic computer language, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion techniques, digital data transmission over telephone lines, duplexing, multiprocessing, and networks). Roosevelt who averaged about 6.9. In the 1950s, IBM became a chief contractor for developing computers for the United States Air Force's automated defense systems. He also managed to hold 520 press conferences, averaging 7.8 per month, somewhat higher than Franklin D. IBM has donated more than 10,000 pages of archived documents concerning Dehomag to Hohenheim University in Germany and New York University. Making use of the new medium of radio, he delivered an address about once a month. As of 2004 IBM's possible complicity in the Holocaust is the subject of at least one unresolved lawsuit.

Even though Coolidge was said to be somewhat tight-lipped, he delivered more speeches than any other president up to that time. The author responded to these claims here. Upon telling Coolidge of her wager, he replied simply with the words "You lose."[4] However another one of Coolidge's dinner guests had this to say "I cannot help feeling that persons who complained about his silence as a dinner partner never really tried to get beyond trivialities to which he did not think it worth while to respond.". The credibility of Black's book has been questioned, as has its claim that the Holocaust would have been impossible without Dehomag's data processing systems. It is said that a White House dinner guest once made a bet with her friends that she could get the president to say at least three words during the course of the meal. Watson knew of the German regime's activities and was indifferent to any moral issues. He said that "when he died, the glory of the Presidency went with him.". In 2001 author Edwin Black published a book titled IBM and the Holocaust, which alleged that Thomas J.

People who knew the President said he never fully recovered from his son's death. Dehomag was taken over by the Nazis in December 1941. After that, Coolidge, a man of few words, who had already earned the nickname "Silent Cal," became more withdrawn. During World War II, IBM's German subsidiary Dehomag (an acronym formed from "German Hollerith Machine Company Ltd") provided the Nazi regime with punch card machines. died. Over time CTR came to focus purely on the punched card business, and ceased its involvement in the other activities. The blister became infected, and Calvin, Jr. The companies that merged to form CTR manufactured a wide range of products, including employee time keeping systems, weighing scales, automatic meat slicers, and most importantly for the development of the computer, punched card equipment.

Before his election in 1924, Coolidge's younger son, Calvin, Jr., contracted a blister from playing tennis on the White House courts. On February 14, 1924, CTR changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation. Calvin Coolidge was in Vermont, the morning of August 3rd (EST). Watson Sr., the founder of IBM, became General Manager of CTR in 1914 and President in 1915. His father, a notary public, administered the oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of a kerosene lamp; Coolidge was resworn by a federal official upon his return to Washington, D.C. Thomas J. Coolidge was visiting at the family home, still without electricity or telephone, when he got word of Harding's death. The president of the Tabulating Machine Corporation at that time was Herman Hollerith, who had founded the company in 1896.

Upon Harding's death, Coolidge became President on August 2, 1923. This company was a merger of the Tabulating Machine Corporation, the Computing Scale Corporation and the International Time Recording Company. Harding was inaugurated on March 4, 1921, and served until August 2, 1923. It originated as the Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR) Corporation, which was incorporated on June 15, 1911 in Binghamton, New York. Roosevelt in a landslide, 60.36 to 34.19 percent (404 to 127 in the electoral college). IBM's history dates back decades before the development of electronic computers – before that it developed punched card data processing equipment. Cox and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. There has also been a steadily increasing movement of labour to cheap offshore countries such as India.

The Harding-Coolidge ticket won handily against Ohio Governor James M. After posting weaker than expected revenues in the first quarter of 2005, IBM eliminated 14,500 positions from its workforce, predominantly in Europe. However, convention delegates stampeded and nominated Coolidge. In more recent years there have been a number of broad sweeping cuts to the workforce as IBM attempts to adapt to changing market conditions and a declining profit base. Party leaders wanted to nominate Wisconsin Senator Irvine Lenroot for vice president. Historically IBM has had a good reputation of long term staff retention with very little large scale layoffs. Harding of Ohio. IBM employees won the lawsuit and arrived at a partial settlement, although appeals are still underway.

