Beer

[2]. A variety of DSL providers and resellers are able to provide broadband Internet over Verizon-owned phone lines. Another study found non-alcoholic beer to mirror the cardiovascular benefits associated with moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. Satellite television is available from Dish Network and DirecTV. [1]. Broadband Internet access is provided by Comcast and RCN in certain areas. A 2005 Japanese study found that non-alcoholic beer may possess strong anti-cancer properties. Cable television is available from Comcast and RCN.

Typically, the darker the brew, the more nutrient dense. Phone service is also available from various national wireless companies. Nutritionally, beer can contain significant amounts of magnesium, selenium, potassium, phosphorus, biotin, and B vitamins. Verizon, successor to New England Telephone, NYNEX, and Bell Atlantic, is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. However, beer includes a wide variety of other agents that are currently undergoing scientific evaluation. Natural gas is distributed by KeySpan Corporation (the successor company to Boston Gas); only commercial and industrial customers may choose an alternate natural gas supplier. Beer contains alcohol and inherits that substance's health risks and benefits. NSTAR is the exclusive distributor of electric power to the city, though due to deregulation, customers now have a choice of electric generation companies.

People's scores are then tallied together to create lists of the best or most popular beers in each country as well as the most highly rated beers in the world. The agency operates several facilities for sewage treatment, notably an effluent tunnel in Boston Harbor and the Deer Island Wastewater Treatment Plant near the mouth of Boston Harbor. This is a worldwide activity and people in the USA will swap bottles of beer with people living in New Zealand and Russia. Established as a public authority in 1984, the MWRA pipes water from reservoirs in Western and Central Massachusetts, notably the Quabbin and Wachusett Reservoirs, for several communities within Greater Boston. People drink beer and then record their scores and comments on various internet websites. The Commission in turn purchases wholesale water and sewage disposal from the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA). Rating Beer is a recent craze that combines the enjoyment of beer drinking with the hobby of collecting. Water supply and sewage-disposal services are provided by the Boston Water and Sewer Commission.

For more details see:-. Meanwhile, Amtrak's Downeaster service to Maine originates at North Station. There are breweries in Middle Eastern countries such as Iraq and Syria as well as African countries and remote countries such as Mongolia. Fast Northeast Corridor trains, which service New York City, Washington, D.C., and points in between, also stop at Route 128 Station in the southwestern suburbs of Boston. Beer is consumed in countries all over the world. Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and Chicago lines originate at South Station and stop at Back Bay. Consumption in isolation and excess may be associated with people "drowning their sorrows", while drinking in excess in company may be associated with binge drinking. Collectively known as the "T", the MBTA also operates an extensive network of bus lines and water shuttles, and a commuter rail network extending north to the Merrimack River valley, west to Worcester, and south to Providence, Rhode Island.

Various social traditions and activities are associated with beer drinking, such as buying a round, pub crawling, rating beer, or drinking a yard of ale. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) operated the nation's first underground subway system, which has since been expanded to an extensive rapid transit system reaching as far north as Malden, as far south as Braintree, and as far west as Newton. Beer is considered to be a social lubricant in many societies. Through the Big Dig the elevated highway was replaced with an underground tunnel. While beer is defined as an alcoholic beverage, a drink originated in the Western world, which undergoes a process to remove most of the alcohol, producing what is called low alcohol or non-alcoholic beer. The most infamous portion, the Central Artery, runs through downtown Boston and was constantly prone to heavy traffic. Although there is some variation among sources, mixed beers generally fall into the following categories:. US 1 and I-93 runs north to south through the city.

Hybrid or mixed style beers use modern techniques and materials instead of, or in addition to, traditional aspects of brewing. I-95, which surrounds the city, is known as Route 128. All beer before the cultivation of yeast in the 19th century were closer to this style, characterised by their sour flavours. Boston is the eastern terminus of I-90, also known as the Mass Pike. These are beers which use wild yeasts, rather than cultivated ones. for cycling. The Pilsner Urquell or Heineken brands of beer are typical examples of pilsner beer. In its March 2006 issue, Bicycling magazine named Boston as one of the three worst cities in U.S.

The modern Pilsner lager is light in colour and high in carbonation, with a strong hop flavour and an alcohol content of 3–6% by volume. The city also has a number of rotaries, which have confused many drivers. In terms of volume, most of today's lager is based on the Pilsner style, pioneered in 1842 in the town of Plzeň, in the Czech Republic. Roads change names and lose and add lanes seemingly at random. With modern improved fermentation control, most lager breweries use only short periods of cold storage, typically 1–3 weeks. Boston has been described as a "City of Squares", referring to the tradition of naming the intersections of major thoroughfares after prominent city residents. Modern methods of producing lager were pioneered by Gabriel Sedlmayr the Younger, who perfected dark brown lagers at the Spaten Brewery in Bavaria, and Anton Dreher, who began brewing a lager, probably of amber-red color, in Vienna in 1840–1841. Except for the reclaimed Back Bay and part of South Boston, the city has no street grid.

