Anton van Leeuwenhoek

^ The given name Anton can also be found written as Anthon, Anthony, Antonie, Antony, Anthonie, Antoni, and Anthoni.. Element 96 Curium (Cm) was named in her and Pierre's honour. However, others argue that there appears to be little physical similarity^[9]. Her picture also appeared on the French 500 franc note and on stamps and coins. Also, it is known that Van Leeuwenhoek acted as the executor when the painter died in 1675. Curie's picture was on the Polish inflationary late-1980s 20,000-zloty banknote. Because they were both relatively important men in a city with only 24,000 inhabitants, it is possible that they were at least acquaintances. An extremely ahistorical Marie Curie appears as a character in the comedy Young Einstein by Yahoo Serious.

It has been suggested that he is the man portrayed in two of Vermeer's paintings of the late 1660s, The astronomer and The geographer. Oscar-nominated film based on it. Van Leeuwenhoek was a contemporary of that other famous Delft citizen, painter Johannes Vermeer, who was baptized just four days earlier. S. 196)^[7][8]. There is a 1943 U. The microscope gave him the opportunity to study and admire the small organisms, the “animalcules,” and whenever he was able he expressed his admiration of the beautiful things he saw.” (Schierbeek, p. In 1995, Madame Curie was the first woman laid to rest under the famous dome of The Panthéon in Paris on her own merits.

To him, as to many others of his time, a watch was a greater specimen of craftsmanship than a clock in a tower; this opinion is reflected in his biological views. Her younger daughter, Eve Curie, wrote her biography Madame Curie after her death. He asked of his challengers only that they prove their points as he proved his.” Schierbeek says, “Leeuwenhoek was driven by a passionate desire to penetrate more deeply into the mysteries of creation. Her elder daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won a Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935, the year after Marie Curie's death. He loved truth above any theory, even his own. Her death near Sallanches, France in 1934 was from leukemia, almost certainly due to her massive exposure to radiation in her work. His virtues were perseverance, simplicity, and stubbornness. In her later years, she was disappointed by the myriad of physicians and makers of cosmetics who used radioactive material without precautions.

Dan Graves, in Scientists of Faith (Kregel, 1996), writes, “He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great. In 1921, she did a tour of the United States, where she was welcomed triumphantly, to raise funds for research on radium. From Leeuwenhoek’s writings we frequently sense the awe and wonder that can only emanate from a man who has a joyful, personal relationship with God the Creator. Promptly after the war started, she cashed in her and her husband's gold Nobel Prize Medals for the war effort. 171)^[6]. Marie personally provided the tubes, milked from the radium she purified. (Schierbeek, p. These units were powered using tubes of radium emanation, a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later to be identified as radon.

And this most wonderful disposition of nature with regard to these animalcules for the preservation of their species; which at the same time strikes us with astonishment, must surely convince all of the absurdity of those old opinions, that living creatures can be produced from corruption of putrefaction. During World War I, she pushed for the use of mobile radiography units for the treatment of wounded soldiers. From all these observations, we discern most plainly the incomprehensible perfection, the exact order, and the inscrutable providential care with which the most wise Creator and Lord of the Universe had formed the bodies of these animalcules, which are so minute as to escape our sight, to the end that different species of them may be preserved in existence. It is a strange coincidence that Paul Langevin's grandson Michel later married her granddaughter Hélène Langevin-Joliot. The preceding kinds of experiments I have repeated many times with the same success, and in particular with some of the sediment which had been kept in my study for about five months. France at the time was still reeling from the effects of the Dreyfus affair, so the scandal's effect on the public was all the more acute. After another remarkable series of experiments on rotifers in 1702 he concluded:. Despite her fame as an honored scientist working for France, the public's attitude to the scandal tended towards xenophobia—she was a foreigner, from an unknown land (Poland was still referred to as a geographical area, under the Russian Tsar), an area known to have a significant Jewish population (Marie was an atheist, raised a Catholic, but that didn't seem to matter).

137)^[5]. After her husband's death, she supposedly had an affair with physicist Paul Langevin, a married man who had left his wife, which resulted in a press scandal, invented by her academic opponents to smear her credibility. This must appear wonderful, and be a confirmation of the principle, that all living creatures deduce their origin from those which were formed at the Beginning.” (Schierbeek, p. She is one of only two people who has been awarded a Nobel Prize in two different fields, the other being Linus Pauling. For example, after working for weeks observing the propagation of insects, Leeuwenhoek stated confidently, “. She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. He believed it foolish to think his little “animalcules” could have formed by chance, and he worked diligently to prove that all things reproduce after their kind, as the book of Genesis teaches. In an unusual move, Curie intentionally did not patent the radium isolation process, instead leaving it open so the scientific community could research unhindered.

It is clear, too, from his stand against non-Christian superstitions such as the doctrine of spontaneous generation, that he held to a Biblical doctrine of creation. Eight years later, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1911 "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element". 31)^[4]. She was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Without ever lapsing into high-flown phrases he repeatedly gave evidence of his religious faith: ‘Let us lay the hand on our mouth, and reflect that the All-wise hath deemed this needful for the reproduction of all that hath received movement and growth, and so, the why and the wherefore we can but guess after.’” (Schierbeek, p. Together with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1903: "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". Of Leeuwenhoek’s personal faith, Schierbeek says, “To this we must add his deep religious assurance, his complete faith in the ‘All-wise Creator,’ a never-flagging admiration for the perfection of the most minute, hidden mysteries of the work of His hands and the conviction that his researches would surely help to make His Omnipotence more universally known. The first they named polonium after Marie's native country, and the other was named radium from its intense radioactivity.

