Bamboo

Diversity
Around 91 genera and 1,000 species
Subtribes
  • Arthrostylidiinae
  • Arundinariinae
  • Bambusinae
  • Chusqueinae
  • Guaduinae
  • Melocanninae
  • Nastinae
  • Racemobambodinae
  • Shibataeinae
See the full Taxonomy of the Bambuseae.

Bamboos are a group of woody perennial evergreen plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Some of its members are giants, forming by far the largest members of the grass family.

Bamboos are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. They occur from Northeast Asia (at 50°N latitude in Sakhalin), south throughout East Asia west to the Himalaya, and south to northern Australia. They also occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and in the Americas from the southeast of the USA south to Chile, there reaching their furthest south anywhere, at 47°S latitude. Major areas with no native bamboos include Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, northern North America, most of Australia and Antarctica.

Biology

The stems, or 'culms', can range in height from a few centimetres to 40 metres, with stem diameters ranging from 1 mm to 30 cm. The stems are jointed, with regular nodes; each node bears one leaf, and may also have one to several side branches. They are thus, unlike most other grasses, extensively branched; in large-growing species a single stem may carry many thousands of branchlets.

Many of the larger bamboos are very tree-like in appearance, but perhaps illogically they are rarely called trees, despite that term being a growth form, not a botanical term. For comparison, palms, which like bamboos are monocotyledons, are equally dissimilar to other trees, yet are usually called trees.

A single stem of bamboo from an established root system typically reaches full height in just one year, but then persists for several years, gradually increasing the number of side branches and branchlets.

Some species of bamboo rarely flower, some of them only every 10-100 or more years. Some of these species are monocarpic, the plant dying after the seed matures. Furthermore, all the individuals of the species will flower at the same time in a large geographical region. This is thought to have evolved to reduce the effect of predators of the seed, who would be unable to depend on a predictable food supply.

Cultivation

Bamboo foliage with yellow stems (probably Phyllostachys aurea) Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably Phyllostachys nigra)

Many bamboos are popular in cultivation as garden plants. In cultivation, care needs to be taken of their potential for invasive behaviour. They spread mainly through their roots and/or rhizomes, which can spread widely underground and send off new culms to break through the surface. There are two patterns for the spreading of bamboo, "clumping" (monopodial) and "running" (sympodial). Clumping bamboo species tend to spread underground slowly. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to both the species and the soil and climate conditions. Some can send out runners several metres a year, while others can stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, they can be invasive over time and can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas. Once established as a grove, it is difficult to completely remove bamboo without digging up the entire network of underground rhizomes. If bamboo must be removed, an alternative to digging it up is to cut down the culms, and then repeatedly mow down new shoots as they arise, until the root system exhausts its energy supply and dies. The reputation of bamboo as being highly invasive is often exaggerated, and situations where it has taken over large areas is often the result of years of untended or neglected plantings.

There are two main ways to prevent the spread of running bamboo into adjacent areas. The first involves surrounding it with a physical barrier, usually a special, high density, plastic roll material made for this purpose; this is placed in a 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) deep ditch around the planting, and angled out at the top to direct the rhizomes to the surface. The second method is rhizome pruning, which involves taking a sharp spade and cutting down into the ground 30 cm (1 foot) all along the perimeter that is to be maintained. The root system is generally very close to the surface, so, if rhizome pruning is done twice a year, it will sever most, if not all, of the new growth. Since the new roots are dependent on older parts of the root system for nourishment, anything beyond the shovel cut will die in the ground and be unable to reestablish itself.

Established bamboo will send up shoots that generally grow to their full height in a single season, making it the fastest growing woody plant. Several subtropical bamboo species can grow 30 cm (1 foot) per day, with some species having been documented as growing over 100 cm in one day. For the species most widely cultivated in gardens, 3-5 cm per day is more typical. A newly transplanted bamboo plant can take 1-2 years before it sends up new shoots (culms) and will have many seasons of "sizing up" before new shoots achieve the maximum potential height for that species.

Uses

Bamboo shoots are eaten in Asia

Culinary uses

The shoots (new bamboo culms that come out of the ground) of bamboo, called zhú sǔn (竹笋) in Chinese, are edible. They are used in Asian stir fry, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms. However, the shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely. Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the pith of the young shoots.