The cooler conditions also inhibit the natural production of esters and other byproducts, resulting in a "crisper" tasting beer. Boston's streets appear as though they were not planned, evolving from centuries-old foot and cow paths. During the secondary stage, the lager clears and mellows. Green Airport in Providence, Rhode Island, and Manchester Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire, are airports outside Massachusetts which serve as secondary facilities. Lager yeast is a bottom-fermenting yeast, and typically undergoes primary fermentation at 7-12°C (45-55°F) (the "fermentation phase"), and then is given a long secondary fermentation at 0-4°C (30-40°F) (the "lagering phase"). F. They are of Central European origin, taking their name from the German lagern ("to store"). T.

Lagers are the most commonly-consumed category of beer in the world. Another airport serving the city and surrounding areas is Hanscom Field in Lexington and Bedford. However, commonly, lager is perceived to be cleaner tasting, dryer and lighter in the mouth than ale. Logan International Airport, located in the East Boston neighborhood, is the major airport serving Boston. While Baltic Porter and Bière de Garde may be produced by either lager or ale methods or a combination of both. Boston Medical Center, located in the South End neighborhood, is the primary teaching facility for the Boston University School of Medicine as well as the largest trauma center in the Boston area; it was formed by the merger of Boston University Hospital and Boston City Hospital. Steam beer, Kölsch and some modern British Golden Summer Beers are seen as hybrids, using elements of both lager and ale production. New England Medical Center, located in the southern portions of the Chinatown neighborhood, is affiliated with Tufts University.

Stylistic differences between some ales and lagers can be difficult to categorize. The facilities in the Longwood Medical Area and MGH are world-renowned research medical centers affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Ale yeasts at these temperatures produce significant amounts of esters and other secondary flavor and aroma products, and the result is a beer with slightly "fruity" compounds resembling but not limited to apple, pear, pineapple, banana, plum or prune. Many of Boston's major medical facilities are associated with universities. Ale is typically fermented at higher temperatures than lager beer (15–23°C, 60–75°F). Boston also has VA medical centers in the Jamaica Plain and West Roxbury neighborhoods. Common features of ale yeasts regardless of top or bottom fermentation is that they ferment quicker than lager yeasts, they convert less of the sugar into alcohol (giving a sweeter, fuller body) and they produce more esters (which give a fruity taste) and diacetyl (which gives a buttery taste). Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) is located near the Beacon Hill neighborhood, with the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital nearby.

An ale yeast is normally considered to be a top-fermenting yeast, though a number of British brewers, such as Fullers and Weltons, use ale yeast strains that settle at the bottom. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Brigham and Women's Hospital were both formed by mergers: the former between Beth Israel Hospital and New England Deaconess Hospital, and the latter by Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and the Boston Hospital for Women. A modern ale is commonly defined by the strain of yeast used and the fermenting temperature. The Longwood Medical Area is a region of Boston with a concentration of medical and research facilities, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School. Fermented honey is called mead, fermented apple juice is called cider, fermented pear juice is called perry, and fermented grape juice is called wine. As the home to some of the world's most respected research hospitals, Boston enjoys an international reputation in the medical field. Alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of sugars derived from non-grain sources are generally not called "beer," despite being produced by the same yeast-based biochemical reaction. The city is also the site of two other major annual sporting events: the Boston Marathon, the world-famous 26-mile run from Hopkinton to Copley Square in Boston, and the Head of the Charles Regatta rowing competition on the Charles River.

Beers that blend the characteristics of ales and lagers are referred to as hybrids. The hockey teams of these four universities meet every year in an immensely popular four-team tournament known as the "Beanpot". Most beer styles fall into one of two large families: ale, using top-fermenting yeast, or lager, using bottom-fermenting yeast. The most prominent include Boston College (member of the Atlantic Coast Conference), Boston University (America East Conference), Northeastern University (Colonial Athletic Association), and Harvard University. A major component of determining the type of beer is the yeast used in the fermentation process. Boston's many colleges and universities field sports teams. A beer's style is a label that describes the overall flavour and often the origin of a beer, according to a system that has evolved by trial and error over many centuries. The team plays at Boston University's Nickerson Field.

There are many different types of beer, each of which is said to belong to a particular style. Another major league team is the lacrosse team Boston Cannons of Major League Lacrosse. Typically when serving a hefeweizen 90% of the contents is poured and the remainder swirled to dissolve the sediment before pouring it into the glass. Both teams play at Gillette Stadium. There are certain styles (notably hefeweizen) where it is usual to add the yeast back in, for the considerable flavor and mouthfeel it imparts. Boston fans travel there to see the Patriots and the New England Revolution soccer team of Major League Soccer. For most bottle-conditioned beer styles, it is recommended that you pour slowly at a low angle, without glugging, leaving behind the undesirable yeast sediment at the bottom of the bottle. Once the Boston Patriots, a charter team of the American Football League, the NFL's New England Patriots football team plays in nearby Foxboro.

