California

A regularly recurring issue in California politics is whether the state should continue to aggressively expand its freeway network or concentrate on improving mass transit networks in urban areas. In alphabetical order by period. The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks. 27% of all Christians today are Protestants. Both Greyhound and Amtrak provide intercity bus service. These include 170 million in North America, 160 million in Africa, 120 million in Europe, 70 million in Latin America, 60 million in Asia, and 10 million in Oceania. Nearly all counties operate bus lines, and many cities operate their own bus and light rail lines as well. There are about 590 million Protestants worldwide.

San Diego has Trolley light rail and Coaster commuter rail services. Main article: Protestants by country. Altamont Commuter Express (ACE) connects Tracy, Livermore and other edge cities with Silicon Valley. Please note that only general families are listed here (tens of thousands of individual denominations exist):. Metrolink commuter rail serves much of Southern California, and Caltrain commuter rail connects San Jose to San Francisco. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith, while differing in many secondary doctrines. San Jose and Sacramento have only light rail. Various ecumenical movements have attempted cooperation or reorganization of Protestant churches, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions.

San Francisco and Los Angeles both have rapid rail/subway networks, in addition to light rail. The actual number of distinct denominations is hard to calculate, but has been estimated to be over thirty thousand. Intercity rail travel is provided by Amtrak. Other denominations are simply regional expressions of the same beliefs found in other places under other names. The Port of Oakland handles most of the ocean containers passing through Northern California. Indivi denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. This "invisible unity" is assumed to be imperfectly displayed, visibly: some denominations, are less accepting of others, and the basic orthodoxy of some is questioned by most of the others.

California also has several excellent seaports. Protestants often refer to specific Protestant churches and groups as denominations to imply that they are differently named parts of the whole church. There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state's 58 counties. Thus, the West was permanently divided into Roman Catholic and Protestant. As for air travel, San Francisco International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. Today many Anglicans consider themselves to be Reformed Catholics rather than Protestants in the theological sense. only by New York City for severe traffic congestion. There has been a strong engagement of Orthodox churches in the ecumenical movement.

Most Californians usually resort to the roads for their commutes, errands, and vacations, which is why California's cities have a reputation equalled in the U.S. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement has been the move to form united churches, such as the Church of South India, the Church of North India, The United Church of Canada and the Uniting Church in Australia. California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of freeways, expressways, and highways, all maintained by Caltrans and patrolled by the California Highway Patrol. Since 1948 the World Council of Churches has been influential. One thing they all have in common is a state mandate to teach fourth grade students about the history of California, including the role of the early missions; most schools implement this by requiring students complete a multiple medium project. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. In poor regions, literacy rates may fall below 70%. The ecumenical movement has had an influence on mainline churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the Edinburgh Missionary Conference.

In some regions, administrative costs divert a significant amount of educational monies from instructional purposes. Neo-evangelicalism is a movement from the middle of the 20th century, that reacted to perceived excesses of Fundamentalism, adding to concern for biblical authority an emphasis on liberal arts, co-operation among churches, Christian Apologetics, and non-denominational evangelization. The quality of the local schools depends strongly on the local tax base, and the size of the local administration. Fundamentalism placed primary emphasis on the authority and sufficiency of the Bible, and typically advised separation from error, and cultural conservatism, as important aspects of the Christian life. The primary schools are of varying effectiveness. In reaction to liberal Bible critique, Fundamentalism arose in the 20th century, primarily in the United States and Canada, among those denominations most affected by Evangelicalism. Mandatory full-time instruction begins at age 6. A later "charismatic" movement also stressed the gifts of the Spirit, but often operated within existing denominations rather than coming out of them.

