Barbra Streisand

She was married to Elliott Gould from 1963 to 1971, with whom she had her only child, son Jason Gould (who later appeared as her character's son in The Prince of Tides). By the same token, many cheaper types of generally mediocre quality but basically sound design may have a few exceptionally good units.
. Binoculars of the same make and model may vary from unit to unit, although hopefully less so for the more highly priced models from quality manufacturers, so the experienced user may benefit from trying several samples. The film was very successful commercially and Streisand garnered positive reviews. Such models would have been called "fixed-focus" in more honest times: they have a depth of field from a relatively large closest distance, to infinity, and perform exactly the same as a focussing model of the same optical quality (or lack of it) focussed on the middle distance. In 2004, Streisand reappeared on the big screen in the comedy Meet the Fockers, playing opposite Dustin Hoffman, Ben Stiller, and Robert DeNiro among others. This is an example of marketing departments making a virtue of necessity.

[1] Some claimed that her well-known uncompromising, tough behavior was to blame for the slight, while others felt that Hollywood was punishing her for being a woman, and if a man behaved the same way, he would have been given recognition. Some binoculars (and cameras) claim to be "focus-free". There was more controversy when Prince of Tides received even more nominations, including Best Picture, but Streisand still was snubbed for Best Director. Zoom binoculars, while in principle a good idea, do not perform very well. There was controversy when Yentl received five Academy Award nominations but none for the major categories of Best Picture, Actress, or Director. The trade-off is that compared to unstabilised binoculars of the same parameters, stabilised binoculars are more expensive, larger and heavier, less reliable due to their complexity, more subject to obsolescence, and consume batteries. Steven Spielberg called Yentl a masterpiece, and many critics praised both it and Prince of Tides. Image stabilisation much improves image steadiness and allows the use of higher magnification in hand-held applications.

For Yentl (1983) she was producer, director, writer, and star, an experience she largely repeated for The Prince of Tides (1991). If more compact binoculars are required, smaller objectives may be used at some loss of performance and increase in price. She has produced a number of her own films, setting up Barwood Films in 1972. Larger objective diameters have better light-gathering power, and can view fainter objects for astronomical use. When High Society magazine later published the original photos of her bare breasts, Streisand sued them. 7x50 is brighter for night use. She quickly regretted the move and bought up all prints of the film, deleting the scene. For general-purpose use, 8x40 is a good combination.

In 1970, she had a topless scene in The Owl and the Pussycat. The magnification and objective diameter must be chosen to suit the requirement, remembering that higher magnification exaggerates shake when hand-held, and that larger objective lenses increase the weight and size. Streisand's initial outing with First Artists, while not a huge commercial success, was the personal Up the Sandbox (1972). For roof-prism models, phase coating is better. Along with Paul Newman and Sidney Poitier, Barbra Streisand formed First Artists Production Company in 1970 so these actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves. Fully multi-coated (FMC) models should be better in this respect than others. Her second Academy Award was as composer of the song "Evergreen", from A Star Is Born (1976) and was the first time a woman had received this award (the film itself, though, was widely criticized as a vanity project). All binoculars should be reasonably free from reflections.

She also starred in the original screwball comedies What's Up, Doc? (1972), with Ryan O'Neal, and For Pete's Sake (1974), and the hugely successful drama The Way We Were with Robert Redford. Completely waterproof (submersible) binoculars are available. Her next two movies were also based on musicals, Jerry Herman's Hello, Dolly! (1969) and Alan Jay Lerner's and Burton Lane's On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play The Owl and the Pussycat (1970). Hermetically sealed binoculars filled with dry gas (usually nitrogen) will not be susceptible to clouding due to condensation at low temperatures; this will also help to prevent mildew, although air may leak in over a period of years if the binoculars are not overhauled. Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, Funny Girl (1968), for which she won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress, sharing it with Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter), the first time there was a tie in this Oscar category. Roof-prism models will be lighter and more compact for a given size, but more expensive than equivalent Porro models. Guilty Pleasures (called Guilty Too in the UK), a collaboration with Barry Gibb and a sequel album to their previous Guilty, was released worldwide in 2005. All binoculars should be accurately aligned and collimated, comfortable to use, and robust.