Coolidge made a half-hearted effort to secure the Republican presidential nomination in 1920, losing to Senator Warren G. In the 1990s, two major pension program changes, including a conversion to a cash balance plan, resulted in an employee class action lawsuit alleging age discrimination. he later wrote to labor leader Samuel Gompers, "there is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime." [2][3]. Alliance@IBM, part of the Communications Workers of America, is trying to organize IBM in the U.S. In 1919, Coolidge gained national attention when he ordered the Massachusetts National Guard to forcefully end the Boston Police Department strike. The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing, although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States. He was lieutenant governor of the state from 1916-1918, and Governor from 1919-1920. IBM is the only technology company ranked in Working Mother Magazine's Top 10 for 2004.

Coolidge was elected mayor of Northampton in 1910 and 1911, was a member of the State senate 1912-1915, serving as president of that body in 1914 and 1915. More recently, IBM received a 100% rating on the Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign starting in 2003, the second year of the report. Grace's reply was "Did you marry me to darn your socks?" Without cracking a smile and with his usual seriousness, Calvin answered, "No, but I find it mighty handy."[1]. IBM's efforts to promote workforce diversity and equal opportunity date back at least to World War I, when the company hired disabled veterans. Not long after their marriage Coolidge handed her a bag with 52 pairs of holey socks. IBM. She was talkative and fun-loving and Coolidge was quiet and serious. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however; see SCO v.

They were complete opposites personality-wise. This includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. In 1905, Coolidge married Grace Anna Goodhue. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux. He practiced law in Northampton, Massachusetts, and was a member of the city council in 1899, city solicitor from 1900-1902, clerk of courts in 1904, and representative from 1907-1908. IBM's culture has been recently influenced by the open source movement. He attended Amherst College, in Massachusetts, graduating in 1895. In 2004 another WorldJam was conducted in which more than 52,000 employees participated to exchange best practices for 72 hours.

He dropped John from his name upon graduating from college. "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters - for our company and the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships". Coolidge was the only president to be born on the 4th of July (Independence Day). The company values have been updated to reflect modern business, marketplace and employee views. and Victoria Moor. In 2003 the IBM company embarked on an ambitious project to rewrite its company values through a world-jam over the internet involving more than 50,000 employees over 3 days. He was born in Plymouth, Windsor County, Vermont on July 4, 1872 to John Calvin Coolidge, Sr. But by the 1990s, IBM relaxed these codes; the dress and behavior of its employees does not differ appreciably from that of their counterparts in large technology companies.

. For most of the 20th century, a blue suit, white shirt and dark tie was the public uniform of IBM employees. Harding. In addition, middle and top management would often be enlisted to give direct support to salesmen in the process of making sales to important customers. John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the twenty-ninth Vice President (1921-1923) and the thirtieth President of the United States (1923-1929), succeeding to that office upon the death of Warren G. Traditionally, many of its executives and general managers would be chosen from its sales force. Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum. IBM has often been described as having a sales-centric or a sales-oriented business culture.

Wombats and Such: Calvin and Grace Coolidge and Their Pets. Starting from the date of the acquisition, Lenovo will have five years' use of the IBM and "Think" trademarks. Coolidge effect. IBM will maintain a significant (about 19%) stake in the new division. presidential election, 1924. The new division will be headquartered in New York. U.S. As of 10 December 2004, IBM has finalized negotiations to sell its PC division to China-based Lenovo.

presidential election, 1920. [4], [5]. U.S. Protection of the company's intellectual property has grown into a business in its own right, generating over $10 billion dollars [3] to the bottom line for the company during this period. "There is no right to strike against the public safety of anybody, anywhere, any time."*. [2]. "The chief business of the American people is business."*. That twelve-year period has resulted in over 29,000 patents for which IBM is the primary assignee.

"I do not choose to run for President in 1928.". patents than any other company. Without looking at her he quietly retorted, "You lose."). In every year from 1993 until 2004, IBM has been granted significantly more U.S. "You lose." (His wife, Grace Goodhue Coolidge, recounted that a young woman sitting next to Coolidge at a dinner party confided to him she had bet she could get at least three words of conversation from him. In recent years IBM has steadily increased its patent portfolio, which is valuable for cross-licensing with other companies. If the foundation be firm, the foundation will stand.". This program will be implemented over the coming years.

We do not need more of the things that are seen, we need more of the things that are unseen. In 2002, IBM announced the beginning of a $10 billion program to research and implement the infrastructure technology necessary to be able to provide supercomputer-level resources "on demand" to all businesses as a metered utility. We do not need more law, we need more religion. . We do not need more government, we need more culture. In the USA, they have earned four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science, and outside the USA, many equivalents. We do not need more knowledge, we need more character. IBM employees have won five Nobel Prizes.