But if the cask is in the cellar, the beer needs to travel via tubes, or beer lines, up to the bar area using a beer engine. The game was played between the Boston Americans (currently the Boston Red Sox) and the Pittsburgh Pirates.^[11]. The beer will then be served simply under gravity pressure: turn on the tap, and the beer comes out. Boston was once the home of the National League baseball team Boston Braves as well as the site of the first World Series in 1903. This might simply be a tap if the cask is stored behind the bar. Their home at Fenway Park, located near Kenmore Square, is the oldest ballpark in active use in the United States. He will also knock a tap into the end of the cask. The baseball team Boston Red Sox is a member of the American League of Major League Baseball.

When the beer is judged to be ready, the landlord will replace the soft spile with a hard one (which doesn’t allow air in or gas out) and let the beer settle for 24 hours. The Celtics have the distinction of having more World Championships than any other NBA team with 16 championships from 1957 to 1986. There still has to be some life in the beer otherwise it really will taste flat, but too much life and the beer will taste hard or fizzy. The TD Banknorth Garden (formerly called the Fleet Center) is near North Station is the home of two major league teams: the Boston Bruins ice hockey team (National Hockey League) and the Boston Celtics basketball team (National Basketball Association). The landlord will periodically check the bubbles by wiping the spile clean and then watching to see how fast the bubbles reform. The outer suburbs of Boston, which tend to be forested, have vibrantly colored foliage every autumn that attracts many tourists. This can be seen by the bubbles foaming around the spile. A popular guided tour is the Boston Duck Tour, which uses World War II-era duck boats.

The soft spile in the bung hole allows gas to vent off. There are also two self-guided walking tours: Harbor Walk, which is designed to allow people the walk the entire shore of Boston Harbor, and the Black Heritage Trail. A keg does not have a bung hole on the side. The New England Aquarium, Franklin Park Zoo, Boston Athenaeum (one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States), and the Boston Children's Museum are located within the city. The major difference in appearance between a keg and a cask is that bung hole. Kennedy Library. When the landlord feels the beer has settled, and he is ready to serve it, he will knock a soft spile into a bung hole on the side of the cask. The University of Massachusetts campus at Columbia Point houses the John F.

Cask ales have their own packaging requirements: These beers are unfiltered and unpasteurised. Boston is home to several world-renowned museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts, the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, and the Museum of Science. In an attempt to simulate this process at home, Guinness introduced the widget can in 1991; recently, Guinness has expanded the concept with the "draft in a bottle" system. Other notable districts/neighborhoods include Beacon Hill, Charlestown, Chinatown, Downtown Crossing, North End, and South Boston. These beers will be poured in two stages, with a pause to allow settling. Back Bay is also the home of two of New England's tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center.^[10] Near the John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent weather forecast beacon. This tap uses a nitrogen/carbon dioxide mixture, rather than standard carbon dioxide, in order to obtain a creamier mouthfeel. The Back Bay district includes many prominent landmarks such as the Christian Science Center, Boston Public Library, Copley Square, and Newbury Street.

Some stouts and British ales, most famously Guinness, are served from a "nitrogen tap". Other parks are scattered throughout the city, with the major parks located near Castle Island, Charlestown, the Dorchester shoreline, and East Boston. Heavily carbonated beers such as German pilsners or weissbiers may need settling time before serving. A major recreation site for many Bostonians, it is also the site of the Hatch Shell. The rate of flow from the tap or other serving vessel, tilt of the glass, and position of the pour (in the center or down the side) into the glass all influence the end result, such as the size and longevity of the head, lacing (the pattern left by the head as it moves down the glass as the beer is drunk), and turbulence of the beer and its release of carbonation. Another major park is the Esplanade located along the banks of the Charles River. Lastly, the pouring process is important to a beer's presentation. In the winter, the Frog Pond at Boston Common doubles as a popular ice-skating rink.

When these oils come in contact with beer there is a significant reduction in the amount of head (foam) that is found on the beer, and the bubbles will tend to stick to the side of the glass rather than rising to the surface as normal. Boston Common is part of the Emerald Necklace, a string of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmstead. While glass is completely non-porous, its surface can retain oil from the skin, aerosolized oil from nearby cooking, and traces of fat from food. Also along the Freedom Trail is Boston Common, with the Boston Public Garden being adjacent. Some drinkers in Britain prefer their ale to be served in pewter tankards, while in Europe it is common for glasses to be rinsed just before beer is poured into them. Many are found along the Freedom Trail, which is marked by a red line or bricks embedded in the ground. Some aficionados claim that the shape and material of the vessel influences the perception of the aroma and the way in which the beer settles, similar to claims by drinkers of brandy or cognac. Because of the city's prominent role in the American Revolution, several historic sites relating to that period are preserved as part of the Boston National Historical Park.