The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be fermented to make ulanzi (a sweet wine), or simply made into a soft drink. Zhúyèqīng jiǔ (竹叶青酒) is a green-colored Chinese liquor that has bamboo leaves as one of its ingredients.

Bamboo scaffolding can reach great heights

Other uses

Bamboo forms a very hard wood, especially when seasoned, and is light and exceptionally tough. This makes it useful for many things such as houses (in tropical climates), fences, bridges, walking sticks, furniture, chopsticks, food steamers, toys, construction scaffolding, hats, abaci and various musical instruments such as the shakuhachi, and jinghu. Modern companies are attempting to popularize flooring made of bamboo pieces steamed, flattened, glued together, finished, and cut. However bamboo wood is easily infested by wood-boring insects unless treated with wood preservatives or kept very dry.

When bamboo is harvested for wood, care is needed to select mature stems that are several years old, as first-year stems, although full size, are not fully woody and are not strong.

Culms may be cut and hollowed into vases or drinkware, tubes, or pipes for liquids.

Bamboo canes are normally round in cross-section, but square canes can be produced by forcing the new young culms to grow through a tube of square cross-section and slightly smaller than the culm's natural diameter, thereby constricting the growth to the shape of the tube. Every few days the tube is removed and replaced higher up the fast-growing culm.

The fibre of bamboo has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high quality hand-made paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make spirit money in many Chinese communities.

The wood is used for knitting needles and the fibre can be used for yarn.

A variety of bamboo was one of about two dozen plants carried by Polynesian voyagers to provide all their needs settling new islands; in the Hawaiian Islands, among many uses, 'Ohe (bamboo) carried water, made irrigation troughs for taro terraces, was used as a traditional knife for cutting the umbilical cord of a newborn, as a stamp for dyeing bark tapa cloth, and for four hula instruments - nose flute, rattle, stamping pipes and Jews harp.

Cultural aspects

Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of long life, while in India it is a symbol of friendship. Its rare blossoming has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. Several Asian cultures, including that of the Andaman Islands, believe that humanity emerged from a bamboo stem. Malaysian legends include the story of a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside. In the Philippines, bamboo crosses are used as a good luck charm by farmers. In Japan, a bamboo forest sometimes surrounds a Shinto shrine as part of a sacred barrier against evils. Also, bamboo is considered second in the rank in the order of "Matsu (pine wood), Take (bamboo), Ume (sometimes translated as apricot or plum)" and this order is used when ordering a sushi course or getting a room in a traditional Ryokan inn. Hawaiian bamboo ('ohe) is a kinolau or body form of the Polynesian creator god Kane.

In Chinese culture, the bamboo (竹), along with mei (梅, the same tree as Japanese ume), orchids (蘭), and chrysanthemum (菊) are all held in high esteem and are collectively referred as the "the four of great nobility" (四君子). Each plant represents a particular aspect of a noble person in Confucian ideology. The four plants are commonly mentioned together as "mei2 lan2 zhu2 ju2" (梅蘭竹菊).

Other aspects

Soft bamboo shoots, stems, and leaves are the major food source of the Giant Panda of China and the Spider monkey.

The plant marketed as "lucky bamboo" is actually an entirely unrelated species, Dracaena sanderiana.


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The plant marketed as "lucky bamboo" is actually an entirely unrelated species, Dracaena sanderiana. There are currently 22 Betty Boop cartoons in the Public Domain available at the Internet Archive. Soft bamboo shoots, stems, and leaves are the major food source of the Giant Panda of China and the Spider monkey. A Betty Boop musical is due to be produced on Broadway, with music by Andrew Lippa. The four plants are commonly mentioned together as "mei2 lan2 zhu2 ju2" (梅蘭竹菊). Betty Boop's popularity persists as well, and references to the character appear in such wide-ranging places as the comic strip Doonesbury, where the character B.D.'s busty girlfriend/wife is named "Boopsie", and the animated reality TV Spoof Drawn Together, where Betty is the inspiration for Toot Braunstein. Each plant represents a particular aspect of a noble person in Confucian ideology. Library of Congress in the National Film Registry in 1994.

