Andrew Jackson

The Removal Act was especially popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land increased pressure on tribal lands. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident U.S. Remini, Jackson favored relocating Native American tribes outside existing states primarily for national security reasons, since most American Indians had sided with the British in the Revolution and the War of 1812. The spill was the largest in U.S. According to biographer Robert V. On March 24, 1989, shortly after midnight, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling more than 11 million gallons (42,000 m³) of crude oil. The Removal Act did not order the removal of any American Indians, but it authorized the President to negotiate treaties that would exchange tribal land in the east for western lands that had been acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. In other parts of the world, Exxon and its affiliated companies continued to use its Esso trademark.

Jackson was a strong supporter of the policy of Indian Removal, and he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. Jersey Standard changed its name to Exxon Corporation in 1972 and established Exxon as a trademark throughout the United States. The crisis was resolved in 1833 with a compromise settlement which, by substantially lowering the tariffs, hinted that the central government considered itself weak in dealing with determined opposition by an individual state. A decade later, the newly incorporated Mobil Corporation absorbed Mobil Oil as a wholly owned subsidiary. Jackson also denied the right of secession: "The Constitution...forms a government not a league...To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation.". and in 1966 simply Mobil Oil Corp. On December 10, he issued a resounding proclamation against the nullifiers, stating: "I consider...the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existance of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought. In 1955 Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Co.

In response to South Carolina's threat, Congress passed a "Force Bill" and Jackson vowed to send troops to South Carolina in order to enfore the laws. The company was an industry leader in metallocene catalyst technology to make unique polymers with improved performance. Calhoun responded in a trembling voice "The Union: next to our liberty, most dear!," an astonishingly quick-witted riposte. Exxon Chemical Company became a worldwide organization in 1965 and in 1999 was a major producer and marketer of olefins, aromatics, polyethylene and polypropylene along with specialty lines such as elastomers, plasticizers, solvents, process fluids, oxo alcohols and adhesive resins. Jackson rose first and voice booming, yelled out "Our federal Union: IT MUST BE PRESERVED!", a clear challenge to Calhoun. The company produced synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, propylene packaging films and catalysts. Particularly famous was an incident at the April 13, 1829 Jefferson Day dinner, involving after-dinner toasts. As of 1999 its principal products included basic olefins and aromatics, ethylene glycol and polyethylene.

Although Jackson sympathized with the Southern interpretation of the tariff debate, he was also a strong supporter of federalism (in the sense of supporting a strong union with considerable powers for the central government) and attempted to face Calhoun down over the issue, which developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men. Mobil Chemical Company was established in 1960. Calhoun, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, supported the claim of his home state, South Carolina, that it had the right to "nullify" — declare illegal — the tariff legislation of 1828, and more generally the right of a state to nullify laws which went against its interests. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from East Africa to New Zealand, before it was dissolved in 1962. The issue came to a head when Vice President John C. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the region into a 50-50 joint venture. High tariffs (the "Tariff of Abominations") on imports of common goods were seen by many in Southern states as unfairly benefiting Northern merchants and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of those who had to buy the goods subject to the tariffs, mostly Southern farmers. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California.

Another notable crisis of Jackson's period of office was the nullification crisis (or secession crisis), of 1828-1832, which merged issues of sectional strife and disagreements over trade tariffs. In the Asia-Pacific region, Jersey Standard had oil production and refineries in Indonesia but no marketing network. The United States Senate censured Jackson on March 27, 1834 for his actions in defunding the Bank of the United States. In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right. It was a Pyrrhic victory, however, as the Bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up along with the expansion of credits and speculation, and the commercial progress of the nation's economy was noticeably dented. Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter. funds in 1833. Jersey Standard acquired a 50 percent interest in Humble Oil & Refining Co., a Texas oil producer.

After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the Bank by vetoing its 1832 recharter by Congress and withdrawing U.S. Over the next decade, both companies grew significantly. Jackson followed Jefferson as a supporter of the ideal of an agricultural republic, and felt the Bank improved the fortunes of an elite circle of commercial and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of farmers and laborers. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920. Jackson's opposition to the Bank manifested as a strong personal dislike for its president, Nicholas Biddle. In the same year, the nation's kerosene output was eclipsed for the first time by gasoline. In Jackson's opinion, the Bank needed to be abolished because:. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard, which eventually became Exxon, and Socony ("Standard Oil Company of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.

economy, but Jackson opposed the concept on ideological grounds. In 1911, after a United States Supreme Court ruling which upheld a federal court order to dissolve it, the Standard Oil Trust was split into 34 companies. Both Banks were instrumental in the growth of the U.S. Rockefeller monopoly, Standard Oil. It was followed by the second Bank, authorized by James Madison in 1816 to alleviate the economic problems caused by the War of 1812. Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the old John D. This first Bank lapsed in 1811. The rectangular Exxon logo with the blue strip at the bottom and red lettering with the two "X's" interlinked together was designed by noted industrial stylist Raymond Loewy.