Elementary schools teach pure skills, history and social studies, with optional half-day kindergartens beginning at age 5. Pentecostalism swept through much of the Holiness movement, and eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations in the United States. In many districts, junior high schools or middle schools teach electives with a strong skills-based curriculum, for ages from 11 to 13. Divine healing and miracles were also emphasized. They accept students from roughly age 14 to 18, with mandatory education ceasing at age 16. Seeking a return to the operation of New Testament gifts of the Holy Spirit, speaking in tongues as evidence of the "baptism of the Holy Ghost" became the leading feature. Secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. Pentecostalism as a movement began in the United States early in the 20th century, starting especially within the Holiness movement.

Near Los Angeles, there are numerous art and film institutes, including the prestigious Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the CalArts Institute. The chief emphases of this movement were individual conversion, personal piety and Bible study, public morality often including Temperance and family values, and Abolitionism, de-emphasis of formalism in worship and in doctrine, a broadened role for laity (including women) in worship, evangelism and teaching, and cooperation in evangelism across denominational lines. For example, Southern California, with one of the highest densities of post-secondary institutions in the world, has a very large base of classically trained vocalists that compete in large choir festivals. Beginning at the end of 18th century, several international revivals of Pietism (such as the Great Awakening), took place across denominational lines, which are referred to generally as the Evangelical movement. This leads to many unique entertainment and educational opportunities for residents. The practice of a spiritual life, typically combined with social engagement, predominates in classical Pietism, which was a protest against the doctrine-centeredness Protestant Orthodoxy of the times, in favor of depth of religious experience. Many of the more conservative Methodists went on to form the Holiness movement, which emphasized a rigorous experience of holiness. California has hundreds of private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions. The German Pietist movement together with the influence of the Puritan Reformation in England in the 17th century were importantinfluences on John Wesley and Methodism, as well as through smaller, new groups such as the Quakers.

Preeminent private institutions include Stanford University, the University of Southern California (USC), and the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) (which administers the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA). Later, Puritans were often referred to as Dissenters and Nonconformists. The system serves a student population of over 2.9 million. They refused to endorse completely all of the ritual directions and formulas of the Book of Common Prayer; the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement. It is composed of 109 colleges organized into 72 districts. The Puritans objected to ornaments and ritual in the churches as idolatrous (vestments, surplices, organs, genuflection), which they castigated as "popish pomp and rags." (See Vestments controversy.) They also objected to ecclesiastical courts. It also provides lower division general-education courses, whose credit units are transferable to the CSU and UC systems. They wanted the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva.

It awards certificates and associate degrees. The Puritan Movement of the late 16th century - early 18th century was Reformed or Calvinist and initially sought reform in the Church of England, its origins lay in the discontent with the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The California Community Colleges system provides vocational education, remedial education, and continuing education programs. See articles Puritan and English Civil War. Lower-division course credits are frequently transferable to the University of California. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning later movements in the same groups. It is intended to accept most college-bound high-school students, while carrying out some research, especially in applied sciences. Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the magisterial Reformation and the Puritan Reformation in England.

With over 400,000 students, the CSU system is the largest university system in the United States. See the articles Lay, Ordained and Priesthood of all believers. The California State University system provides education for teachers, the trades, agriculture and industry. Thus, controversies over the Lord's Supper only initially seem to be about the nature of bread and wine, but are ultimately about the nature of salvation, and therefore secondarily about the nature of the Church. The University of California also administers federal laboratories for the Federal Department of Energy: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory. In Christian theology, as the bread shares identity with Christ (which he calls, "my body"), in an analogous way the Church shares identity with him (and also is called "the Body of Christ"). An eleventh campus, in Merced, is scheduled to open in 2005.[1] (http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/campuses/welcome.html) The UC system is intended to accept students from the top 12.5% of college-bound students, and provide most graduate studies and research. Although early Protestants were in general agreement against the Roman Catholic dogma of transubstantiation, which teaches that the substance of the bread and wine used in the sacrificial rite of the Mass is transformed into the Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity of Christ (see Eucharist), they disagreed with one another concerning the manner in which Christ is present in Holy Communion.