As with wine, there are specialized styles of glassware for some styles of beer, and some breweries even produce glassware intended for their own beers. Most Boston television stations have their transmitters in nearby Needham and Newton. Drinking out of a bottle inhibits aromas picked up by the nose, so if a drinker wishes to appreciate a beer's aroma, the beer is first poured into a glass, mug, tankard or stein. WGBH is a major producer of PBS programs. Some drinkers of beer may sometimes drink straight from the bottle or can, while others may pour their beer into a vessel before imbibing. Boston is also home to PBS station WGBH 2, which also operates WGBX 44. Besides temperature, choosing an appropriate container is also important. The Boston television DMA, which also includes Manchester, New Hampshire, is the fifth largest in the United States.^[9] The city is served by stations representing every major American network including WBZ 4 (CBS), WCVB 5 (ABC), WHDH 7 (NBC), WFXT 25 (FOX), WSBK 38 (UPN), and WLVI 56 (WB).

And beers between these two extremes should be served at temperatures between these extremes. University radio stations include WZBC (Boston College), WERS (Emerson), and WUMB (UMass Boston). While there are no firmly agreed principles for all cases, a general approach is that lighter coloured beers, such as Pale lagers, are best served cold (40-45F/4-7C), while dark, strong beers such as Imperial Stouts should be served at cellar temperature (54-60F/12-16C) and then allowed to warm up in the room to individual taste. A variety of FM radio formats serve the area as well as NPR stations WBUR and WGBH. An important factor is temperature: colder temperatures start to inhibit the chemical senses of the tongue and throat, which narrow down the flavour profile of a beer, allowing delicate, fully attenuated beers such as Pilsners and Pale lagers to be appreciated for their crispness, but preventing the more rounded flavours of an ale or a stout to be perceived. Boston has the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the Boston radio market being the eleventh largest in the United States.^[8] Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO 680 AM, sports/talk station WEEI 850 AM, and news radio WBZ 1030 AM. The conditions of serving have an influence on a drinker's experience. The city is also served by a number of smaller publications such as The Boston Phoenix and The Improper Bostonian.

Major American breweries use relatively high percentages of adjuncts in order to produce very light-bodied beer at 4-5% alcohol by volume. The Boston Globe, owned by the New York Times Company, and The Boston Herald are Boston's two major daily newspapers. These starches convert in the mashing process to easily fermentable sugars that serve to increase the alcohol content of beer while adding little body or flavor. Boston also had one of the leading local ska scenes in the ska revival of the mid-1990s with bands like The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, The Allstonians, and Skavoovie and the Epitones. Other ingredients, such as flavouring or sources of sugar, are called adjuncts and are commonly used; common adjuncts are corn and rice. Boston musicians have contributed greatly to the hardcore scene over the years (see also Boston hardcore). The main ingredients of beer are water, malted barley, hops and yeast. In contrast to what might be considered the more "refined" aspects of Boston's culture, the city is also one of the birthplaces of the hardcore punk genre of music.

It is not uncommon for strong beers to be aged a year or more. These events include the weeklong Harborfest festivities and a Boston Pops concert accompanied by fireworks on the banks of the Charles River. And a long conditioning period is considered desirable for some bottle conditioned beers such as Belgian ales and Barley wines. There are a number of major annual events such as First Night, which occurs during New Year's Eve, and several events during the Fourth of July. Unfiltered beers may be stored much like wine for further conditioning in aging barrels to allow further fermentation and development of secondary flavors. Renowned performing arts groups include the Boston Ballet, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Boston Pops, Boston Lyric Opera Company, and the Handel and Haydn Society (the oldest choral company in the United States). At this point the beer is kegged, casked, bottled, or canned. The city also has a number of ornate theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre and The Wang Center for the Performing Arts.

After brewing, the beer is usually a finished product. Much of Boston's culture originates at its universities. There may be additional filtration steps between stages. Many consider Boston a highly cultured city, perhaps as a result of its intellectual reputation. Though the process of brewing beer is complex and varies considerably, the basic stages that are consistent are outlined below. Boston has its own collection of neologisms known as Boston slang. Today, the brewing industry is a huge global business, consisting of several multinational companies, and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. Italian, Chinese, and Hispanic groups also have major contributions to Boston's cultural composition.

By the 14th and 15th centuries, beermaking was gradually changing from a family-oriented activity to an artisan one, with pubs and monasteries brewing their own beer for mass consumption. Irish Americans are a major influence on Boston's politics and religious institutions and consequently on the rest of Massachusetts. Beer largely remained a homemaker's activity, made in the home in medieval times. Boston shares many cultural roots with greater New England, including a dialect of the Eastern New England accent popularly known as Boston English, and a regional cuisine with a large emphasis on seafood and dairy products. from Vindolanda) shows that Roman troops serving in northern and central Europe customarily drank local types of beer. 3000 students of racial minorities attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council, or METCO. Tacitus wrote disparagingly of the beer brewed by the Germanic peoples of his day, but documentary evidence (e.g. The system operates 145 schools, which includes Boston Latin School (the oldest public school, established in 1635), English High (the oldest public high school, established 1821), and Mather (the oldest public elementary school, established in 1639).^[7] The city also has private, parochial, and charter schools.