The original Bank of the United States had been introduced in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton as a way of organizing the federal government's finances. Other Standard Oil descendants, such as BP and Chevron, do however maintain a few stations with the Standard Oil brand in specific states in order to retain their trademarks and prevent others from using them. As President, Jackson worked to dismantle the Second Bank of the United States. Esso is the only widely used Standard Oil brand left in existence. Additionally, Jackson pressured states to lower voting requirements to further the expansion of democracy. However, the unrestricted international use of the popular brand Esso prompted the company to continue using Esso outside of the USA. This practice has endured in political circles in the United States ever since. cities.

Jackson saw this system as promoting the growth of democracy, as more people were involved in politics. stations under the latter title in the summer and fall of 1972 following the successful test marketing of the Exxon brand and logo in late 1971 and early 1972 at rebranded Enco/Esso stations in certain U.S. Upon his election as President, a sizable number of people holding federal offices found that they had suddenly been replaced by supporters of Jackson who had worked to ensure his election. At first, consideration was given to simply rebranding all stations as "Enco" but that was shelved when it was learned that the Japanese translation of "Enco" was "stalled car." In order to create a unified brand, the company changed its corporate name from Jersey Standard to Exxon, rebranding all its U.S. Jackson is remembered for introducing the spoils system, or patronage, to American politics. Humble officials realized by the late 1960s that the time had come to swallow its pride by developing a new brand name that could be used nationwide throughout the U.S. (Though born in the Carolinas, Jackson spent virtually all his adult life in Tennessee.) This was the first election in which many states allowed people without land to vote, and they voted for Jackson. Despite the success of the "Put A Tiger In Your Tank" advertising campaign introduced by Humble in 1964 to promote its Enco/Esso Extra gasolines, the similar logotypes, use of the Humble name in all Esso/Enco ads and the uniformity in design and products of Humble stations nationwide, the company still had difficulties promoting itself as a nationwide gasoline marketer competing against truly national brands such as Texaco - then a 50-state marketer and the only company selling products under one brand name in each state.

He was also the first President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains. By 1967, stations in each of those states were rebranded as Enco. Jackson's election represented a significant break from that past. In 1966, the Justice Department ordered Humble to "cease and desist" from using the Esso brand at stations in several Southeastern states following protests from Standard Oil of Kentucky (a Standard Oil of California subsidary by that time). John Quincy Adams was the son of John Adams. Meanwhile, Humble gradually built up new and rebranded service stations in California and other western states under the Enco brand and purchased a large number of stations from Signal Oil Company in 1967, followed by the opening of a new refinery near Monterey in 1969. James Monroe fought in the Revolutionary War. However, the Justice Department put the kibosh to Humble's plan to purchase Tidewater's west coast operations, which were later sold to Phillips Petroleum in 1966.

Constitution. In 1963, Humble was approached by Tidewater Oil Company - a major gasoline marketer along the eastern and western seaboards - to purchase the firm's refining and marketing operations on the west coast, a move that would have given Humble a large number of existing stations and a refinery in California - which was then the fastest growing gasoline market. Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison were notable figures in the War of Independence and in the formation of the U.S. By that time, Jersey had expanded the Enco brand to stations in the Midwest and Northwest that had been operated by various subsidaries such as Carter, Pate and Oklahoma among others. President to come from outside the original Revolutionary circle. In 1961, Humble stations in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Arizona were rebranded as Enco and the Enco brand appeared on gasoline and lubricant products at Humble stations in Texas that same year with service stations there changed to Enco in 1962. Jackson was the first U.S. After the Enco brand was discontinued in Ohio, it was moved to other non-Esso states.