A tenth campus, in San Francisco, teaches only law. See articles Real Presence and Lord's Supper. A ninth campus, in San Francisco, teaches only graduate health-sciences students. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the Lord's Supper. The eight general campuses are in Berkeley, Los Angeles, Davis, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Irvine, Riverside, and San Diego. On the theological front, the Protestant movement soon began to coalesce into several distinct branches. The preeminent state university is the 9-campus University of California, which employs more Nobel Prize winners than any other institution in the world and is considered one of the finest public higher-education systems in the country. Naturally, it proved easier to advocate separation from the Catholic Church, than to form a single, positively united alternative.

California's educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires 40% of state revenues to be spent on education. These were effectively a rallying cry to challenge the problems the Reformers believed they had identified, they are:. Main article: List of colleges and universities in California. The fifth, Soli deo gloria, points to the issue intended to be central in the other four. 1 Belvedere, California - Marin County - $113,595
2 Rancho Santa Fe, California - San Diego County - $113,132
3 Atherton, California - San Mateo County - $112,408
4 Rolling Hills, California - Los Angeles County - $111,031
5 Woodside, California - San Mateo County - $104,667
6 Portola Valley, California - San Mateo County - $99,621
7 Newport Coast, California - Orange County - $98,770
8 Hillsborough, California - San Mateo County - $98,643
9 Diablo, California - Contra Costa County - $95,419
10 Fairbanks Ranch, California - San Diego County - $94,150
11 Hidden Hills, California - Los Angeles County - $94,096
12 Los Altos Hills, California - Santa Clara County - $92,840
13 Tiburon, California - Marin County - $85,966
14 Sausalito, California - Marin County - $81,040
15 Monte Sereno, California - Santa Clara County - $76,577
16 Indian Wells, California - Riverside County $76,187
17 Malibu, California - Los Angeles County - $74,336
18 Del Monte Forest, California - Monterey County - $70,609
19 Piedmont, California - Alameda County - $70,539
20 Montecito, California - Santa Barbara County - $70,077
21 Palos Verdes Estates, California - Los Angeles County - $69,040
22 Emerald Lake Hills, California - San Mateo County - $68,966
23 Loyola, California - Santa Clara County - $68,730
24 Blackhawk-Camino Tassajara, California - Contra Costa County - $66,972
25 Los Altos, California - Santa Clara County - $66,776
See complete list of California places. There were five solas, four discussed here. The following list is ranked by per capita income:. Main article: five solas.

Thanks to the state's powerful economy, certain California cities are among the wealthiest on the planet, as evidenced by large numbers of extravagant mansions, sports cars, and beautiful people. The Reformers believed it was necessary to return to the simplicity of the Gospel in terms of these points of perceived difference. The state of California has many cities, and the majority of them are within one of the large metropolitan areas below. At the time of the Reformation four Latin slogans illustrate the Reformers' concern that the authorities of the Church had distorted the message of salvation in Jesus Christ. The three largest Protestant denominations in California are: Baptist (30% of total state population), Methodist (10%), and Lutheran (6%).
. The religious affiliations of the people of California are as follows:. Main article: Protestant Reformation#England: Political Reformation.

Religion. The separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII, beginning in 1529 and completed in 1536, brought England alongside the Reformation; however, change in England proceeded more conservatively than elsewhere in Europe and alternated between traditional and Protestant sympathies for centuries, progressively forging a stable compromise. Among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, California ranks:. After this first stage of the Reformation, following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. Rankings. Erasmus), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. California has the second-largest Asian population (percentage-wise) of any state, Hawaii having the largest. Other Protestant movements grew up along lines of mysticism or humanism (cf.