Her most recent albums have been Christmas Memories (2001), a collection of somber holiday songs, and The Movie Album (2003), featuring famous movie themes and backed by a large symphony orchestra. Real binoculars depart to a greater or lesser extent from the ideal. At the end of the last millennium, she still was the number-one female singer in the United States, with at least 2 # 1 albums in each decade since she had started out. The two images will be identical (apart from the slightly different viewpoint), with no differences in size, orientation, aberrations, etc. She later toured Australia with that programme, called Timeless, which was also released on a two-disc album by Columbia. Ideally a pair of binoculars will produce two uniformly sharp images, each of perfect quality, with no errors of geometry or colour-correction and no internal reflections. On New Year's Eve 1999 she returned to the concert stage, scoring another personal triumph for giving the highest grossing single concert in Las Vegas history to date. The cinematic convention to represent a view through binoculars as two circles partially overlapping in a figure-of-eight shape is not true to life.

Barbra Streisand: The Concert, went on to be the top grossing concert of the year, earned 2 Emmy Awards, the prestigous Peabody Award, and the taped broadcast on HBO is to-date, the highest rated concert special in HBO's 30year history. Departure from the ideal causes, at best, vague discomfort and visual fatigue, but the perceived field of view will be close to circular anyway. Ticket prices ranged from $50 to $1,500 - making Streisand the highest paid concert performer in history. A well-collimated pair of binoculars should produce, when viewed through human eyes and processed by a human brain, a single circular, apparently three-dimensional, image, with no visible indication that we are actually viewing two distinct images from slightly different viewpoints. Streisand also hit the cover of every major magazine, in anticipation of what TIME MAGAZINE named, "The Music Event of the Century." The tour was one of the biggest all-media merchandise parlays in history. Instructions for checking binoculars for collimation errors, and for collimating them, can be found on the Internet (search for collimation binoculars and the model). Tickets to the limited tour were sold out in under 1 hr. While it is inadvisable for the non-expert to try to repair quality instruments, collimation by the owner may be justified for maladjusted binoculars which are not good enough to merit the expense of professional attention.

In September 1993, Streisand made news again, announcing her first public concert tour in 27years. If the binoculars are basically sound, this can be remedied by small movements to the prisms, often by turning screws accessible without opening the binoculars. A year later, Streisand made an unusal comeback, landing a #1 Album, BACK TO BROADWAY, which was certified Platinum prior to release. This may be due to poor manufacturing quality control (more likely with cheaper binoculars) or to a shock (being dropped) or drift over time. A Concert Tour was suggested to her and she debated it for nearly 2 yrs, due to her immense stage fright. If the binoculars are not collimated properly, i.e., if the images from the two tubes are not properly aligned, then they will give poor results and can be uncomfortable and tiring to use. However, Streisand's music career was on hold. Stabilisation is not suitable when tracking moving objects.

Streisand later introduced Clinton at his Inauguration in 1992. They are also more expensive, heavier, and battery life tends to be short. Streisand's concert fundraising events helped propel Clinton into the spotlight and into office. There are some disadvantages: the image may not be quite as good as the best unstabilised binoculars when tripod-mounted, and stabilised binoculars contain more advanced technology to go wrong, and to become obsolete. She was again, proclaimed the most influential entertainer by the New York Times, for her relationship with President William Clinton. These techniques allow binoculars up to 20× to be hand-held, and much improve the image stability of lower-power instruments. Around 1992, however, music success was not in Streisand's favor. Stabilisation may be enabled or disabled by the user as required.