Thus we see again that Christianity was the driving force during the rise of modern science. Over several years of unceasing labour they refined several tons of pitchblende, progressively concentrating the radioactive components, and eventually isolated initially the chloride salts (refining radium chloride on April 20, 1902) and then two new chemical elements. 200)^[3]. By 1898 they deduced a logical explanation: that the pitchblende contained traces of some unknown radioactive component which was far more radioactive than uranium; thus on December 26th Marie Curie announced the existence of this new substance. Schierbeek observes, “His works are full of his admiration of creation and the Creator, a theme which is frequently found in writings of this period; in becoming better acquainted with creation, men wanted to get nearer the Creator, a conviction which is found among many of the early members of the Royal Society.” (Schierbeek, p. Together they studied radioactive materials, particularly the uranium ore pitchblende, which had the curious property of being more radioactive than the uranium extracted from it. Schierbeek, the Editor-in-Chief of the collected letters of Leeuwenhoek, explains that he was part of the ‘New Philosophy’ of scientists like Robert Boyle, who regarded the study of nature as “a work to the glory of God and the benefit of Man.” The newly-formed Royal Society was made up largely of Puritans with similar convictions, from which we can infer Leeuwenhoek shared with them a common bond of belief, since he took great pride in his relationship with the Royal Society, mentioning it on his title pages and even on his tombstone. At the Sorbonne she met and married another instructor, Pierre Curie.

A. Eventually, with the monetary assistance of her elder sister, she moved to Paris and studied chemistry and physics at the Sorbonne, where she became the first woman to teach. Of his religion, Richard Westfall of Indiana University writes, “He was baptized and buried in Calvinist churches, and his second wife was the daughter of a Calvinist minister.” This tradition, furthermore, understood and encouraged man’s role in the investigation of God’s handiwork in nature. Due to her gender, she was not allowed admission into any Russian or Polish universities so she worked as a governess for several years. He often referred with reverence to the wonders God designed in making creatures small and great.^[2] He was born into the Dutch Reformed tradition, which had a high view of Scripture and salvation in Jesus, and a firm doctrine of creation. After graduating from high school, she suffered a mental breakdown for a year. Antony van Leeuwenhoek was a solid Dutch Reformed, Calvinist. She was notable for her diligent work ethic, neglecting even food and sleep to study.

. Born in Warsaw, Poland, her first years were sorrowful ones, marked by the death of her sister and, four years later, her mother. He died at 91, on August 30, 1723. . Nine years later he obtained a degree in geography, leading to his appointment as geographer in 1679. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw. In 1660, Van Leeuwenhoek was appointed chamberlain of the Lord Regents of Delft. Marie Curie (Maria Skłodowska-Curie, November 7, 1867 – July 4, 1934), (Dolega coat of arms) was a Polish-born French chemist and pioneer in the early field of radiology and a two-time Nobel laureate.

In 1674 he discovered infusoria (dated zoölogical category,) in 1676 he discovered bacteria, in 1677 he discovered spermatozoi and in 1682 he discovered the banded pattern of muscular fibers. Obsessive Genius: The Inner World of Marie Curie, by Barbara Goldsmith, ISBN 0393051374. These letters dealt with the subjects he had investigated. Marie Curie: A Life, by Susan Quinn, ISBN 0201887940. Ever since his invitation, he wrote approximately 560 letters to the society and other scientific institutions over a period of 50 years. Madame Curie: A Biography, by Eve Curie, ISBN 0306810387. This resulted in his appointment in 1680.

After this important invention and his thorough use of it, he was introduced to the Royal Society by the famous Dutch Physician Regnier de Graaf. He spent his nights studying everything he could and carefully noted his observations. From there, he grew an insatiable interest for the field. His microscope was used and improved by Christiaan Huygens for his own investigations into microscopy.

He was introduced to microscopy by Huygens to observe the quality of the fabrics that he sold. The microscopes were very minute, and were held by the thumb and index finger. These little devices are up to today still called "thread counters" in Dutch, when literally translated. He used a magnifying lens to study the quality of the cloth he sold, which magnified at about 3x power.

In 1654, he moved back to Delft and started a drapery business, since he had been educated as a textile salesman. It is suspected, though, that Antoni possessed some microscopes that could magnify up to 500 times. Those that survived the years are able to magnify up to 270 times. His microscopes were made of silver or copper metal frames holding home-wrought lenses.

He also created over 400 different types of microscopes, only nine of which still exist today. Van Leeuwenhoek ground over 500 optical lenses during his lifetime. Using his handcrafted microscope he was the first to observe and describe muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Born the son of a basket weaver, he is best known for his contribution to improvement of the microscope and his contributions towards the establishment of cell biology.

Anton^[1] van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632 - August 30, 1723, full name Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek) was a tradesman and scientist from Delft, in the Netherlands. ^ http://www.creationsafaris.com/wgcs_2.htm. This book (223 pp.) contains excerpts of Leeuwenhoek’s letters and focuses on his priority in several new branches of science, but makes several important references to his spiritual life and motivation. Leeuwenhoek, Formerly Lecturer in the History of Biology in the University of Leyden, Measuring the Invisible World: The Life and Works of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek F R S, Abelard-Schuman (London and New York, 1959), QH 31 L55 S3, LC 59-13233 .

v. Schierbeek, PhD, Editor-in-Chief of the Collected Letters of A. ^ A. ^ http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html.

62–67. Vrij Nederland (Dutch magazine), p. Vermeer, Van Leeuwenhoek en De Astronoom. (February 24 1996).

^  Van Berkel, K.