In Chinese culture, the bamboo (竹), along with mei (梅, the same tree as Japanese ume), orchids (蘭), and chrysanthemum (菊) are all held in high esteem and are collectively referred as the "the four of great nobility" (四君子). The Betty Boop series continues to be a favorite of many critics, and the 1933 film Snow White was selected for preservation by the U.S. Hawaiian bamboo ('ohe) is a kinolau or body form of the Polynesian creator god Kane. If such a frame existed, it was replaced by a conventional frame once the movie came out on home video. Also, bamboo is considered second in the rank in the order of "Matsu (pine wood), Take (bamboo), Ume (sometimes translated as apricot or plum)" and this order is used when ordering a sushi course or getting a room in a traditional Ryokan inn. It was widely reported that the animators had slipped in one frame of Betty nude, invisible to the audience, of course. In Japan, a bamboo forest sometimes surrounds a Shinto shrine as part of a sacred barrier against evils. In 1988, Betty appeared for the first time in years, with a cameo in the Academy Award-winning film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

In the Philippines, bamboo crosses are used as a good luck charm by farmers. Marketers rediscovered Betty Boop in the 1980s as well, and merchandise featuring the character (in her earlier, sexier form) is now widely available. Malaysian legends include the story of a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside. NTA later released another compilation movie, Hurray for Betty Boop in 1980. Several Asian cultures, including that of the Andaman Islands, believe that humanity emerged from a bamboo stem. Ivy Films put together a movie of some of Betty's better shorts called The Betty Boop Scandals of 1974 which saw some limited success. Its rare blossoming has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. There was controversy surrounding NTA's colorization since, as Turner Entertainment later did with Fleischer's Popeye the Sailor, the cartoons were not colorized by computer, but traced by artists in Korea who skipped drawings and simplified movements, using limited animation in place of Fleischer's full animation.

Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of long life, while in India it is a symbol of friendship. NTA capitalized on this and bought the rights to her shorts to colorize and re-air them on TV as The Betty Boop Show. A variety of bamboo was one of about two dozen plants carried by Polynesian voyagers to provide all their needs settling new islands; in the Hawaiian Islands, among many uses, 'Ohe (bamboo) carried water, made irrigation troughs for taro terraces, was used as a traditional knife for cutting the umbilical cord of a newborn, as a stamp for dyeing bark tapa cloth, and for four hula instruments - nose flute, rattle, stamping pipes and Jews harp. She also gained exposure in the 1960s counterculture movement. The wood is used for knitting needles and the fibre can be used for yarn. copyright, but some prints contain Paramount-Publix bylines. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make spirit money in many Chinese communities. However, the mountain part of the logo remains on television prints, usually with a U.M.&M.

A high quality hand-made paper is still produced in small quantities. and NTA altered the Paramount openings, removing the Paramount logo from the opening and closing. The fibre of bamboo has been used to make paper in China since early times. U.M.&M. Every few days the tube is removed and replaced higher up the fast-growing culm. and later National Telefilm Associates (NTA). Bamboo canes are normally round in cross-section, but square canes can be produced by forcing the new young culms to grow through a tube of square cross-section and slightly smaller than the culm's natural diameter, thereby constricting the growth to the shape of the tube. Corp.

Culms may be cut and hollowed into vases or drinkware, tubes, or pipes for liquids. T.V. When bamboo is harvested for wood, care is needed to select mature stems that are several years old, as first-year stems, although full size, are not fully woody and are not strong. Betty Boop's films would reach audiences once again when they were placed into syndication on television in the 1950s by U.M.&M. However bamboo wood is easily infested by wood-boring insects unless treated with wood preservatives or kept very dry. Betty's cartoon career came to an end, at least temporarily, in 1939. Modern companies are attempting to popularize flooring made of bamboo pieces steamed, flattened, glued together, finished, and cut. The animators struggled to keep Betty's cartoons interesting by pairing her with popular comic strip characters, but none of these films were very successful (though one such pairing did propel Popeye into stardom of his own).