In Classical Greece and Rome wine was the usual alcoholic beverage and beer was little known, except as a drink favoured by foreigners (barbarians) of the Middle East and northern Europe. Boston Public Schools, the oldest public school system in the U.S., enrolls 58,600 students from kindergarten to grade 12. Beer is one of the oldest beverages humans have produced, dating back to at least the 5th millennium BC and recorded in the written history of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The city is also home to a number of conservatories and art schools, including the Massachusetts College of Art, New England Conservatory, Boston Conservatory, and Berklee College of Music. . Suffolk University, a small private university known for its law school, maintains a campus on Beacon Hill. Because the ingredients used to make beer differ from place to place, beer characteristics such as taste and color vary widely, and consequently its style or classification. Northeastern University, a large private university with a distinctive work/study program, maintains a campus in the Fenway district.

The process of beer production is called brewing. Emerson College, a highly regarded arts & communications school, maintains a campus near the Theatre District at the southwest corner of Boston Common. Alcoholic beverages made from the fermentation of sugars derived from non-grain sources — fruit juices or honey, for example — are generally not called "beer," despite being produced by the same yeast-based biochemical reaction. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) operates several major laboratories within the city. The unfermented sugar solution, called wort, is obtained from steeping, or "mashing," malted grains, usually barley. Harvard recently announced plans to expand its main campus across the Charles River into Boston's Allston neighborhood, which already hosts some of the university's dormitories and sports facilities. Beer, generally, is an alcoholic beverage produced through the fermentation of sugars suspended in an aqueous medium, and which is not distilled after fermentation. These holdings include the Arnold Arboretum, and its business and medical schools.

Various regions: Rye beer, mead (made from water and honey), cider (made from apple juice). Harvard University, the nation's oldest institution of higher learning, is based across the Charles River in Cambridge; however, most of its current land holdings lie in Boston. Russia/Ukraine: Kvass, a fermented non-alcoholic or mildly alcoholic beverage. Boston University, now the city's second largest employer and one of the largest private universities in the country, was originally established in Vermont before moving to Brookline and later to its present campus in the Back Bay in the 1950s. Mexico: Pulque, an indigenous beer made from the fermented sap of the agave plant. Its campus, initially envisioned as an Oxford in America, subsequently expanded so that almost half of it is now within the city's political boundaries. Korea: Soju. It was originally located in the South End before moving to Chestnut Hill, on the city's western edge.

Japan: Sake, a primarily rice-based fermented drink, similar in many respects to Chinese jiǔ. Boston College was the first institution of higher education established in the city. Finland: Sahti, a traditional Finnish beer. Boston's reputation as the Athens of America derives in large part from the teaching and research activities of over 100 colleges and universities located in its metropolitan area. China: Jiǔ, primarily grain-based fermented drinks. It is also a major seaport along the United States east coast as well as a major fishing port. Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and Sikkim: Chhaang, a popular semi-fermented rice/millet drink in the eastern Himalaya. The Port of Boston is the largest and busiest seaport in Massachusetts.

Armenia: Kotayk is brewed as lager, special, dark, light and non-alcoholic beers. Other major companies are located outside the city, especially along Route 128. Andes, South America: Chicha, an Andean beverage made from germinated maize. has its headquarters in the city. Africa: Hundreds of local drinks made from millet, sorghum, and other available starch crops. New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc. Specialty beers are a catch-all category used to describe any beers brewed using unusual fermentable sugars, grains and starches. Major companies headquartered within the city include Gillette, owned by Procter & Gamble, and Teradyne, one of the world's leading manufacturers of semiconductors and other electronic equipment.

However, many brewers outside of Germany--most notably American craft brewers--have been adding smoked malt to porters, Scotch ale and a variety of other styles. Because of its status as a state capital and the regional home of federal agencies, law and government is another major component of the city's economy. The most traditional examples of this style are the Rauchbiers of Bamberg, Germany. The city is also a major convention destination with four major convention centers: the Hynes Convention Center in the Back Bay, the Bayside Expo Center in Dorchester, and the World Trade Center Boston and Boston Convention & Exhibition Center on the South Boston waterfront. A smoky aroma and flavour is usually present. Textbook publisher Houghton Mifflin is headquartered within the city. Smoked beers are any beer whose malt has been smoked. Boston is also a printing and publishing center.

Oftentimes, the barrel or wood will be treated first with some variety of spirit or other alcoholic beverage--usage of bourbon, scotch and sherry are common. The city is also the regional headquarters of major banks such as Bank of America and Sovereign Bank, and a center for venture capital. Wood-aged beers are any traditional or experimental beer that has been aged in a wooden barrel or have been in contact with wood (in the form of chips, cubes or "beans") for a period of time (Oak is the most common). Boston-based Fidelity Investments helped popularize the mutual fund in the 1980s, and has made Boston one of the top financial cities in the United States. Herb and spiced beers add herbs or spices derived from roots, seeds, fruits, vegetables or flowers instead of, or in addition to hops. Other important industries include financial services, especially mutual funds and insurance. Fruit beers and vegetable beers are mixed with some kind of fermentable fruit or vegetable adjunct during the fermentation process, providing obvious yet harmonious qualities. Not only are they major employers, but they also attract high-tech industries to the city and surrounding region, including computer hardware and software companies as well as biotechnology companies like Millennium Pharmaceuticals and Biogen Idec.

