BronzeAssorted ancient bronze castings found as part of a cache, probably intended for recycling.Bronze is the usual English term for a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin as the main additive, but other elements may be the main additive (e.g., phosphor, manganese, aluminum, silicon). (See table below) HistoryFirst used in the Bronze Age, it made tools, weapons and armor harder or more durable than their stone and copper ("Chalcolithic") predecessors. In early use, the natural impurity arsenic created a superior natural alloy; this is termed arsenical bronze, which Ötzi's axe is made of. While copper and tin can natually co-occur, the two ores are rarely found together (an ancient site in Thailand does prove they can co-occur). Serious bronze has always involved trade. The archaeologists suspect a serious disruption of the tin-trade led to the development of the Iron Age. For Europe, the major site for tin was Britain. The earliest tin-alloy bronzes date to the late 4th millennium BC in Susa (Iran) and some ancient sites in Luristan (Iran) and Mesopotamia (Iraq). Bronze was stronger than the era's iron; quality steels were not available until thousands of years later. But the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age, perhaps because the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean (or maybe from Britain) became more limited during the major population migrations around 1200 – 1100 BC, which dramatically limited supplies and raised prices [1]. Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, but for many purposes the weaker iron was sufficiently strong. As ironworking improved, iron became both cheaper and stronger, eclipsing bronze in Europe by the early to mid-Middle Ages. PropertiesExcluding steel from the discussion, bronze is superior to iron in nearly every application. While it develops a patina, it does not otherwise oxidize into nothingness. It is considerably less brittle than iron and has a lower casting temperature. Steel, of course, has wondrous properties that bronze cannot compete with. Copper-based alloys have lower melting points than steel and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. They are generally about 10 percent heavier than steel, although alloys using aluminium or silicon may be slightly less dense. Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel, and more elastic, though bronze springs are less stiff (and so storing less energy) for the same bulk. Bronzes resist corrosion (especially seawater corrosion) and metal fatigue better than steel. Bronzes also conduct heat and electricity better than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of nickel-base alloys. Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the excellent deep-drawing qualities of cartridge case brass, the low-friction properties of bearing bronze, the resonant qualities of bell bronze, and the resistance to corrosion by sea water by several bronze alloys. In the twentieth century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used in contemporary statuary. Aluminium is also used for the structural metal Aluminium bronze. Bronze is the most popular metal for top-quality bells and cymbals, and also for cast metal sculpture (see bronze sculpture). Common bronze alloys often have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling in the finest details of a mould. Bronze also has very little metal-on-metal friction, which made it invaluable for the building of cannon where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel. Bronze is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings and similar roles, and is particularly common in the bearings on small electric motors. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. Bronze is typically 60% copper and 40% tin. Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Alpha bronze alloys of 4-5% tin are used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades. Commercial bronze is 90% copper and 10% tin. It is somewhat stronger than copper and it has equivalent ductility. It is used for screws and wires. Classification of Copper and Its AlloysThis page about Bronze includes information from a Wikipedia article. Additional articles about Bronze News stories about Bronze External links for Bronze Videos for Bronze Wikis about Bronze Discussion Groups about Bronze Blogs about Bronze Images of Bronze |