The movie was a box office hit, bringing in close to 100Million at the Box Office and was Nominated for 7 Academy Awards. Parts of the instrument which change the position of the image may be held steady by powered gyroscopes or by powered mechanisms driven by gyroscopic or inertial detectors, or may be mounted in such a way as to oppose and dampen sudden movement. At the same time, Ms Streisand presented her 2nd film as a director, THE PRINCE OF TIDES. Shake can be much reduced, and higher magnifications used, with binoculars using image stabilisation technology. A separate disc, entitled "Highlights from Just for the Record" featured two dozen tracks, including live material, greatest hits, and rarities, from her early recordings up to 1991. When buying binoculars of lower price, Porro prism binoculars can be expected to give more image quality for money. In 1991 she released a four-disc box set, entitled Just for the Record. The major European optical manufacturers (Leica, Zeiss, Swarovski) have discontinued their Porro lines; Japanese manufacturers (Nikon, Fujinon, etc.) may follow suit.

The album featured some songs reworked by Stephen Sondheim especially for this recording, was critically acclaimed, nominated as ALBUM OF THE YEAR and landed Streisand her 8th Grammy as Best Female Vocalist. However, as of 2005, the optical quality of the best roof-prism binoculars with up-to-date coating processes as used in Schmidt-Pechan models is comparable with the best Porro glasses, and it appears that roof prisms will dominate the market for high-quality portable binoculars in spite of their higher price. This was an unexpected commercial success, holding the coveted #1 BillBoard position for 3 weeks straight, and being certified 3x Platinum. A Porro prism binocular will inherently produce an intrinsically brighter image than a roof prism binocular of the same magnification, objective size, and optical quality, as less light is absorbed along the optical path. Streisand returned to her musical theater roots with 1985's The Broadway Album. Different optical construction affects reflections and brightness. In 1982, music critic Stephen Holden wrote that Streisand was "The most influential mainstream American pop singer since Frank Sinatra.". (The advanced naval binocular rangefinders of the mid-twentieth century had perhaps 150 glass elements; absorption of light would have been significant.).

When the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the US, with only Elvis Presley and The Beatles having sold more albums. This reduces brightness, and is also undesirable, although less of a problem than reflections in most cases. During the 1970s she was also highly prominent in the pop charts, with number-one records like "The Way We Were", "Evergreen", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" and "Woman In Love"; some of these came from soundtrack records to her films. When light traverses an optically transmissive material, some light is absorbed. Starting in 1969, Streisand tackled contemporary songwriters; she foundered on attempts to tackle rock, but finally found success with the pop and ballad-oriented, Richard Perry-produced Stoney End in 1971, whose Laura Nyro-written title track was a big hit. Phase-corrected prism coating and dielectric prism coating are recent (in 2005) effective techniques for reducing reflections. Beginning with My Name Is Barbra her albums were often medley-filled keepsakes of her television specials. Light can also be reflected from the interior of the instrument, but it is simple to minimise this to negligible proportions.

Her early works in the 1960s (her debut, The Second Barbra Streisand Album, The Third Album, My Name Is Barbra, etc.) are considered classic renditions of theatre and nightclub standards, including her famously ironic version of "Happy Days Are Here Again". Reflection can be reduced, but not eliminated, by applying optical coatings to interfaces; this is of great importance for any optical instrument with multiple interfaces. Barbra Streisand has recorded more than 60 albums, almost all with the Columbia Records label. In any sort of image-forming optical instrument (telescope, camera, microscope, etc.), ideally no light should be reflected; instead of forming an image, light which reaches the viewer after being reflected is distributed in the field of view, and reduces the contrast between the true image and the background.
. When light strikes an interface between two materials of different refractive index (e.g., at an air-glass interface), some of the light is transmitted, some reflected. The first special, My Name Is Barbra (1965), is considered by many to be the best, and has been praised by critics and fans. For daytime use an exit pupil of 3mm—matching the eye's contracted pupil—is sufficient.