Because of high levels of immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico, and higher birth rates among the Hispanic population, Hispanics are predicted to become a majority around 2040. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modern day Anabaptists. Hispanics make up almost one-third of the population; in order, other groups are Asian Americans, African Americans and American Indian. These two movements quickly agreed on most issues, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, but some unresolved differences kept them separate. It is the third minority-majority state, after Hawaii and New Mexico. Non-Hispanic Whites are still the largest group, but are no longer a majority of the population due to high levels of immigration in recent years. Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. California lacks a majority ethnic group. (Tradition holds that he nailed his 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle's Church, which served as a pinboard for university-related announcements.) Luther's dissent marked a sudden outbreak with new and irresistible force of discontent which had been pushed underground but not resolved; the quick spread of discontent occurred to a large degree because of the printing press and the resulting swift movement of both ideas and documents (such as the 95 Theses).

California's population is:. The protest began in earnest when Martin Luther, an Augustinian monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, called in 1517 for reopening of debate on the sale of indulgences. Race and Sex. To some degree, the protest can be explained by the events of the previous two centuries in Western Europe. California is the most populous state in the U.S., and contains about 12% of the U.S.'s population. The protest erupted suddenly, in many places at once but particularly in Germany, during a time of threatened Islamic invasion¹ which distracted German princes in particular. Census Bureau reports California's 2000 population as 33,871,648, and estimates its 2003 population as 35,484,453. Protestants generally trace their separation from the Roman Catholic Church to the 16th century, which is sometimes called the magisterial Reformation because the movement received support from the magistrates, the ruling authorities (as opposed to the radical Reformation, which had no state sponsorship).

The U.S. The council could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. Population. Constance confirmed and strengthened the traditional medieval conception of church and empire, it did not address the national tensions, nor the theological tensions which had been stirred up during the previous century. See also: California unemployment statistics. The Roman Catholic Church officially concluded this debate at the Council of Constance (1414-1418) The conclave condemned Jan Hus who was executed (he had come under a promise of safe-conduct) and posthumously burned Wyclif as a heretic. Recent (Spring 2005) economic data (http://uclaforecast.com) indicates that economic growth has resumed in California, although still slightly below the national annualized forecast of 3.9%. One of the most disruptive and radical of the new perspectives came first from John Wyclif at Oxford University, then from Jan Hus at the University of Prague.

The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, are currently emerging from economic depression caused by the dot.com bust, which caused the loss of over 250,000 jobs in Northern California alone. Ongoing, earnest theoretical debates occurred in the universities about the nature of the church, and the source and extent of the authority of the papacy, of councils, and of princes. While some coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the U.S., notably San Francisco and Marin County, the non-agricultural central counties have some of the highest poverty rates in the U.S. The humanism of the Renaissance stimulated unprecedented academic ferment, and a concern for academic freedom. Most farm managers are highly educated, most with at least master's degrees. A new nationalism also challenged the relatively internationalist medieval world. The Central Valley has the most extreme contrasts of income, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage, contrasted with farmers who frequently manage multimillion-dollar farms. Unrest in the Western Church and Empire culminated in the Avignon Papacy (1308 - 1378), and the papal schism (1378-1416), excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the monastic system.

Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. See articles on John Wyclif, Jan Hus and the Renaissance. Per capita personal income is $33,415 as of 2003, ranking 12^th in the nation. For the 14th to 16th centuries see the main article Protestant Reformation. This is followed by aerospace; entertainment, primarily television by dollar volume, although many movies are still made in California; and light manufacturing including computer hardware and software, and the mining of borax. The Protestant movement away from the constraints of tradition, toward greater emphasis on individual conscience, anticipated later developments of democratization, and the so-called Enlightenment of later centuries. The predominant industry, more than twice as large as the next largest, is agriculture, (including fruit, vegetables, dairy, and wine). Nascent Protestant social ideals of liberty of conscience and individual freedom were formed through continuous confrontation with the authority of the Bishop of Rome, and the hierarchy of the Catholic priesthood.