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It is used for screws and wires. Alpha bronze consists of the alpha solid solution of tin in copper. Along with new owner Dan Gilbert, the Cavaliers' front office consists of individuals new to their respective positions. Bronze is typically 60% copper and 40% tin. The team also signed free agents Larry Hughes, Donyell Marshall, and Damon Jones to multi-year contracts. Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings and springs. The team hired a new coach, Mike Brown, and a new general manager, former Cavaliers forward Danny Ferry. Bronze is still widely used today for springs, bearings, bushings and similar roles, and is particularly common in the bearings on small electric motors. The 2005 offseason was one of many changes for the Cavaliers. Bronze also has very little metal-on-metal friction, which made it invaluable for the building of cannon where iron cannonballs would otherwise stick in the barrel. The Cavs failed to make the playoffs that year, tied with the resurgent New Jersey Nets for the eighth (and final) playoff spot (the Nets owned the tiebreaker over the Cavs). Common bronze alloys often have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling in the finest details of a mould. After a promising start when the team seemed to be locked firmly into the Eastern Conference's 5th playoff spot, the Cavs began a downward spiral that eventually led to the firing of coach Paul Silas and general manager Jim Paxson. Bronze is the most popular metal for top-quality bells and cymbals, and also for cast metal sculpture (see bronze sculpture). Despite the loss of Carlos Boozer under very dubious circumstances, James teamed with Drew Gooden and Zydrunas Ilgauskas to form the core of the Cavs team. Aluminium is also used for the structural metal Aluminium bronze. James blossomed into a superstar, increasing his points average, shooting percentage, assists average, and rebounds average. In the twentieth century, silicon was introduced as the primary alloying element, creating an alloy with wide application in industry and the major form used in contemporary statuary. Hope was even greater for the 2004-2005 season. Some common examples are the high electrical conductivity of pure copper, the excellent deep-drawing qualities of cartridge case brass, the low-friction properties of bearing bronze, the resonant qualities of bell bronze, and the resistance to corrosion by sea water by several bronze alloys. The 2003-2004 season offered great hope for the future, as James rose to become a dominating player, winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. Copper and its alloys have a huge variety of uses that reflect their versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Mary High School in nearby Akron) and one of the most highly touted prospects in NBA history led many to view his selection as a turning point in the franchise's history. The cost of copper-base alloys is generally higher than that of steels but lower than that of nickel-base alloys. Vincent-St. Bronzes also conduct heat and electricity better than most steels. James' status as both a local star (having played his high school basketball at St. Bronzes resist corrosion (especially seawater corrosion) and metal fatigue better than steel. The Cavs selected high school phenom LeBron James. Bronzes are softer and weaker than steel, and more elastic, though bronze springs are less stiff (and so storing less energy) for the same bulk. After another disappointing season in 2002-2003, the Cavs landed the number one draft pick in the NBA Lottery. They are generally about 10 percent heavier than steel, although alloys using aluminium or silicon may be slightly less dense. Those seasons saw the Cavs drop to the bottom of the league, becoming a perennial lottery draft team. Copper-based alloys have lower melting points than steel and are more readily produced from their constituent metals. However, after the Cavs' glory days came several losing seasons. Steel, of course, has wondrous properties that bronze cannot compete with. Cleveland had no success in the playoffs during this period. It is considerably less brittle than iron and has a lower casting temperature. But the pinnacle of the Cavs' success came in the 1991-1992 season, when they compiled a 57-25 record and advanced to the Eastern Conference finals, losing again to the Chicago Bulls 4-2. While it develops a patina, it does not otherwise oxidize into nothingness. The buzzer-beater is considered one of Jordan's greatest clutch moments, and the game itself one of the greatests. Excluding steel from the discussion, bronze is superior to iron in nearly every application. "The Shot" went in as time ran out, with Chicago winning 3-2. As ironworking improved, iron became both cheaper and stronger, eclipsing bronze in Europe by the early to mid-Middle Ages. Cleveland's Craig Ehlo jumped in front to block it, but Jordan seemed to stay in the air until Ehlo landed. Bronze was still used during the Iron Age, but for many purposes the weaker iron was sufficiently strong. The