After some notable television guest appearances, Streisand built on her success with a number of television specials for CBS. The current trend favours models with 5mm exit pupil, such as 10x50, or 8x40; 7x50 is falling out of favour. Starting in 1962 Streisand also appeared on Broadway, first in a small but star-making role in the musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962) when she was still a teenager, and then as lead role Fanny Brice in Jule Styne's and Bob Merrill's Funny Girl (1964). A large exit pupil facilitates viewing larger objects such as nearby galaxies, though. Her recording success continued, and at one time, Streisand's first three albums appeared simultaneously on Billboard's pop albums Top Ten - an amazing feat considering it was at a time when rock and roll and The Beatles dominated the charts. However, for viewing stars and small astronomical objects, a large exit pupil will mostly image the night sky background, effectively decreasing contrast, making the detection of faint objects more difficult except perhaps in remote locations with negligible light pollution. She signed her first recording contract with Columbia Records in 1962 and her first album, The Barbra Streisand Album, won two Grammy Awards in 1963. Light gathered by a larger exit pupil is wasted.

It was also at this time that she shortened her first name to Barbra to make it more distinctive. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated human eye—about 7mm, reducing with age. She originally had wanted to be an actress, and appeared in a number of Off-Off-Broadway productions, including one with then-aspiring actress Joan Rivers, but when her boyfriend Barry Dennen helped her shape a club act — first performed in a gay bar in Manhattan's Greenwich Village in 1960 — she became a big success as a singer. Binoculars concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. Following a music competition, she became a nightclub singer in her teens. Of particular relevance for low-light and astronomical viewing, as against astrophotography, is the ratio between magnifying power and objective lens diameter.
. Much larger binoculars have been made by dedicated amateur astronomers, essentially using two refracting or reflecting astronomical telescopes, with results claimed to be impressive.

She was educated at Beis Yakov School and then famed Erasmus Hall High School, where she graduated fourth in her class, and overlapped by a year future collaborator Neil Diamond. Larger models with objectives of up to about 150mm are used on supports, typically for amateur astronomy. This criticism, many speculate, led to a lifelong insecurity about her appearance, despite enormous success in every facet of show business. Hand-held binoculars range from small 3x10 Galilean opera glasses used in theaters, to glasses with 7 to 12 diameters magnification and 30 to 50mm objectives for typical outdoor use. Her well-intentioned mother did not encourage her daughter to pursue a show business career, opining that Barbara was not attractive enough. For general night use, a 50mm objective gives maximum brightness for 7 diameters magnification; objective diameter must be increased for higher magnifications at night. Her father died when she was only 15 months old, and she had a lifelong turbulent relationship with her stepfather. 7×30 is good for daytime use.

She was born Barbara Joan Streisand in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York then moved to another area in Brooklyn. For general hand-held use, subject to shake, 7 diameters is a good compromise between power and image steadiness for most people. . Simple Galilean binoculars have the disadvantage of a narrower field of view—this is the reason for the prevalence of the more complex optical arrangements used.
. The field of view depends upon the optical construction of the binoculars. Barbra Streisand (born April 24, 1942) is an iconic American singer, theatre and film actress, composer, and film producer and director. The objective lens needs to be large enough to give acceptable resolution in all circumstances, but must be larger for low-light and night use.

Tony Special Award (1970). The magnification required depends upon the application, but with the major proviso that large magnifications give an image much more susceptible to shake when hand-held. Funny Girl (1964), musical - Tony Nomination for Best Leading Actress in a Musical. 7×50. I Can Get It for You Wholesale (1962), musical - Tony Nomination for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical. It is customary to categorise binoculars by the magnification × the objective diameter in mm; e.g. The ratio of the focal lengths of the objective and the ocular lenses gives the linear magnifying power (expressed in "diameters").

The diameter of the objective lenses determines the light-gathering power and the ultimate resolving power of the binoculars. The distance between the eyepieces on most binoculars can be adjusted to accommodate viewers with different eye separation. Once this adjustment has been made for a given viewer, the binoculars can be refocussed on an object at a different distance by using the focusing wheel to move both tubes together without eyepiece readjustment. It is more convenient for the viewer to focus both tubes with one action (usually rotation of a central focussing wheel), and for one of the two eyepieces to be adjustable to compensate for differences between the viewer's eyes (usually by rotating the eyepiece in its mount).