If California was considered as an independent self-sufficient economy, it would be ranked the 6th, ahead of France. The new technology of the printing press allowed Protestant ideas to spread rapidly, as well as aiding in the dissemination of translations of the Bible in native tongues. state, and every country in the world (by Purchasing Power Parity) save for the other combined 49 United States, China, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom. As an intellectual movement, Protestantism grew out of the Renaissance and universities, attracting some learned intellectuals, as well as politicians, professionals, and skilled tradesmen and artisans. The state's GDP, which at $1.4 trillion USD (as of 2003), is greater than that of every other U.S. In German speaking areas, the word Protestant still refers to Lutheran churches in contrast to Reformed churches, while the common designation for all churches originating from the Reformation is Evangelical. California is responsible for 14% of the United States' gross domestic product (GDP). Some Western, non-Catholic, groups are labeled as Protestant (such as Quakers, for example), even if the sect acknowledges no historical connection to Luther, Calvin or the Roman Catholic Church.

Many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat. A third major branch of the Reformation, which encountered conflict with both Catholics and other Protestants, is sometimes called the Radical Reformation. California's great abundance of species of California lilac (Ceanothus) is an example of adaptive radiation. Later, John Calvin, a important theologian of the Reformed churches, many of which had early connections to the Swiss reform movement started by Zwingli, figures prominently in the broadening of the movement, embracing a wider diversity than the Lutherans did. Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions. In a broader sense of the word, Protestant began to be used as the collective name for a sudden movement of separation from the Roman Catholic Church, the beginning of which which is ordinarily connected with the public disputes raised by Martin Luther. California endemics include relict species that have died out elsewhere, including the redwoods and the Catalina Ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). The 1526 session of the Diet had agreed to toleration of Lutheran teachings (on the basis of Cuius regio, eius religio) until a General Council could be held to settle the question, but by 1529 the Catholic forces felt they had gathered enough power to end the toleration without waiting for a Council.

California has a rather high percentage of endemic species. The 1521 edict forbade Lutheran teachings within the Holy Roman Empire. The state of California is part of the Nearctic ecozone, and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions, and is perhaps the most ecologically diverse state in the United States. The term Protestant originally applied to the group of princes and imperial cities who protested the decision by the 1529 Diet of Speyer to reverse course and enforce the 1521 Edict of Worms. California's diverse geography, geology, soils and climate have generated a tremendous diversity of plant and animal life. It is commonly considered one of the three major branches of Christianity, along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Ecologically, California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. The term encompasses many different theological and social perspectives, churches and other religious organizations, which have arisen outside of the Roman Catholic Church since the Protestant Reformation.

Main article: Ecology of California. Protestantism is a movement within Christianity. The low deserts east of the southern California mountains, including the Imperial and Coachella valleys and the lower Colorado River, are part of the Sonoran Desert, with hot summers and mild winters; the higher elevation deserts of eastern California, including the Mojave Desert, Owens Valley, and the Modoc Plateau, are part of the Great Basin region, with hot summers and cold winters. Desmond Tutu, Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, peace activist. California's desert climate regions lie east of the high Sierra Nevada and southern California's Transverse Ranges and Peninsular Ranges. Ian Paisley, Protestant leader Ulster, Northern Ireland. On the east side of the mountains is a drier "rain shadow". Pat Robertson, American charismatic/fundamentalist leader.

The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have a mountain climate with snow in winter and moderate heat in summer. Jurgen Moltmann, German theologian. The Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate, but with greater temperature extremes than the coastal areas; parts of the valley are often filled with thick fog, similar to that found in the coastal valleys. Stanley Hauerwas, American Christian theologian and ethicist. Northwestern California has a temperate climate with rainfall of 15-40 inches (38-102 cm) per year. Franklin Graham, American evangelist (son of Billy Graham). Westerly winds from the ocean also bring moisture, and the northern parts of the state generally receive higher rainfall than the south. California's mountain ranges influence the climate as well; moisture-laden air from the west cools as it ascends the mountains, dropping moisture; some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Billy Graham, American evangelist.