This makes it useful for many things such as houses (in tropical climates), fences, bridges, walking sticks, furniture, chopsticks, food steamers, toys, construction scaffolding, hats, abaci and various musical instruments such as the shakuhachi, and jinghu. Betty was no longer a flapper; she was a husbandless housewife with a little dog named Pudgy. Bamboo forms a very hard wood, especially when seasoned, and is light and exceptionally tough. The Production Code censorship laws enforced beginning in 1934 forced her to wear a longer skirt and less revealing neckline. Zhúyèqīng jiǔ (竹叶青酒) is a green-colored Chinese liquor that has bamboo leaves as one of its ingredients. In the end, Betty's heightened sexuality would spell her doom. The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be fermented to make ulanzi (a sweet wine), or simply made into a soft drink. Kane lost the suit (and her boop-oop-a-doop) when the Fleischers proved that the phrase had been used by other performers before Kane.

Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the pith of the young shoots. Meanwhile, Helen Kane, who had inspired the character in 1930, sued the Fleischer studio in 1934 for allegedly stealing her trademark look, dancing and singing style, and catchphrase. However, the shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely. The adult sensibilities of Betty's cartoons made her a hit, and a wave of merchandising soon swept the world. They are used in Asian stir fry, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms. Ethel Merman appeared in a few shorts as a guest performer. The shoots (new bamboo culms that come out of the ground) of bamboo, called zhú sǔn (竹笋) in Chinese, are edible. In addition to three cartoons with soundtracks by Cab Calloway, guest bands for Betty Boop cartoons included the bands of Louis Armstrong, Rudy Vallee, and Don Redman.

A newly transplanted bamboo plant can take 1-2 years before it sends up new shoots (culms) and will have many seasons of "sizing up" before new shoots achieve the maximum potential height for that species. Her cartoons also stood out from the competition due to their upbeat jazz soundtracks. For the species most widely cultivated in gardens, 3-5 cm per day is more typical. As Betty tells Koko the Clown in the film Boop-Oop-A-Doop after being threatened by a salacious ringmaster, "He couldn't take my boop-oop-a-doop away!". Several subtropical bamboo species can grow 30 cm (1 foot) per day, with some species having been documented as growing over 100 cm in one day. Nevertheless, the animators made sure to keep the character "pure" and girl-like (officially, she was only 16 years old). Established bamboo will send up shoots that generally grow to their full height in a single season, making it the fastest growing woody plant. In Betty Boop's Bamboo Isle, she does the hula wearing only a lei and a grass skirt, a bit she repeated in her cameo appearance in the first Popeye cartoon.

Since the new roots are dependent on older parts of the root system for nourishment, anything beyond the shovel cut will die in the ground and be unable to reestablish itself. In her cartoons, other characters try to sneak peeks at her while she's changing. The root system is generally very close to the surface, so, if rhizome pruning is done twice a year, it will sever most, if not all, of the new growth. Her breasts were prominent, and she showed her cleavage. The second method is rhizome pruning, which involves taking a sharp spade and cutting down into the ground 30 cm (1 foot) all along the perimeter that is to be maintained. She wore short dresses and a garter belt. The first involves surrounding it with a physical barrier, usually a special, high density, plastic roll material made for this purpose; this is placed in a 60-90 cm (2-3 feet) deep ditch around the planting, and angled out at the top to direct the rhizomes to the surface. Betty Boop, however, reveled in her sexuality.

There are two main ways to prevent the spread of running bamboo into adjacent areas. Other female characters of the same period showed their panties regularly, like Minnie Mouse, but didn't have a full caricature of a woman's form. The reputation of bamboo as being highly invasive is often exaggerated, and situations where it has taken over large areas is often the result of years of untended or neglected plantings. Betty Boop is noteworthy for being the first cartoon character to fully represent a sexual woman. If bamboo must be removed, an alternative to digging it up is to cut down the culms, and then repeatedly mow down new shoots as they arise, until the root system exhausts its energy supply and dies. The ghost's scary musical number impels Betty to flee back to the safety of home. Once established as a grove, it is difficult to completely remove bamboo without digging up the entire network of underground rhizomes. In the film, Betty runs away from home only to get lost with costar Bimbo in a cave haunted by a walrus (rotoscoped from Calloway).