He won a solid victory in his second attempt in 1828 as the first nominee of the Democratic Party. At that point, the stations in Ohio would be rebranded Humble until the name change to Exxon in 1972. Jackson's defeat burnished his political credentials, however, since many voters believed the man of the people had been robbed by the corrupt aristocrats of the East. The Enco brand was introduced by Humble in 1960 at stations in Ohio but was soon blackballed after Standard Oil of Ohio (Sohio) protested that Enco (Humble's acronym for "ENergy COmpany) sounded and looked too much like Esso as it shared the same oval logo with blue border and red letters with the two middle letters the only difference. Electoral College. In 1960, Jersey Standard gained full control of Humble Oil and Refining Co., and through a reorganization of the company, restructured Humble into Jersey's domestic marketing and refining division to sell and market gasoline nationwide under the Esso, Enco and Humble brands. Jackson himself favored reform of the electoral system afterwards, including abolishing the U.S. The Humble brand was used at Texas stations for decades as those operations were under the direction of Jersey Standard affiliate, Humble Oil, and in the mid-to-late 1950s expanded to other Southwestern states including New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma.

The election was considered dirty and, by many, stolen. In states where the Esso brand was blackballed, the company marketed its gasoline under the Humble or Enco brands. The election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams instead. Hence, the company was restricted from using Esso in the USA except in those states awarded to it in the 1911 Standard Oil antitrust settlement. During his first run for the Presidency in 1824, Jackson received a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, but not a majority. The name Esso, which sounds like S-O, attracted protests from other Standard Oil spinoffs because of its similarity to the name of the parent company, Standard Oil. Jackson was subsequently appointed territorial governor there. Exxon formally replaced the Esso, Enco, and Humble brands on January 1, 1973 in the USA.

a post of annoyance to them." Adams used Jackson's conquest and Spain's own weaknesses to convince the Spanish (in the Adams-Onís Treaty) to cede Florida to the United States. . or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is, in fact, .. The current CEO of ExxonMobil is Lee Raymond. When the Spanish minister demanded a "suitable punishment" for Jackson, Adams wrote back "Spain must immediately [decide] either to place a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory, .. Of the four largest oil companies in the world (Exxon-Mobil, Shell, BP, and Total), Exxon-Mobil is the largest of them all. His actions were defended by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. The current Exxon-Mobil is the parent of Exxon, Mobil, and Esso companies around the world.

This also created an international incident, and many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be censured. Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust. Jackson's action also struck fear into the Seminole tribes as his ruthlessness in battle spread. The merger of Exxon and Mobil is symbolic in American history because it once again consolidated the two largest companies (Standard Oil Company of New Jersey/Exxon and Standard Oil Company of New York/Mobil) of John D. He captured, tried, and executed two British subjects who had been supplying and advising the Indians. Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil NYSE: XOM, headquartered in Irving, Texas, is the largest oil producer and distributor in the world, and it was formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. He captured Pensacola with little more than some warning shots and deposed the Spanish governor.

Jackson believed that the United States would not be secure as long as Spain and Great Britain encouraged American Indians to fight and argued that his actions were undertaken in self defense. In his investigation, he found letters that indicated that the Spanish and British were secretly assisting the Indians. Jackson's Tennessee volunteers were attacked by Seminoles, but this left their villages vulnerable and Jackson burned them and their crops. John Rhea [a mutual confidant]) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials.

Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, ""Let it be signified to me through any channel (say Mr. It was later said that Jackson exceeded his orders in Florida actions, but Monroe and the public wanted Florida. Jackson saw military service again in what would become known as the First Seminole War when he was requested by James Monroe in December 1817 [3] to lead a campaign in Florida against the Seminole and Creek Indians and prevent Florida from being a refuge for runaway slaves. [2].

The British had over 2,000 casualties to Jackson's 71 killed, wounded or missing. In the battle, he opposed 12,000 of the Duke of Wellington's finest troops, led by the Duke's brother-in-law Edward Pakenham, with 6,000 of his own. The war, and particularly his command at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, made his national reputation and he advanced in rank to Major General. He was a strict officer, but was popular with his troops and was said to have been "tough as old hickory" wood on the battlefield, which gave him his nickname.

His service in the War of 1812 was conspicuous for its bravery and success. Jackson upon both his Northern Creek enemy and Southern Creek allies wresting 20 million acres from all Creeks for white settlement. Following the victory Jackson imposed the Treaty of Ft. Sam Houston and David Crockett served under him at this time.

Although 800 Northern Creek Band indians were killed in the battle, Jackson spared Weatherford's life from any acts of vengence. In the Creek War, a theatre of the War of 1812, he defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend aided by allies from the Southern Creek Indian Band, who had requested Jackson's aid in putting down what they considered to be the rebellious Red Sticks, as well as Cherokee Indians. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. In 1813, after a massacre of 400 men, women and children at Fort Mims (in what is now Alabama) by Northern Creek Band chieftain Peter McQueen, Jackson commanded in the campaign against the Northern Creek Band of Indians of Alabama and Georgia aka the "Red Sticks." Creek leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa, who had been allies of the British during the War of 1812, violently clashed with other chiefs of the Creek Nation over white encroachment on Creek lands and the "civilizing" programs administered by U.S.