As one moves away from the coast, the climate becomes more continental, with hotter summers and colder winters. Jerry Falwell, American evangelist and political activist. The influence of the ocean generally moderates temperature extremes, creating cooler summers and warmer winters, and the cold oceanic California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast. Cobb, theologian, involved in Process Theology. Most of the state has a Mediterranean climate, with rainy winters and dry summers. John B. Different regions of California have very different climates, depending on their latitude, elevation, and proximity to the coast. Paul Tillich, Lutheran existentialist theologian.

Other volcanoes include Lassen Peak, which erupted from 1914 and 1921, and Mount Shasta. Auguste Sabatier Article in French (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Auguste_Sabatier), Protestant founder of the French fideo-symbolist tendency and of the Institut de Théologie Protestante ITP), in Paris (1872). California is also home to several volcanoes, some active such as Mammoth Mountain. Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologion and ethicist. Notable movies in which the possible destruction of much of California by an earthquake includes the titles Earthquake, A View to a Kill, Escape from L.A. and Superman. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian, involved in the resistance against Nazism and executed shortly before the end of World War 2. The fact that this scenario is completely implausible from a geologic standpoint does not lessen its acceptance in public conventional wisdom, or its exploitation by the producers of science fiction and fantasy media. Karl Barth, German theologian along with Emil Brunner known for Dialectical theology and Neo-orthodox theology.

Popular legend has it that, eventually, a huge earthquake will result in the splitting of coastal California from the continent, either to sink into the ocean or form a new landmass. George Whitefield, Great Awakening reformist preacher, Calvinist. While more powerful earthquakes in the United States have occurred in Alaska and along the Mississippi River, California earthquakes are notable in their frequency and location in highly populated areas. John Wesley, founder of the Methodist movement, Arminian. California is famous for its earthquakes due partly to the presence of the San Andreas Fault. Charles Wesley, a Methodist leader, poet, & hymn writer. To the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest, hottest point in North America. Andre Lortie aka Andrew Lortie, leading Huguenot theologian and exile.

The south-central desert is called the Mojave. George Fox, Founder of the Society of Friends. In the south lie the Transverse Ranges and a large salt lake, the Salton Sea. Jonathan Edwards, great American Puritan theologian, Great Awakening reformist preacher, Calvinist. To the west is Clear Lake, California's largest freshwater lake by area. Jacob Amman, founder of the Amish church. To the east of the Sierra are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential seabird habitat. Huldrych Zwingli, early Swiss religious reformer.

Also located in the Sierra are the world famous Yosemite National Park and a deep freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume. Philipp Jakob Spener, "godfather" of the Pietist movement. In the center and east of the state are the Sierra Nevada, containing the highest peak in the continental U.S., Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4421 m). Menno Simons, founder of Mennonitism. With dredging, several of these rivers have become sufficiently large and deep that several inland cities, notably Stockton, California, are seaports. Philipp Melanchthon, early Lutheran leader. Mountain-fed rivers, dams, and canals provide water to irrigate the Central Valley. Martin Luther, German religious reformer, theologian, founder of the Lutheran church in Germany, founder of Lutheranism.

Down the center of the state lies the Central Valley, a huge, fertile valley bounded by the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the granite Sierra Nevada to the east, the volcanic Cascade Range in the north and the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I of England. California has extremely varied geography. John Knox, Scottish Calvinist reformer,. However, the capital, Sacramento is in the Central Valley. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII, leader of the English Reformation. Most major cities cling to the cool, pleasant seacoast along the Pacific, notably San Francisco, San Jose, Los Angeles, Santa Ana/Orange County, and San Diego. John Calvin, French speaking Reformer, theologian, founder of school of thought known as Calvinism.

With an area of 410,000 km² it is the third largest state in the U.S. Jacobus Arminius, Dutch theologian, founder of school of thought known as Arminianism. The state has striking natural features, including an expansive central valley, high mountains, and hot dry deserts. African Independent Churches. California borders the Pacific Ocean, Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and the Mexican state of Baja California. Restoration movement. Main article: Geography of California. Quakerism.

