Benjamin HarrisonThis article is about the President. For the Angband member, see Angband (game) Benjamin Harrison VI (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893). BiographyA grandson of President William Henry Harrison, Benjamin was born on Tuesday August 20, 1833 in North Bend, Hamilton County, Ohio to John Scott Harrison (later a U.S. Congressman from Ohio) and Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin. He attended Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, where he was a member of the fraternity Phi Delta Theta, and graduated in 1852. He studied law in Cincinnati then moved to Indianapolis in 1854. He was admitted to the bar and became reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of the State. Harrison served in the Union Army during the Civil War, brevetting as a brigadier general, and mustering out in 1865. While in the field in October 1864 he was re-elected reporter of the State supreme court and served four years. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Governor of Indiana in 1876. He was appointed a member of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879, and elected as a Republican to the United States Senate, where he served from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1887. He was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (47th Congress) and U.S. Senate Committee on Territories (48th and 49th Congresses). PresidencyBenjamin HarrisonHarrison was elected President of the United States in 1888. In the Presidential election, Harrison received 100,000 fewer popular votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168. Although Harrison had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf. When Boss Matt Quay of Pennsylvania heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him President." He was inaugurated on March 4, 1889, and served until March 3, 1893. Harrison was also known as the "centennial president" because his inauguration was the 100th anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington. Benjamin HarrisonHarrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. The first Pan-American Congress met in Washington, D.C. in 1889, establishing an information center which later became the Pan American Union. At the end of his administration, Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it. Substantial appropriation bills were signed by Harrison for internal improvements, naval expansion, and subsidies for steamship lines. For the first time except in war, Congress appropriated a billion dollars. When critics attacked "the billion-dollar Congress," Speaker Thomas B. Reed replied, "This is a billion-dollar country." President Harrison also signed the Sherman Antitrust Act "to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies," the first Federal act attempting to regulate trusts. The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the tariff issue. The high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury. Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. Republican leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed a still higher tariff bill; some rates were intentionally prohibitive. Benjamin HarrisonHarrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity provisions. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from imported raw sugar; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents a pound bounty on their production. Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated, and prosperity seemed about to disappear as well. Congressional elections in 1890 went stingingly against the Republicans, and party leaders decided to abandon President Harrison although he had cooperated with Congress on party legislation. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he was defeated by Cleveland. He served as an attorney for the Republic of Venezuela in the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom in 1900. After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis, and married the widowed Mrs. Mary Dimmick in 1896 and fathered another daughter. A dignified elder statesman, he died of influenza and pneumonia on Wednesday, March 13, 1901 and is interred in Crown Hill Cemetery. The Benjamin Harrison Law School in Indianapolis, Indiana, was named in his honor. In 1944 Indiana University acquired the school and renamed it Indiana University School of Law Indianapolis. CabinetSupreme Court AppointmentsHarrison appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:
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In 1944 Indiana University acquired the school and renamed it Indiana University School of Law Indianapolis. The company will retain the right to use certain IBM brand names for an initial period of five years. The Benjamin Harrison Law School in Indianapolis, Indiana, was named in his honor. IBM will have a 19% stake in Lenovo, which will move its headquarters to New York State and appoint an IBM executive as its chief executive officer. A dignified elder statesman, he died of influenza and pneumonia on Wednesday, March 13, 1901 and is interred in Crown Hill Cemetery. The deal was approved by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States in March 2005, and completed in May 2005. Mary Dimmick in 1896 and fathered another daughter. In 2004, IBM announced the proposed sale of its PC business to Chinese computer maker Lenovo, which is partially owned by the Chinese government, for USD650 million in cash and USD600 million in Lenovo stock. After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis, and married the widowed Mrs. Since that loss, IBM has made major changes in its business activities, shifting its focus significantly away from components and hardware and towards software and services. He served as an attorney for the Republic of Venezuela in the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the United Kingdom in 1900. On January 19, 1993 IBM announced a USD4.97 billion loss for 1992, which was at that time the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he was defeated by Cleveland. Litigation continued until 1983, and had a significant impact on the company's practices. Congressional elections in 1890 went stingingly against the Republicans, and party leaders decided to abandon President Harrison although he had cooperated with Congress on party legislation. The suit alleged that IBM violated the Section 2 of the Sherman Act by monopolizing or attempting to monopolize the general purpose electronic digital computer system market, specifically computers designed primarily for business. Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated, and prosperity seemed about to disappear as well. IBM in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, on January 17, 1969. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from imported raw sugar; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents a pound bounty on their production. v. Harrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity provisions. Department of Justice, which filed a complaint for the case U.S. Aldrich framed a still higher tariff bill; some rates were intentionally prohibitive. IBM's success in the mid-1960s led to inquiries as to IBM antitrust violations by the U.S. Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. It was originally known as the IBM System/360 and, in far more modern 64-bit form, is now known as the IBM zSeries (often referred to as "IBM mainframes"). Republican leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. The IBM computer range that earned it its position in the market at that time is still growing today. Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. General Electric remains one of the world's largest companies, but no longer operates in the computer market. The high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury. NCR and Honeywell dropped out of the general mainframe and mini sector and concentrated on lucrative niche markets. The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the tariff issue. Most of those companies are now long gone as IBM competitors, except for Unisys, which is the result of multiple mergers that included UNIVAC and Burroughs. Reed replied, "This is a billion-dollar country." President Harrison also signed the Sherman Antitrust Act "to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies," the first Federal act attempting to regulate trusts. When only Burroughs, Univac, NCR and Honeywell produced mainframes, a bit later, people talked of "IBM and the B.U.N.C.H.". When critics attacked "the billion-dollar Congress," Speaker Thomas B. People in this business would talk of "IBM and the seven dwarfs", given the much smaller size of the other companies or of their computer divisions. For the first time except in war, Congress appropriated a billion dollars. IBM was the largest of the eight major computer companies (with UNIVAC, Burroughs, Scientific Data Systems, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, RCA and Honeywell) through most of the 1960s. Substantial appropriation bills were signed by Harrison for internal improvements, naval expansion, and subsidies for steamship lines. Crago), "we couldn't imagine where we could absorb two thousand programmers at IBM when this job would be over someday." IBM would use its experience designing massive, integrated real-time networks with SAGE to design its SABRE airline reservation system, which met with much success. At the end of his administration, Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it. IBM neglected, however, to gain an even more dominant role in the nascent industry by allowing the RAND Corporation to take over the job of programming the new computers, because, according to one project participant (Robert P. in 1889, establishing an information center which later became the Pan American Union. More valuable to the company in the long run than the profits, however, was the access to cutting-edge research into digital computers being done under military auspices. The first Pan-American Congress met in Washington, D.C. IBM built fifty-six SAGE computers at the price of $30 million each, and at the peak of the project devoted more than 7,000 employees (20% of its then workforce) to the project. Harrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. Working on the SAGE anti-aircraft system, IBM gained access to crucial research being done at MIT, working on the first real-time, digital computer (which included many other advancements such as an integrated video display, magnetic core memory, light guns, the first effective algebraic computer language, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion techniques, digital data transmission over telephone lines, duplexing, multiprocessing, and networks). Harrison was also known as the "centennial president" because his inauguration was the 100th anniversary of the inauguration of George Washington. In the 1950s, IBM became a chief contractor for developing computers for the United States Air Force's automated defense systems. When Boss Matt Quay of Pennsylvania heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him President." He was inaugurated on March 4, 1889, and served until March 3, 1893. IBM has donated more than 10,000 pages of archived documents concerning Dehomag to Hohenheim University in Germany and New York University. Although Harrison had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf. As of 2004 IBM's possible complicity in the Holocaust is the subject of at least one unresolved lawsuit. In the Presidential election, Harrison received 100,000 fewer popular votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168. The author responded to these claims here. Harrison was elected President of the United States in 1888. The credibility of Black's book has been questioned, as has its claim that the Holocaust would have been impossible without Dehomag's data processing systems. Senate Committee on Territories (48th and 49th Congresses). Watson knew of the German regime's activities and was indifferent to any moral issues. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (47th Congress) and U.S. In 2001 author Edwin Black published a book titled IBM and the Holocaust, which alleged that Thomas J. He was chairman of the U.S. Dehomag was taken over by the Nazis in December 1941. He was appointed a member of the Mississippi River Commission in 1879, and elected as a Republican to the United States Senate, where he served from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1887. During World War II, IBM's German subsidiary Dehomag (an acronym formed from "German Hollerith Machine Company Ltd") provided the Nazi regime with punch card machines. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for Governor of Indiana in 1876. Over time CTR came to focus purely on the punched card business, and ceased its involvement in the other activities. While in the field in October 1864 he was re-elected reporter of the State supreme court and served four years. The companies that merged to form CTR manufactured a wide range of products, including employee time keeping systems, weighing scales, automatic meat slicers, and most importantly for the development of the computer, punched card equipment. Harrison served in the Union Army during the Civil War, brevetting as a brigadier general, and mustering out in 1865. On February 14, 1924, CTR changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation. He was admitted to the bar and became reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of the State. Watson Sr., the founder of IBM, became General Manager of CTR in 1914 and President in 1915. He studied law in Cincinnati then moved to Indianapolis in 1854. Thomas J. He attended Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, where he was a member of the fraternity Phi Delta Theta, and graduated in 1852. The president of the Tabulating Machine Corporation at that time was Herman Hollerith, who had founded the company in 1896. Congressman from Ohio) and Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin. This company was a merger of the Tabulating Machine Corporation, the Computing Scale Corporation and the International Time Recording Company. A grandson of President William Henry Harrison, Benjamin was born on Tuesday August 20, 1833 in North Bend, Hamilton County, Ohio to John Scott Harrison (later a U.S. It originated as the Computing Tabulating Recording (CTR) Corporation, which was incorporated on June 15, 1911 in Binghamton, New York. . IBM's history dates back decades before the development of electronic computers – before that it developed punched card data processing equipment. Benjamin Harrison VI (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd President of the United States (1889-1893). There has also been a steadily increasing movement of labour to cheap offshore countries such as India. For the Angband member, see Angband (game). After posting weaker than expected revenues in the first quarter of 2005, IBM eliminated 14,500 positions from its workforce, predominantly in Europe. This article is about the President. In more recent years there have been a number of broad sweeping cuts to the workforce as IBM attempts to adapt to changing market conditions and a declining profit base. History of the United States (1865-1918). Historically IBM has had a good reputation of long term staff retention with very little large scale layoffs. presidential election, 1892. IBM employees won the lawsuit and arrived at a partial settlement, although appeals are still underway. U.S. In the 1990s, two major pension program changes, including a conversion to a cash balance plan, resulted in an employee class action lawsuit alleging age discrimination. presidential election, 1888. Alliance@IBM, part of the Communications Workers of America, is trying to organize IBM in the U.S. U.S. The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing, although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States. See L.M. IBM is the only technology company ranked in Working Mother Magazine's Top 10 for 2004. suburbs. More recently, IBM received a 100% rating on the Corporate Equality Index released by the Human Rights Campaign starting in 2003, the second year of the report. Harrison has African-American descendants residing in the Washington D.C. IBM's efforts to promote workforce diversity and equal opportunity date back at least to World War I, when the company hired disabled veterans. Harrison was the last President of the United States to wear a beard while in office. IBM. This recording, which was originally made on a phonograph cylinder, can be easily accessed via the Internet. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however; see SCO v. President whose voice was recorded. This includes over 300 Linux kernel developers. It is quite possible that Benjamin Harrison was the first U.S. The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux. Wyoming – July 10, 1890. IBM's culture has been recently influenced by the open source movement. Idaho – July 3, 1890. In 2004 another WorldJam was conducted in which more than 52,000 employees participated to exchange best practices for 72 hours. Washington – November 11, 1889. "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters - for our company and the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships". Montana – November 8, 1889. The company values have been updated to reflect modern business, marketplace and employee views. South Dakota – November 2, 1889. In 2003 the IBM company embarked on an ambitious project to rewrite its company values through a world-jam over the internet involving more than 50,000 employees over 3 days. North Dakota – November 2, 1889. But by the 1990s, IBM relaxed these codes; the dress and behavior of its employees does not differ appreciably from that of their counterparts in large technology companies. Wounded Knee Massacre (1890). For most of the 20th century, a blue suit, white shirt and dark tie was the public uniform of IBM employees. Ocala Demands (1890). In addition, middle and top management would often be enlisted to give direct support to salesmen in the process of making sales to important customers. McKinley Tariff (1890). Traditionally, many of its executives and general managers would be chosen from its sales force. Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890). IBM has often been described as having a sales-centric or a sales-oriented business culture. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Starting from the date of the acquisition, Lenovo will have five years' use of the IBM and "Think" trademarks. Howell Edmunds Jackson - 1893. IBM will maintain a significant (about 19%) stake in the new division. - 1892. The new division will be headquartered in New York. George Shiras, Jr. As of 10 December 2004, IBM has finalized negotiations to sell its PC division to China-based Lenovo. Henry Billings Brown - 1891. [4], [5]. David Josiah Brewer - 1890. Protection of the company's intellectual property has grown into a business in its own right, generating over $10 billion dollars [3] to the bottom line for the company during this period. [2]. That twelve-year period has resulted in over 29,000 patents for which IBM is the primary assignee. patents than any other company. In every year from 1993 until 2004, IBM has been granted significantly more U.S. In recent years IBM has steadily increased its patent portfolio, which is valuable for cross-licensing with other companies. This program will be implemented over the coming years. In 2002, IBM announced the beginning of a $10 billion program to research and implement the infrastructure technology necessary to be able to provide supercomputer-level resources "on demand" to all businesses as a metered utility. . In the USA, they have earned four Turing Awards, five National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science, and outside the USA, many equivalents. IBM employees have won five Nobel Prizes. IBM Research has eight laboratories, all located in the Northern Hemisphere, with five of those locations outside of the United States. That total includes about 350 Distinguished Engineers and 60 IBM Fellows, its most senior engineers. The company is increasingly focused on business solution driven consulting, services and software, with emphasis also on high value chips and hardware technologies; as of 2005 it employs about 195,000 technical professionals. In 2002 the company strengthened its business advisory capabilities by acquiring the consulting arm of professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers. Palmisano was elected CEO on January 29, 2002 after having led IBM's Global Services, and helping it to become a business with a $100 billion in backlog in 2004 [1]. Samuel J. In recent years, services and consulting revenues have been larger than those from manufacturing. It has engineers and consultants in over 170 countries and development laboratories located all over the world, in all segments of computer science and information technology; some of them are pioneers in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. With over 330,000 employees worldwide and revenues of $96 billion (figures from 2004), IBM is the largest information technology company in the world, and one of the few with a continuous history dating back to the 19th century. The company manufactures and sells computer hardware, software, and services. International Business Machines Corporation (IBM, or colloquially, Big Blue) NYSE: IBM (incorporated June 15, 1911, in operation since 1888) is headquartered in Armonk, NY, USA. FairUCE: A spam filter that stops spam by verifying sender identity instead of filtering content. (This is an ETTK technology.). Policy Management for Autonomic Computing: A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and business processes. Database File Archive And Restoration Management: An application for archiving and restoring hard disk files whose file references are stored in a database. IBM Performance Simulator for Linux on POWER: A tool that provides users of Linux on Power a set of performance models for IBM's POWER processors. [7] [8]. Examples from Wikipedia. History Flow Visualization Application: A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors. Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture: A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys. Now Motient. ARDIS mobile packet network, a joint venture with Motorola. AT&T Business Internet, formerly IBM Global Network, formerly Advantis (joint venture with Sears). Prodigy, formerly a joint venture with Sears. ScanSoft now sell and support IBM's speech technology products under the ViaVoice brand. IBM continues to develop storage solutions, including Tape Backup, Storage software, etc. Hitachi Global Storage Technologies now provides many of the hardware storage solutions formerly provided by IBM, including IBM Harddrives & The Microdrive. IBM Printing Systems now competes with Lexmark. Lexmark has sold its keyboard and typewriter businesses. Lexmark (keyboards, typewriters, and printers). Taligent, a joint software venture with Apple Computer. December, 2004 Lenovo acquires IBM Personal Systems Group, 10 000 employees and $9 billion in revenue. 1958 Time Equipment Division is sold to the Simplex Time Recorder Company. 1942 Ticketograph Division is sold to the National Postal Meter Company. 1934 Dayton Scale Division is sold to the Hobart Manufacturing Company. August, 2005 DWL. July 2005 PureEdge. May 2005 Gluecode. February 2005 Corio crio for $211 million. October, 2004 Systemcorp. August, 2004 Venetica. July, 2004 Cyanea Systems. July, 2004 Alphablox. April, 2004 Candle Corp., Daksh eServices in India. March, 2004 Logicalis Australia and Logical CSI New Zealand, renamed to Cerulean Solutions in April 2005. 2004 Maersk Data & DMData. July. 2003 Presence Online, Aptrix. 2003 Rational Software Corporation for $2.1 billion. October, 2003 CrossAccess. 