If neglected, they can be invasive over time and can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas. Betty's famous personality finally came into play in the 1932 short, Minnie the Moocher, to which Cab Calloway and his orchestra lent their talents. Some can send out runners several metres a year, while others can stay in the same general area for long periods. Max Fleischer's brother, Dave, further altered the character, making her sexier and more feminine. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to both the species and the soil and climate conditions. Betty's development was still incomplete, however. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread underground slowly. This was also the first cartoon to be officially part of the Betty Boop series and not a Talkartoon.

There are two patterns for the spreading of bamboo, "clumping" (monopodial) and "running" (sympodial). Although the Screen Songs cartoon Betty Coed referred to the character as Betty in 1931, she was not officially christened "Betty Boop" until the 1932 short Stopping the Show that same year. They spread mainly through their roots and/or rhizomes, which can spread widely underground and send off new culms to break through the surface. She usually served as studio star Bimbo's girlfriend. In cultivation, care needs to be taken of their potential for invasive behaviour. In individual cartoons she was called "Nancy Lee" and "Nan McGrew". Many bamboos are popular in cultivation as garden plants. She appeared in ten cartoons as a supporting character, a flapper girl with more heart than brains.

This is thought to have evolved to reduce the effect of predators of the seed, who would be unable to depend on a predictable food supply. Her floppy poodle ears became hoop earrings, and her poodle fur became a bob haircut. Furthermore, all the individuals of the species will flower at the same time in a large geographical region. The animator redesigned her in 1932 to be recognizably human in the cartoon Any Rags. Some of these species are monocarpic, the plant dying after the seed matures. Natwick himself later conceded that Betty's original look was quite ugly. Some species of bamboo rarely flower, some of them only every 10-100 or more years. Beginning with this cartoon, the character's voice was performed by several different voice actresses until Mae Questel got the role, in 1931, and kept it for the rest of the series.

A single stem of bamboo from an established root system typically reaches full height in just one year, but then persists for several years, gradually increasing the number of side branches and branchlets. In keeping with common practice, Natwick made his new character an animal, in this case, a French poodle. For comparison, palms, which like bamboos are monocotyledons, are equally dissimilar to other trees, yet are usually called trees. Grim Natwick, a veteran animator of both Walt Disney's and Ub Iwerks' studios, was largely responsible for creating the character, which he modeled on Helen Kane, a famous singer, who also performed as an actress at Paramount Pictures, the studio that distributed Fleischer's cartoons. Many of the larger bamboos are very tree-like in appearance, but perhaps illogically they are rarely called trees, despite that term being a growth form, not a botanical term. She was little like her soon-to-be-famous self, however. They are thus, unlike most other grasses, extensively branched; in large-growing species a single stem may carry many thousands of branchlets. Betty Boop made her first appearance on August 9, 1930 in the cartoon Dizzy Dishes, the sixth installment in Fleischer's Talkartoon series.

The stems are jointed, with regular nodes; each node bears one leaf, and may also have one to several side branches. . The stems, or 'culms', can range in height from a few centimetres to 40 metres, with stem diameters ranging from 1 mm to 30 cm.
. .
. Major areas with no native bamboos include Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, northern North America, most of Australia and Antarctica. With her overt sexuality, Betty was a hit with theater-goers, and despite having been toned down in the 1930s, she remains popular today for this portrayal of sexuality.

They also occur in sub-Saharan Africa, and in the Americas from the southeast of the USA south to Chile, there reaching their furthest south anywhere, at 47°S latitude. Betty Boop is an animated cartoon character appearing in the Talkartoon and Betty Boop series of films produced by Max Fleischer and released by Paramount Pictures. They occur from Northeast Asia (at 50°N latitude in Sakhalin), south throughout East Asia west to the Himalaya, and south to northern Australia. Outlet Books Company. Bamboos are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot tropical regions. Solomon, Charles (1994): The History of Animation: Enchanted Drawings. Some of its members are giants, forming by far the largest members of the grass family.

Bamboos are a group of woody perennial evergreen plants in the true grass family Poaceae, subfamily Bambusoideae, tribe Bambuseae. Shibataeinae. Racemobambodinae. Nastinae.

Melocanninae. Guaduinae. Chusqueinae. Bambusinae.

Arundinariinae. Arthrostylidiinae.