"We do not need more intellectual power, we need more moral power. IBM Research has eight laboratories, all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with five of those locations outside of the United States. "The nation which forgets its defenders will be itself forgotten.". That total includes about 350 Distinguished Engineers and 60 IBM Fellows, its most senior engineers. The slogan "press on" has solved and always will solve the problems of the human race.". The company is increasingly focused on business solution driven consulting, services and software, with emphasis also on high value chips and hardware technologies; as of 2005 it employs about 195,000 technical professionals. Persistence and determination alone are omnipotent. In 2002 the company strengthened its business advisory capabilities by acquiring the consulting arm of professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Education will not; the world is full of educated derelicts. Palmisano was elected CEO on January 29, 2002 after having led IBM's Global Services, and helping it to become a business with a $100 billion in backlog in 2004 [1]. Genius will not; unrewarded genius is almost a proverb. Samuel J. Talent will not; nothing is more common than unsuccessful people with talent. In recent years, services and consulting revenues have been larger than those from manufacturing. "Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and development laboratories located all over the world, in all segments of computer science and information technology; some of them are pioneers in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.

It means looking out for yourself by looking out for your country.". With over 330,000 employees worldwide and revenues of $96 billion (figures from 2004), IBM is the largest information technology company in the world, and one of the few with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. "Patriotism is easy to understand in America. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. "I have noticed that nothing I never said ever did me any harm.". International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) NYSE: IBM (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, NY, USA. "Collecting more taxes than absolutely necessary is legalized robbery.". FairUCE: A spam filter that stops spam by verifying sender identity instead of filtering content.

Signed Revenue Act of 1928. (This is an ETTK technology.). Signed Radio Act of 1927. Policy Management for Autonomic Computing: A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and business processes. Signed Revenue Act of 1926. Database File Archive And Restoration Management: An application for archiving and restoring hard disk files whose file references are stored in a database. Signed Revenue Act of 1924. IBM Performance Simulator for Linux on POWER: A tool that provides users of Linux on Power a set of performance models for IBM's POWER processors.

Signed Immigration Act of 1924. [7] [8]. Harlan Fiske Stone - 1925. Examples from Wikipedia. Harding died in California, August 2nd (PST),. History Flow Visualization Application: A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors. Note: Warren G. Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture: A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys.

Now Motient. ARDIS mobile packet network, a joint venture with Motorola. AT&T Business Internet, formerly IBM Global Network, formerly Advantis (joint venture with Sears). Prodigy, formerly a joint venture with Sears.

ScanSoft now sell and support IBM's speech technology products under the ViaVoice brand. IBM continues to develop storage solutions, including Tape Backup, Storage software, etc. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies now provides many of the hardware storage solutions formerly provided by IBM, including IBM Harddrives & The Microdrive. IBM Printing Systems now competes with Lexmark.

Lexmark has sold its keyboard and typewriter businesses. Lexmark (keyboards, typewriters, and printers). Taligent, a joint software venture with Apple Computer. December, 2004 Lenovo acquires IBM Personal Systems Group, 10 000 employees and $9 billion in revenue.

1958 Time Equipment Division is sold to the Simplex Time Recorder Company. 1942 Ticketograph Division is sold to the National Postal Meter Company. 1934 Dayton Scale Division is sold to the Hobart Manufacturing Company. August, 2005 DWL.

July 2005 PureEdge. May 2005 Gluecode. February 2005 Corio crio for $211 million. October, 2004 Systemcorp.

August, 2004 Venetica. July, 2004 Cyanea Systems. July, 2004 Alphablox. April, 2004 Candle Corp., Daksh eServices in India.

March, 2004 Logicalis Australia and Logical CSI New Zealand, renamed to Cerulean Solutions in April 2005. 2004 Maersk Data & DMData. July. 2003 Presence Online, Aptrix.

2003 Rational Software Corporation for $2.1 billion. October, 2003 CrossAccess. 2002 PricewaterhouseCoopers' Consulting for $3.5 billion (recalculated by IBM in August 2003 as $3.9 billion). January, 2002 Crossworlds.

2001 Informix Software (a purchase of assets rather than a true acquisition) for $1.0 billion. 1999 Sequent Computer Systems for $810 million. 1999 Mylex Corporation. 1998 CommQuest Technologies.