He became a colonel in the Tennessee militia, which he led since 1801, the beginning of his military career. [1]. In 1798, he was appointed Judge on the Supreme Court of Tennessee. Senator in 1797, but quit within a year.

He was elected as Tennessee's first Congressman upon statehood in the late 1790s, and quickly became a U.S. In 1795, he fought a duel with an opposing counsel over a courtroom argument. His courtroom demeanor was of his time. Most of the actions grew out of disputed land-claims or assault and battery.

Since he was not of a distinguished family, he had to make his career by his own merits, and soon he began to prosper in the rough-and-tumble world of frontier law. He came to Tennessee by 1787, having barely read law, but finding it enough to become a young lawyer on the frontier. Jackson admired Napoleon Bonaparte for his willingness to contest British military supremacy. This anglophobia would be combined with a distrust and dislike of Eastern aristocrats stemming from his feeling that they were too inclined to favor and emulate their former colonial masters.

In addition, two of Jackson's brothers and his mother -- his entire remaining family -- died from wartime hardships that he also blamed on the British. When Jackson refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed him with a sword, giving Jackson the scars (and intense hatred for the British) that he would carry all his life. During the Revolution, after the surrender to the British at Charleston, he was taken as a prisoner to Camden and nearly starved. The war took the lives of Jackson's entire immediate family.

President to have been a veteran of the American Revolution, and the only President to have been a prisoner of war. Jackson was the last U.S. He was captured and imprisoned by the British in the American Revolutionary War. At age thirteen he joined the Continental Army as a courier.

He received a sporadic education. Jackson himself always stated he was born in South Carolina. Both North Carolina and South Carolina have claimed him as a native son. Jackson was born in a backwoods settlement in the Waxhaws area in the Carolinas on March 15, 1767.

. A number of cities are named after him, notably Jacksonville, Florida and Jackson, Mississippi. Jackson became the symbol of an era in American history—known as the "Age of Jackson" or the "Jacksonian Era"—an era traditionally seen as dominating the years between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. He was the first president who had lived on the American frontier, and thus the first not primarily associated with one of the original thirteen colonies.

Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" and (by American Indians) "Sharp Knife". Until his election, every President had either been from Massachusetts or a member of the Virginia plantation elite. Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767–June 8, 1845), one of the founders of the Democratic Party, was the seventh President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. ISBN 0809015528 (paperback), ISBN 0809066319 (hardback).

New York: Hill & Wang, 1993. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. Wallace, Anthony F.C. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.

ISBN 0316773441. Originally published Boston: Little, Brown, 1945, often reprinted. The Age of Jackson. Jr.

Schlesinger, Arthur M. ISBN 0670910252. New York: Viking, 2001. Remini, Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars.

Robert V. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography, originally published New York: Harper, 1998 (ISBN 0060159049); reprinted 2001 (ISBN 0060937351). Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson. Robert V.

Combines two books: The Border Captain and Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography. The Life of Andrew Jackson New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938. James, Marquis. ISBN 0375414282.

New York: Knopf, 2003. The Passions of Andrew Jackson. Brustein, Andrew. 1986), ISBN 0940450356.

Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (Library Classics of the United State, Inc. It must be preserved!". "Our federal union. I can command a body of men in a rough way, but I am not fit to be president.".

"I know what I am fit for. "Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly better man to acknowledge instantly and without reservation that he is in error.". "There is no pleasure in having nothing to do; the fun is having lots to do and not doing it.". Its evils exist only in its abuses.".

"There are no necessary evils in government. "It is a damn poor mind indeed which can think of only one way to spell a word.". "One man with courage makes a majority.". "Corporations have neither bodies to kick nor souls to damn.".

James Moore Wayne. Henry Baldwin. John McLean. Executive Order: Specie Circular (1836).

Signed Force Bill of 1833. Vetoed renewal of Second Bank of the United States (1832). Signed Indian Removal Act of 1830. Maysville Road Veto.

it favored Northeastern states over Southern and Western (now Midwestern) states. Congress;. it exercised too much control over members of U.S. it exposed the government to control by foreign interests;.

it concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength;. it was unconstitutional;.