ball was inbounded to Michael Jordan, who went for a jump shot. But the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age, perhaps because the shipping of tin around the Mediterranean (or maybe from Britain) became more limited during the major population migrations around 1200 – 1100 BC, which dramatically limited supplies and raised prices [1]. Chicago called time. Bronze was stronger than the era's iron; quality steels were not available until thousands of years later. The game was evenly matched, until Cleveland managed to score on a drive and raise the lead by 1, with 3 seconds left. The earliest tin-alloy bronzes date to the late 4th millennium BC in Susa (Iran) and some ancient sites in Luristan (Iran) and Mesopotamia (Iraq). Home court advantage went to Cleveland. For Europe, the major site for tin was Britain. Cleveland managed to beat the Bulls in overtime, 108-105 and tied the series 2-2. The archaeologists suspect a serious disruption of the tin-trade led to the development of the Iron Age. It was a best-of-five-series. Serious bronze has always involved trade. However, in 1989, the Cavs were paired against the Chicago Bulls in the playoffs. While copper and tin can natually co-occur, the two ores are rarely found together (an ancient site in Thailand does prove they can co-occur). These players (minus Harper, who was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers for the rights to Danny Ferry) formed the core of the team that led the Cavs to eight playoff seasons in the next nine years, including three 50-wins plus seasons. In early use, the natural impurity arsenic created a superior natural alloy; this is termed arsenical bronze, which Ötzi's axe is made of. In 1986, under the Gund brothers as owners, the team acquired, either through trades or the draft, Brad Daugherty, Mark Price, Ron Harper, and Larry Nance. First used in the Bronze Age, it made tools, weapons and armor harder or more durable than their stone and copper ("Chalcolithic") predecessors. In 1993, Toronto would, in fact, get an expansion franchise, the Toronto Raptors. . The rule is known as the "Ted Stepien Rule." Stepien threatened to move the franchise to Toronto, but brothers George Gund and Gordon Gund purchased the franchise in the mid 1980s and decided to keep the team in Cleveland. (See table below). Stepien's poor trades cost the team several first round draft picks, and led to a rule change in the NBA prohibiting teams from trading away first round draft picks in consecutive years. Bronze is the usual English term for a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin as the main additive, but other elements may be the main additive (e.g., phosphor, manganese, aluminum, silicon). In the 1980s, new owner Ted Stepien quickly hired and fired a succession of coaches, made a number of poor trades and poor free agent signing decisions. Because of the many heroics and last-second shots, the series became known locally as the "Miracle of Richfield." However, hampered by injuries, particularly to Jim Chones, the Cavs proceeded to lose to the Boston Celtics in round two of the NBA playoffs. The Cavs won the series against the Washington Bullets, 4-3. He received the league's Coach of the Year award as the Cavs made their first-ever playoff appearance. In the 1975-1976 season, with Carr, Bingo Smith, Jim Chones, Dick Snyder, and newly acquired Nate Thurmond, Fitch led the Cavs, as the team is commonly nicknamed, to a 49-33 record, which was the best record in the Central Division. However, the team began to build around the 1971 draft pick, Austin Carr. Under the direction of coach Bill Fitch, they compiled a league-worst 15-67 record. The Cavaliers first began play in the NBA in 1970 as an expansion team. . Mike Brown 2005-Present. Brendan Malone 2004-2005. Paul Silas 2003-2005. Keith Smart 2002-2003. John Lucas 2001-2003. Randy Wittman 1999-2001. Mike Fratello 1993-1999. Lenny Wilkens 1986-1993. Gene Littles 1985-1986. George Karl 1984-1986. Tom Nissalke 1982-1984. Bill Musselman 1981-1982. Chuck Daly 1981-1982. Bob Kloopenburg 1981-1982. Don Delaney 1980-1982. Bill Musselman 1980-1981. Stan Albeck 1979-1980. Bill Fitch 1970-1979. Lenny Wilkens (Inducted as both player and coach.). Wayne Embry (Former team president and first African American to serve in that role in the NBA; inducted as a contributor.). 43 Brad Daugherty, C, 1986-94. 42 Nate Thurmond, C, 1975-77. 34 Austin Carr, G, 1971-80. 25 Mark Price, G, 1986-95. 22 Larry Nance, F, 1988-94. 7 Bingo Smith, F, 1970-79. John "Hot Rod" Williams. Campy Russell. Mark Price. Shawn Kemp. Free. World B. Craig Ehlo. Brad Daugherty. Jim Chones. Terrell Brandon. Carlos Boozer. Lenny Wilkens (Inducted as both player and coach.). Nate Thurmond. |