Since these ingredients may be derived from animals, those concerned with the use or consumption of animal products should obtain specific details of the filtration process from the brewer. Boston's colleges and universities have a major impact on the city and region's economy. Common examples of these include Isinglass finings, obtained from swimbladders of fish; kappa carrageenan, derived from seaweed; Irish moss, a type of red alga; and gelatin. The city has thrice been a recipient of the All-America City Award, the oldest and most respected civic award in the U.S. Clarifying agent: Some brewers add one or more clarifying agents to beer that are not required to be published as ingredients. Boston has eight sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI): Barcelona (Spain), Hangzhou (People's Republic of China), Kyoto (Japan), Melbourne (Australia), Padua (Italy), Strasbourg (France), Sekondi-Takoradi (Ghana), and Taipei (Taiwan). On average, beer's alcohol content is between 4% and 6% alcohol by volume, although it can be as low as 2% and as high as 14% under ordinary circumstances and several brewers claim to make beers that are upwards of 20%. Though the figures are nowhere near the high-water mark set in 1990, the aberrations in the murder rate have been unsettling for many Bostonians and have prompted discussion over whether the Boston Police Department should reevaluate its approach to fighting crime.^[4][5][6].

Before yeast's functions were understood, all fermentations were conducted using wild yeast; although a few styles such as lambics still rely on this ancient method, most modern fermentations are conducted using pure yeast cultures. In more recent years, however, the annual murder count has fluctuated by as much as 50% compared to the year before, with 60 murders in 2002, followed by just 39 in 2003, 64 in 2004, and 75 in 2005. Yeast will metabolise the sugars extracted from the grains, and produce alcohol and carbon dioxide as a result. This helped lead in part to what has been touted as the "Boston Miracle." Murders in the city dropped from 152 in 1990 (for a murder rate of 26.5 per 100,000 people) to just 31—not one of them a juvenile—in 1999 (for a murder rate of 5.26 per 100,000). A specific strain of yeast is chosen depending on which type of beer is being produced, the two main strains being ale yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and lager yeast (Saccharomyces uvarum), with many other variations available depending on the style of beer being brewed. Conley, spent nearly ten years working at reducing gang violence in the city. Yeast: is a microorganism that is responsible for fermentation. The current DA for Suffolk County and Boston, Daniel F.

While hops plants are grown by farmers all around the world in many different varieties, there is no major commercial use for hops other than in beer. Boston's low crime rate in the last years of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st has been credited to its police department's collaboration with neighborhood groups and church parishes to prevent youths from joining gangs, as well as heavy involvement from the District Attorney's office. The bitterness of commercially-brewed beers is measured on the International Bitterness Units scale. The city is in the Eighth and Ninth Congressional districts. Hops contain several characteristics very favorable to beer: (a) hops contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt, (b) hops also contribute aromas which range from flowery to citrus to herbal, (c) hops have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms and (d) the use of hops aids in "head retention", the length of time that foamy head created by the beer's carbonation agent will last. The city also serves as the home of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, as well as the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston (the First District of the Federal Reserve). Hops: Hops have commonly been used as a bittering agent in beer since the seventeenth century. O'Neil Federal Building.

In most cases, two or more types of malt are combined when making modern beers. Crushed hops used for lambic brewing . Kennedy Federal Office Building and the Thomas P. Darker malts will produce darker beers. Properties include the John F. Different roasting times and temperatures are used to produce different colors of malt from the same grain. Boston is also the United States federal government center for New England. Malting the grain produces the enzymes that will eventually convert the starches in the grain into fermentable sugars. As the capital of Massachusetts, Boston plays a major role in state politics.

Malt is formed from grain by soaking it in water, allowing it to start to germinate, and then drying the germinated grain in a kiln. In addition to city government, numerous state authorities and commissions play a role in the life of Bostonians, including the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport). However, depending on what can be cultivated locally, other malted and unmalted grains are also commonly used, including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, maize and sorghum. The school committee is appointed by the mayor, as are city department heads. Malt: Among malts, barley malt is the most widely used owing to its high amylase content, a digestive enzyme which facilitates the breakdown of the starch into sugars. Flaherty, is elected by the councilors from within themselves. Although the effect of, and interactions between, various dissolved minerals in brewing water is complex, as a general rule, hard water is more suited to dark styles such as stouts or porters, while very soft water is more suited for brewing light-colored beers, such as pilsners. The president of the city council, currently Michael F.

Many beer styles were influenced or even determined by the characteristics of the water in the region. The candidates with the four highest vote totals are elected. Water: Because beer is composed mainly of water, the source of the water and its characteristics have an important effect on the character of the beer. Each voter casts up to four votes for at-large councilors, no more than one vote per candidate. Smaller-scale or more classically-minded brewers will add extra ("priming") sugar or a small amount of newly fermenting wort ("kräusen") to the final vessel, resulting in a short refermentation known as "cask-" or "bottle conditioning". There are nine district seats, each elected by the residents of that district through plurality voting, and four at-large seats. The most common approach by large-scale brewers is force carbonation, via the direct addition of CO₂ gas to the keg or bottle. The city council is elected every two years.