1997 Unison Software. 1997 Software Artistry for $200 million. 1995 Tivoli Systems for $750 million. 1995 Lotus Development Corporation for $3.5 billion.

1986 RealCom Communications Corporation. 1984 ROLM. August, 1959 Pierce Wire Recorder Corporation. 1941 Munitions Manufacturing Corporation.

(See: IBM Electromatic typewriter). 1933 Electromatic Typewriters Inc. 1932 National Counting Scale Company. 1930 Automatic Accounting Scale Company.

1924 C-T-R renamed IBM. 1921 Ticketograph Company (of Chicago). 1921 Pierce Accounting Machine Company (asset purchase). 1917 C-T-R opens in Canada as IBM.

1917 American Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R) as International Scale Company. 1911 Tabulating Machine Company acquired by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R). 1911 International Time Recording Company acquired by Computing-Time-Recording Company (C-T-R). 1911 Computing Scale Company acquired by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R).

1908 Syracuse Time Recording Company acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1907 Dey Time Registers acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1902 Bundy Manufacturing Company acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1901 Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.

1901 Dayton Moneyweight Scale Company acquire by Computing Scale Company. 1901 Chicago Time-Register Company acquire by International Time Recording Company. 1900 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester) acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company.

1896 Tabulating Machine Company incorporated. 1896 Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated. 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated. 1893 Dey Patents Company (Dey Time Registers) incorporated.

1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated. 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated. Patents). (Reference: USPTO Releases Annual List of Top 10 Organizations Receiving Most U.S.

IBM received 3,248 patents that year. In 2004, for the twelfth consecutive year, IBM was awarded the greatest number of patents by the USPTO. It has been calculated that, if the Rochester, Minnesota facility that produces the machine were independent, it would be the third largest computer company in the world. It was the first successful 64-bit machine.

The IBM iSeries minicomputer (in its 24-year history also variously known as i5, AS/400 and System/38) is the world's largest-selling computer family, if PC-type machines are excluded. IBM agreed to sell its PC division to Lenovo in December 2004 and, when the sale is complete, will come out of the business of manufacturing / designing / selling PCs, the business which it created in 1981. The IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981; Microsoft and Intel became monopoly suppliers of two of the key components of PC-compatible systems. Whilst IBM did not invent the personal computer, architectures cloned from its design for the IBM PC (which relied on third-party componentry) became the industry standard, and are now often simply called the PC.

Sexual orientation was added to the nondiscrimination policy in 1984. In 1953, IBM published the first US corporate mandate on equal employment opportunity, stating that the company would hire people based on their ability, "regardless of race, color or creed". In 1944, IBM was the first corporation to support the United Negro College Fund. IBM also made clocks until they sold their time division in 1958.

From 1942 to 1944 IBM was one of nine companies contracted by the US Government to produce M1 Carbine rifles; these are now sought-after antiques. [6]. The problem lies with extermination camps, about which there were already a lot of war rumours, but nothing that could be confirmed or inferred formally before their discovery by allies in 1945. Note however that concentration camps are a perfectly legal war disposition regulated by the Geneva convention.

was aware of their use. Watson, Sr. It has been alleged by a journalist that IBM president Thomas J. From 1933 to 1944, IBM punch card machines were installed at various German concentration camps.

They will have the same treatment, the same responsibilities and the same opportunities for advancement.". wrote: "Men and women will do the same kind of work for equal pay. Watson Sr. Thomas J.

IBM began hiring women to work as professional systems service staff in 1935. The first black employee was hired in 1899 by the Computing Scale Corporation (as it was known at the time). While the floppy disk is rapidly falling into disuse, the infamous Control-Alt-Delete keystroke (David Bradley, 2001: "I invented it, but it was Bill that made it famous"), also invented at IBM, is still frequently used on PCs running Windows operating systems. IBM invented many of the core technologies used in all forms of computing, including the first hard disk drive and the Winchester hard disk drive, the cursor (on computer screens), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), the relational database, Thin Film recording heads, RISC architecture, the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, and the floppy disk.

Software Group groups its products into five brands: DB2 (information management), Rational (software development lifecycle), Lotus (collaboration), Tivoli (systems management and security) and WebSphere (application integration and middleware). IBM's Software Group, if it were a separate entity, would be the second largest software company in the world, behind only Microsoft in total revenue. The IBM Logo was designed by Paul Rand.