See also: List of California Governors, US Congressional Delegations from California, List of California counties, List of California ballot propositions. Reformed churches including Calvinist, Reformed and Presbyterian. Bush received a majority of votes in more than half the counties, but still lost California by 9%. Pentecostal. In 2004, George W. Methodist / Wesleyan. While California is among the most Democratic and liberal states in the nation, there are areas of California which are politically very conservative, notably Orange and San Diego counties. Lutheran.

House of Representatives. Anabaptist and Baptist. 33 Democrats and 20 Republicans represent the state in the U.S. Anglican / Episcopalian. Senators from California are Democrats Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer. See main article Christian ecumenism. The two U.S. See main article Neo-evangelicalism.

California has the most Congressmen and Presidential Electors of any state. See main article Fundamentalism. Electoral College. See main article Pentecostalism. It has 55 electoral votes in the U.S. See main article Evangelicalism. At the national level, California is represented by two senators and 53 representatives. See main articles Pietism and Methodism.

California's legal system is explicitly based on English common law but carries a few features from Spanish civil law. Radical - Anabaptist and peace churches. California judges are always appointed by the Governor but must be regularly reconfirmed by the electorate. Reformed. California's giant judiciary is supervised by the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California. Lutheran - The two kingdoms. The capital moved to Sacramento for good on February 25, 1854, except for a four-month temporary move in 1862 to San Francisco due to severe flooding in Sacramento. A Protestant holding a popular simplifiction of the Zwinglian view, without concern for theological intricacies as hinted at above, may see the Lord's Supper merely as a symbol of the shared faith of the participants, a commemoration of the facts of the crucifixion, and a reminder of their standing together as the Body of Christ.

The capital moved to Sacramento temporarily in 1852 when construction on a State House could not be completed in time in Vallejo. Zwinglians deny that Christ makes himself present to the believer through the elements of the sacrament, but affirm that Christ is united to the believer through the faith toward which the supper is an aid (a view referred to somewhat derisively as memorialism). In California's early history, the capital was located in Monterey (1775-1849), San Jose (1849-1851), Vallejo (1852-1853), Benicia (1853-1854), and San Francisco (1862). The Reformed closest to Calvin emphasize the real presence, or sacramental presence, of Christ, saying that the sacrament is a means of saving grace through which the believer actually partakes of Christ, "but not in a carnal manner". The state's capital is Sacramento. Reformed teaching concerning the Lord's Supper ranges along the continuum from Calvin to Zwingli. Schwarzenegger replaced Governor Gray Davis (1999-2003) who was removed from office by the October 2003 California recall election. Lutheran teaching does, however, insist that Christ is present physically, rather than in a purely "spiritual" sense.

Frazier). Lutherans hold to an understanding closest to that of Real Presence (often characterized by critics by the term, "consubstantiation"), which affirms the true presence of Christ "in, with, and under" the bread and wine. Lutherans point to Jesus' statement, "This is my body", while refusing to delve past Christ's words in order to describe just how this takes place. Schwarzenegger was only the second person in the history of the United States to be put into office by a recall of a sitting Governor (the first was the 1921 recall of North Dakota Governor Lynn J. Sola gratia: Grace alone. The current Governor is the Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, whose current term lasts through January 2007. Sola fide: Faith alone. In the Senate, there are 25 Democrats and 15 Republicans. Sola scriptura: Scripture alone.

For the 2005-2006 session, there are 48 Democrats and 32 Republicans in the Assembly. Solus Christus: Christ alone. The Senators from the even-numbered districts are elected in the intervening even-numbered years, in the gubernatorial election cycle. Anabaptists and the Radical Reformation with an emphasis on Millenarianism. The Senators representing the odd-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four, i.e., presidential election years. John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli. The terms of the Senators are staggered so that half the membership is elected every two years. Martin Luther.

Senators serve four year terms and Assembly members two. The California State Legislature consists of a 40 member Senate and 80 member Assembly. The Governor of California and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be reelected only once. The State also allows direct participation of the electorate by referendum, recall, and ratification.