In some cases the two telescopes are focused independently by changing the distance between ocular and objective lenses. Binoculars to be used to view objects which are not at a fixed distance must have a focussing arrangement. They have objective lenses which are approximately in line with the eyepieces. Binoculars which use roof prisms (either the Abbe-Koenig or Schmidt-Pechan designs) are narrower, more compact, lighter, and more expensive than those which use Porro prisms.

This results in a set of binoculars which is wide, with objective lenses which are well-separated but offset from the eyepieces. Binoculars with prisms to shorten the optical path and erect the image may have double Porro prism design which gives a Z-shaped optical path. . While not intended to be held to the eyes of a viewer (!), the use of two telescopes to view the same object gives additional information due to the larger field of view that results from the separation of the objective mirrors.

The LBT comprises two 8-meter reflector telescopes. An extreme example, although not one would that normally be called binoculars, is the Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, USA, which produced its "First Light" image on 26 October 2005. Very large binoculars with a very wide separation (up to 15 meters, weight 10 tonnes, for ranging Second World War naval gun targets 25km away) have been used for accurate rangefinding, although late twentieth century technology made this application redundant. Larger binoculars become uncomfortable and difficult to hold steady, and are mounted on tripods or other supports.

All practical binoculars display an erect image, obtained either by using simple Galilean optics ("field glasses", "opera glasses"), or by using optical prisms both to erect the image and to fold the optical path. The folding of the optical path allows the separation between the objective lenses to be increased, allowing larger lenses to be used and giving a better sensation of depth. The most commonly seen binoculars are of a size to be held by hand, and contain optical elements to fold the optical path so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the focal length of the lenses. The advantages of a binocular over a monocular telescope are:.

By contrast, relatively small single-tube telescopes are often called "monoculars". Binocular telescopes, or binoculars, are two identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, one to be viewed through each of the user's eyes. Yunnan State optics (MS series: Porro). WDtian (from Yunnan State optics, all Porro).

Navigator series: Roof; Ares series: Porro). Sicong (from Xian Stateoptics. (Specialized in over-sized Porro binocualars). Miyauchi Co.

(Apex/Apex Pro: Roof; Ultima: Porro). Vixen Co. (Activa, some are Roof, some are Porro). Minolta Co.

(EXWPI series: Roof). OLympus Co. (DCFSP/XP series; Roof, UCF series: Inverted Porro; PCFV/WP/XCF series: Porro). Pentax Co.

(BD series: Roof). Kowa Co. (FMTSX, MTSX series: Porro). Fujinon Co.

(High Grade series, Monarch series,RAII, Spotter series: Roof; Prostar series, Superior E series, E series, Action EX series: Porro). Nikon Co. series, Porro variants?). (I.S.

Canon Co. Russian Military Binoculars (BPOc 10x42 7x30, BKFC series). Steiner (Commander, Nighthunter: Porro; Predator, Wildlife: Roof). Optolyth (Royal: Roof; Alpin: Porro).

Docter Optik (Nobilem: Porro). Zeiss GmbH (FL,Victory, Conquest: all are Roof; 7x50 BGAT/T, 15x60 BGA/T:Porro, but to be discontinued). Swarovski Optik (SLC, EL: all are Roof; Habicht: Porro, but to be discontinued). Leica GmbH (Ultravid, Duovid, Geovid: all are Roof).

it is easier and more comfortable to steadily hand-hold and move a pair of binoculars than a single tube—the two hands and the head form a steady 3-point platform. it is more comfortable to use both eyes for viewing, without the need to close or obstruct one eye to avoid confusion. it gives a 3-dimensional image with depth: the two distinct views presented from slightly different viewpoints to each of the viewer's eyes merge to produce a single perceived view with a sensation of depth, allowing distances to be estimated.