The brewer has a few options to increase carbon dioxide levels. The mayor is elected to a four-year term by plurality voting. Packaging: At this point, the beer contains alcohol, but not much carbon dioxide. Boston has a "strong mayor" system in which the mayor is vested with extensive executive powers. Some brewers may skip the secondary fermentation and simply filter off the yeast. Like many other major cities in the 1950s and 1960s, Boston's population decreased dramatically due to new highway systems that made it easier to access the suburbs and outer regions. After primary fermentation, the beer may be allowed a second fermentation, which allows further settling of yeast and other particulate matter "trub" which may have been introduced earlier in the process. On days with major events such as baseball or basketball games the population can easily increase to 1.5 million.

Fermentation: The yeast is added (or "pitched") and the beer is left to ferment. The population is pushed up to one million or more on an average week day. The hops (whole or pelleted) are added, or a hop extract is used. Boston has the second-largest work day population increase in the country just after Washington D.C. Boiling: The wort is boiled along with any remaining ingredients (excluding yeast), to remove excess water and kill any bacteria. Out of the total population, 25.6% of those under the age of 18 and 18.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The darker, sugar-heavy liquid is called the wort. 19.5% of the population and 15.3% of families are below the poverty line.

Sparging: Water is filtered through the mash to dissolve the sugars. The per capita income for the city was $23,353. The mash is held at constant temperature long enough for enzymes to convert starches into fermentable sugars. Males had a median income of $37,435 versus $32,421 for females. Mashing: The first phase of brewing, in which the malted grains are crushed and soaked in warm water in order to create a malt extract. The median income for a household in the city was $39,629, and the median income for a family was $44,151. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males.

For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. The median age was 31 years. In the city the population was spread out with 19.8% under the age of 18, 16.2% from 18 to 24, 35.8% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.17.

37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. There were 239,528 households out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.4% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.9% were non-families. Census data did not account for this significant segment of the community because of confusing terminology, as Brazilians speak Portuguese and often do not consider themselves specifically Hispanic, Latino, White or African American. These figures became less reliable because of the large, partly undocumented Brazilian population, estimated by some studies to approach 250,000 in Massachusetts.

14.44% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The racial makeup of the city was 54.48% White, 25.33% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 7.52% Asian American, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 7.83% from other races, and 4.39% from two or more races. Italians also form a very large segment of the city's population. The Irish are the largest ethnic group in the city of Boston, and Boston is commonly considered the capital of "Irish America".

There were 251,935 housing units at an average density of 2,009/km² (5,203/mi²). The population density was 4,697/km² (12,166/mi²). As of the census^GR2 of 2000, there were 589,141 people, 239,528 households, and 115,212 families residing in the city. Massachusetts' geographic location's jutting out into the North Atlantic also make the city very prone to Noreaster weather systems that can dump more than 75 cm (30 in) of snow on the region in one storm event.

It also coincidentally averages 108 cm (42 in) of snowfall a year, though this increases dramatically as one goes inland away from the city. The city averages 1080 mm (42 in) of rainfall a year. The record high temperature is 39 °C (102 °F) recorded in 1926 and the record low temperature is -28 °C (-18 °F) recorded in 1934. The coldest month is January, with an average high of 2.2 °C (36 °F) and a low of -5.6 °C (22 °F).^[2] Brief periods exceeding 35 °C in summer and below -20 °C in winter are not uncommon.

The hottest month is July, with an average high of 28 °C (82 °F) and a low of 18 °C (64 °F). It has been known to snow in October and get quite mild in February. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters are cold, windy and snowy. It is not uncommon for the city to experience temperature swings of 30 °C (54 °F) or more over the course of a couple of days.

The weather in Boston, like much of New England, changes rapidly. Boston experiences a continental climate that is very common in New England. The Mystic River separates the neighborhoods of East Boston and Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and the cities of Quincy and Milton.

To the east lies Boston Harbor and the Boston Harbor Islands, many of which are part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, operated by the National Park Service. The Charles River separates Boston proper from Cambridge, Watertown, and the neighborhood of Charlestown. Smaller commercial areas are interspersed amongst single-family homes and wooden/brick multifamily row houses. To this day, the South End Historical District remains the nation's largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood.

Several of these buildings mix in with modern high-rises, notably in the Financial District, Government Center, Back Bay, and the South Boston waterfront. The downtown area and immediate surroundings consist mostly of low-rise brick or stone buildings, with many older buildings in the Federal style. Only Beacon Hill, the smallest of the three original hills, remains partially intact. Much of the Back Bay and South End are built on reclaimed land—two and a half of Boston's three original hills were used as a source of material for landfill.

With an elevation of 19 feet (5.8 m) above sea level at Logan International Airport, Boston is bordered by the cities of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy—often known as, and considered a part of, Greater Boston. The total area is 46.0% water. 125.4 km² (48.4 mi²) of it is land and 106.7 km² (41.2 mi²) of it is water. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 232.1 km² (89.6 mi²).