California is governed as a republic, with three branches of government, the executive branch consisting of the Governor of California and the other elected constitutional officers, the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate, and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. Main article: California government and politics. The state is liberal-leaning, technologically and culturally savvy, and a world center of engineering businesses, the film and television industry and, as mentioned above, American agricultural production. From 1965 to the present, this population completely changed and became one of the most diverse in the world.

In the period from 1900 to 1965 the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union, sending the most electors to the Electoral College to elect the President. Citrus, oranges in particular, were widely grown, and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production of today. Out West, residents were discovering that California was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. The connection of the far Pacific West to the eastern population centers came in 1869 with the completion of the first transcontinental railroad.

During the American Civil War, popular support was divided 70% for the South and 30% for the North, and although California officially entered on the side of the North, many troops went east to fight with the Confederacy. In 1850, the state was admitted to the Union. But after gold was discovered, the population burgeoned with Americans and a few Europeans in the great California gold rush. In 1848, the Spanish-speaking population of distant upper California numbered around 4,000.

portion, Alta (upper) California, was to become the state of California. The western part of the U.S. The Mexican portion, Baja (lower) California was later divided into the states of Baja California and Baja California Sur. Following the Mexican-American War, the region was divided between Mexico and the United States.

Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into San Francisco Bay and claimed California for the United States. The Republic came to a sudden end when Commodore John D. In 1846, at the outset of the Mexican-American War, a California Republic was founded and the Bear Flag was flown that featured a golden bear and a star. Upon Mexican independence from Spain, the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government, and they were quickly dissolved and abandoned.

Beginning in the late 1700s, Spanish missionaries set up tiny settlements on enormous grants of land in the vast territory north of Baja California. The first to explore the entire coast and claim possession of it was Francis Drake in 1579. The first European to explore parts of the coast was the Portuguese Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. Main article: History of California.

(For further discussion, see: Origin of the name California.). The name comes from Las sergas de Espladián (Adventures of Spladian), a 16th century novel, by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, where there is an island paradise called California. In these early times, the boundaries of the Sea of Cortez and the Pacific coast were only partially explored and California was shown on early maps as an island. The entire region originally known as California was composed of the Mexican peninsula now known as Baja California and the land in the current states of California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona and Wyoming, known as Alta California.

The vast majority of the population lives within 50 miles (80 km) of the Pacific Ocean. California dominates American culture and economy, contributing significant advances in technology and legal reform, in addition to paying significantly more to the federal system than it receives in benefits. Southern California is highly populated, while the larger northern California is less densely populated. postal abbreviation is CA, and its Associated Press abbreviation is Calif.. California's U.S.

The state's official nickname of "The Golden State" is often thought to be a reference to California’s 1849 gold rush but is in fact reference to the native grasses that turn a golden color during the dry season. California is both physically and demographically diverse. It is the most populous and third largest state in the U.S., has a population roughly the size of Canada and it is the sixth largest economy in the world. California is a state located in the western United States, bordering the Pacific Ocean.

Walnut Creek (San Francisco Bay Area). Ventura (Greater Los Angeles). Torrance (Greater Los Angeles). Thousand Oaks (Greater Los Angeles).

Temecula (equidistant between Inland Empire and San Diego Area). Sunnyvale (Silicon Valley). Simi Valley (Greater Los Angeles). Santa Clarita (Greater Los Angeles).

Santa Clara (Silicon Valley). Santa Ana (Orange County). Pasadena (Greater Los Angeles). Palo Alto (Silicon Valley).

Ontario (Inland Empire). Newport Beach (Orange County). Irvine (Orange County). Huntington Beach (Orange County).

Glendale (Greater Los Angeles). Fremont (San Francisco Bay Area). Concord (San Francisco Bay Area). Chula Vista (San Diego Area).

Burbank (Greater Los Angeles). Berkeley (San Francisco Bay Area). Anaheim (Orange County). Important suburbs (within or near the above urbanized areas)