2002 PricewaterhouseCoopers' Consulting for $3.5 billion (recalculated by IBM in August 2003 as $3.9 billion). January, 2002 Crossworlds. 2001 Informix Software (a purchase of assets rather than a true acquisition) for $1.0 billion. 1999 Sequent Computer Systems for $810 million. 1999 Mylex Corporation. 1998 CommQuest Technologies. 1997 Unison Software. 1997 Software Artistry for $200 million. 1995 Tivoli Systems for $750 million. 1995 Lotus Development Corporation for $3.5 billion. 1986 RealCom Communications Corporation. 1984 ROLM. August, 1959 Pierce Wire Recorder Corporation. 1941 Munitions Manufacturing Corporation. (See: IBM Electromatic typewriter). 1933 Electromatic Typewriters Inc. 1932 National Counting Scale Company. 1930 Automatic Accounting Scale Company. 1924 C-T-R renamed IBM. 1921 Ticketograph Company (of Chicago). 1921 Pierce Accounting Machine Company (asset purchase). 1917 C-T-R opens in Canada as IBM. 1917 American Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R) as International Scale Company. 1911 Tabulating Machine Company acquired by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R). 1911 International Time Recording Company acquired by Computing-Time-Recording Company (C-T-R). 1911 Computing Scale Company acquired by Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (C-T-R). 1908 Syracuse Time Recording Company acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1907 Dey Time Registers acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1902 Bundy Manufacturing Company acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1901 Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company. 1901 Dayton Moneyweight Scale Company acquire by Computing Scale Company. 1901 Chicago Time-Register Company acquire by International Time Recording Company. 1900 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester) acquired by International Time Recording Company. 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company. 1896 Tabulating Machine Company incorporated. 1896 Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated. 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated. 1893 Dey Patents Company (Dey Time Registers) incorporated. 1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated. 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated. Patents). (Reference: USPTO Releases Annual List of Top 10 Organizations Receiving Most U.S. IBM received 3,248 patents that year. In 2004, for the twelfth consecutive year, IBM was awarded the greatest number of patents by the USPTO. It has been calculated that, if the Rochester, Minnesota facility that produces the machine were independent, it would be the third largest computer company in the world. It was the first successful 64-bit machine. The IBM iSeries minicomputer (in its 24-year history also variously known as i5, AS/400 and System/38) is the world's largest-selling computer family, if PC-type machines are excluded. IBM agreed to sell its PC division to Lenovo in December 2004 and, when the sale is complete, will come out of the business of manufacturing / designing / selling PCs, the business which it created in 1981. The IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981; Microsoft and Intel became monopoly suppliers of two of the key components of PC-compatible systems. Whilst IBM did not invent the personal computer, architectures cloned from its design for the IBM PC (which relied on third-party componentry) became the industry standard, and are now often simply called the PC. Sexual orientation was added to the nondiscrimination policy in 1984. In 1953, IBM published the first US corporate mandate on equal employment opportunity, stating that the company would hire people based on their ability, "regardless of race, color or creed". In 1944, IBM was the first corporation to support the United Negro College Fund. IBM also made clocks until they sold their time division in 1958. From 1942 to 1944 IBM was one of nine companies contracted by the US Government to produce M1 Carbine rifles; these are now sought-after antiques. [6]. The problem lies with extermination camps, about which there were already a lot of war rumours, but nothing that could be confirmed or inferred formally before their discovery by allies in 1945. Note however that concentration camps are a perfectly legal war disposition regulated by the Geneva convention. was aware of their use. Watson, Sr. It has been alleged by a journalist that IBM president Thomas J. From 1933 to 1944, IBM punch card machines were installed at various German concentration camps. They will have the same treatment, the same responsibilities and the same opportunities for advancement.". wrote: "Men and women will do the same kind of work for equal pay. Watson Sr. Thomas J. IBM began hiring women to work as professional systems service staff in 1935. The first black employee was hired in 1899 by the Computing Scale Corporation (as it was known at the time). While the floppy disk is rapidly falling into disuse, the infamous Control-Alt-Delete keystroke (David Bradley, 2001: "I invented it, but it was Bill that made it famous"), also invented at IBM, is still frequently used on PCs running Windows operating systems. IBM invented many of the core technologies used in all forms of computing, including the first hard disk drive and the Winchester hard disk drive, the cursor (on computer screens), Dynamic RAM (DRAM), the relational database, Thin Film recording heads, RISC architecture, the Scanning Tunneling Microscope, and the floppy disk. Software Group groups its products into five brands: DB2 (information management), Rational (software development lifecycle), Lotus (collaboration), Tivoli (systems management and security) and WebSphere (application integration and middleware). IBM's Software Group, if it were a separate entity, would be the second largest software company in the world, behind only Microsoft in total revenue. The IBM Logo was designed by Paul Rand. |