Once again Boston has become a hub of intellectual, technological, and political ideas. Conversely, Boston's streets currently bustle with a vitality not seen since the 1920s. The city faces gentrification issues and exorbitant living costs. Boston has begun to resemble other parts of the continuous string of Northeast seaboard cities dubbed the BosWash megalopolis.

Over the past several decades, Boston has experienced a dramatic loss of regional institutions and traditions, which once gave it a very distinct social character. The unrest served to highlight racial tensions in the city. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing, which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. Universities such as Harvard, MIT, and Boston University attracted many students to the Boston area.

Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Brigham and Women's Hospital led the nation in medical innovation and patient care. Boston already had a reputation for excellent healthcare services. In the 1970s, Boston boomed after thirty years of economic downturn, becoming a leader in the mutual fund industry. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, including the demolition of the old West End neighborhood and the construction of Government Center.

By the early and mid-20th century, the city was in decline as factories became old and obsolete, and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston also grew by annexing the adjacent communities of East Boston, Dorchester, South Boston, Brighton, Allston, Hyde Park, and Charlestown, some of which were augmented by landfill reclamation. Almost six hundred acres (240 hectares) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Beacon Hill were filled in with soil brought in by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The most dramatic reclamation project was the filling in of the Back Bay in the mid to late 1800s.

After The Great Boston Fire of 1872, building rubble was used as landfill along the downtown waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created the areas now known as the South End, West End, Financial District, and Chinatown. The present-day Statehouse sits atop this shortened Beacon Hill. Beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 hectares) mill pond that later became the Bullfinch Triangle and Scollay Square (now Government Center).

Between 1630 and 1890, the city tripled its physical size by land reclamation, specifically by filling in marshes and mud flats and by filling gaps between wharves along the waterfront.^[1] The most intense reclamation efforts were in the 1800s. Fitzgerald. The Irish played a major role in Boston politics — prominent figures include the Kennedys and John F. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community.

In the 1820s, Boston's ethnic composition began to change dramatically; groups like the Irish and Italians moved into the city and brought with them Roman Catholicism. It also became a center of the abolitionist movement. From the mid-to-late-nineteenth century, Boston flourished culturally — it became renowned for its rarefied literary culture and lavish artistic patronage. Until the early 1900s, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers, and was notable for its garment production, leather goods, and machinery industries.

By the mid-1800s, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. In 1822, Boston was chartered as a city. During this era, descendants of old Boston families became regarded, in the American popular mind, as the nation's social and cultural elites; they were later dubbed the Boston Brahmins. After the Revolution, Boston became one of the world's wealthiest international trading ports — major exports were rum, fish, salt, and tobacco.

During this period, Paul Revere made his famous midnight ride. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles occurred in or near the city, including the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. During the early 1770s, British attempts to exert control on the thirteen colonies, primarily via taxation, prompted Bostonians to initiate the American Revolution. Hard work, moral uprightness, and an emphasis on education remain part of Boston's culture.

For example, shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans founded America's first school, Boston Latin School (1635), and America's first college, Harvard College (1636). Puritan ethics molded an extremely stable and well-structured society in Boston. Massachusetts Bay Colony's original governor, John Winthrop, gave a famous sermon entitled "a City upon a Hill," which captured the idea that Boston had a special covenant with God. A majority of Boston's early citizens were Puritans.

They later renamed the town for Boston, England, in Lincolnshire, from which several prominent "pilgrim" colonists emigrated. Boston's early European settlers first called the area Trimountaine. The peninsula was connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, and surrounded by the waters of Massachusetts Bay and the marshes at the mouth of the Charles River. Boston was founded on September 17, 1630, on a peninsula called Shawmut by its original Native American inhabitants.

. The city also lies at the center of Greater Boston, which also includes the cities of Cambridge, Brookline, Quincy, Newton, and many suburban communities farther from Boston. The area encompasses parts of the states of New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The city lies at the center of the Boston CMSA (Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area), the fifth largest in the United States.

Citizens of Boston are called Bostonians. The city is also sometimes called The Cradle of Liberty for its role in instigating the American Revolution. Boston is sometimes called Puritan City because its founders were Puritans. William Tudor, co-founder of the North American Review, christened the city The Athens of America for its great cultural and intellectual influence.

The Hub is a shortened form of writer Oliver Wendell Holmes's phrase The Hub of the Solar System, now more commonly referred to as The Hub of the Universe. Beantown refers to early Bostonian merchants' habit for making baked beans with imported molasses. The City on a Hill came from the original Massachusetts Bay Colony's governor John Winthrop's goal to create the biblical "City on a Hill." It also refers to Boston's original three hills. Boston has many nicknames.

Its economy is based on education, health care, finance, and technology. It is the unofficial capital of the region known as New England, and one of the oldest, wealthiest, and most culturally significant large cities in the United States. Boston is the capital and largest city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
Location in Massachusetts.