Andrew Jackson

The Removal Act was especially popular in the South, where population growth and the discovery of gold on Cherokee land increased pressure on tribal lands. In one speech, he said of the Vietnam conflict "If we allow Vietnam to fall, tomorrow we’ll be fighting in Hawaii, and next week in San Francisco" - advocating Eisenhower's 'Domino Theory'. Remini, Jackson favored relocating Native American tribes outside existing states primarily for national security reasons, since most American Indians had sided with the British in the Revolution and the War of 1812. Though he would often privately curse the war, referring to it as his "bitch mistress," at the same time Johnson believed that America could not afford to look weak in the eyes of the world, and so he escalated the war effort continuously from 1964 to 1968, which resulted in thousands of American deaths. According to biographer Robert V. President Johnson had a dislike for the American war effort in Vietnam, which he had inherited from Kennedy, but expanded considerably following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident (less than 3 weeks after the Republican Convention of 1964 which had nominated Barry Goldwater for president). The Removal Act did not order the removal of any American Indians, but it authorized the President to negotiate treaties that would exchange tribal land in the east for western lands that had been acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. He said he was withdrawing as a candidate so he could devote his full efforts, unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace—however, there was no significant progress in that direction.

Jackson was a strong supporter of the policy of Indian Removal, and he signed the Indian Removal Act into law in 1830. At the same time, he startled the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election (which candidacy was being seriously challenged by other Democrats). The crisis was resolved in 1833 with a compromise settlement which, by substantially lowering the tariffs, hinted that the central government considered itself weak in dealing with determined opposition by an individual state. Controversy over the war had become acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North Vietnam in order to begin negotiations. Jackson also denied the right of secession: "The Constitution...forms a government not a league...To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation.". Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist insurgency and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. On December 10, he issued a resounding proclamation against the nullifiers, stating: "I consider...the power to annul a law of the United States, assumed by one State, incompatible with the existance of the Union, contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed." South Carolina, the president declared, stood on "the brink of insurrection and treason," and he appealed to the people of the state to reassert their allegiance to that Union for which their ancestors had fought. The other crisis arose from Vietnam.

In response to South Carolina's threat, Congress passed a "Force Bill" and Jackson vowed to send troops to South Carolina in order to enfore the laws. President Johnson steadily exerted his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but there was no early solution. Calhoun responded in a trembling voice "The Union: next to our liberty, most dear!," an astonishingly quick-witted riposte. Despite the beginning of new anti-poverty and anti-discrimination programs, unrest and rioting in black ghettos troubled the nation. Jackson rose first and voice booming, yelled out "Our federal Union: IT MUST BE PRESERVED!", a clear challenge to Calhoun. Nevertheless, two overriding crises had been gaining momentum since 1965. Particularly famous was an incident at the April 13, 1829 Jefferson Day dinner, involving after-dinner toasts. When three astronauts successfully orbited the moon in December 1968, Johnson congratulated them: "You've taken … all of us, all over the world, into a new era….".

Although Jackson sympathized with the Southern interpretation of the tariff debate, he was also a strong supporter of federalism (in the sense of supporting a strong union with considerable powers for the central government) and attempted to face Calhoun down over the issue, which developed into a bitter rivalry between the two men. Under Johnson, the country made spectacular explorations of space in a program he had championed since its start. Calhoun, in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, supported the claim of his home state, South Carolina, that it had the right to "nullify" — declare illegal — the tariff legislation of 1828, and more generally the right of a state to nullify laws which went against its interests. Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act. The issue came to a head when Vice President John C. Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. High tariffs (the "Tariff of Abominations") on imports of common goods were seen by many in Southern states as unfairly benefiting Northern merchants and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of those who had to buy the goods subject to the tariffs, mostly Southern farmers. The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, and removal of obstacles to the right to vote.

Another notable crisis of Jackson's period of office was the nullification crisis (or secession crisis), of 1828-1832, which merged issues of sectional strife and disagreements over trade tariffs. The election, though a success for the Democratic Party, marked the beginning of the long transformation of the Democrats' Solid South to a Republican bastion. The United States Senate censured Jackson on March 27, 1834 for his actions in defunding the Bank of the United States. In the same year, Johnson lost the popular vote to Republican challenger Barry Goldwater in the Deep South states of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina, a region that had voted for Democrats since the Reconstruction era. It was a Pyrrhic victory, however, as the Bank's money-lending functions were taken over by the legions of local and state banks that sprang up along with the expansion of credits and speculation, and the commercial progress of the nation's economy was noticeably dented. Aaron Henry with the intent of seating a passionate and charismatic leader of the Mississippi Freedom Movement, Fannie Lou Hamer, the Democrats at the convention offered the MFDP an unsatisfactory compromise and the MFDP rejected it rather than appear concilatory in the eyes of their "comrades". funds in 1833. To appease the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) chaired by Dr.

After a titanic struggle, Jackson succeeded in destroying the Bank by vetoing its 1832 recharter by Congress and withdrawing U.S. However, 1964 was also the year that Johnson supported the racist Democratic delegates from Mississippi and denied the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Jackson followed Jefferson as a supporter of the ideal of an agricultural republic, and felt the Bank improved the fortunes of an elite circle of commercial and industrial entrepreneurs at the expense of farmers and laborers. In 1964, Johnson won the Presidency in his own right with 61 percent of the vote and the widest popular margin in American history—more than 15,000,000 votes. Jackson's opposition to the Bank manifested as a strong personal dislike for its president, Nicholas Biddle. Members of Congress who Johnson wanted a vote from looked visibly shaken after their meeting with the President. In Jackson's opinion, the Bank needed to be abolished because:. An example of his strong arm tactics was 'The Treatment'; this was where he saw people alone in a small adjoining room where he would pull his chair close to the guests and lean forward until his nose was inches away from the visitor's face.

economy, but Jackson opposed the concept on ideological grounds. Johnson also hired Jerri Whittington, the first African-American White House secretary, and appointed Jack Valenti as his "special assistant.". Both Banks were instrumental in the growth of the U.S. In 1964, upon Johnson's request, Congress passed a tax-reduction law and the Economic Opportunity Act, which was in association with the War on Poverty. It was followed by the second Bank, authorized by James Madison in 1816 to alleviate the economic problems caused by the War of 1812. Johnson used his famous charm and strong-arm tactics, to push through his new policies. This first Bank lapsed in 1811. In his first year, Johnson faced conflicts with everyone from Senators to speechwriters who wanted to honor Kennedy's legacy, but were reluctant to support new propositions by Johnson.

The original Bank of the United States had been introduced in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton as a way of organizing the federal government's finances. Hughes, a very close friend of his family, making him the first president sworn in by a woman. As President, Jackson worked to dismantle the Second Bank of the United States. He was sworn in by federal judge Sarah T. Additionally, Jackson pressured states to lower voting requirements to further the expansion of democracy. Johnson was sworn-in as President on Air Force One in Dallas at Love Field Airport after the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963. This practice has endured in political circles in the United States ever since. Johnson knew that Project Apollo and an enlarged NASA would benefit Texas and southern states most directly so steered the recommendation towards a crash program for a manned lunar landing.

Jackson saw this system as promoting the growth of democracy, as more people were involved in politics. with the first manned spaceflight Kennedy tasked Johnson with coming up with a 'scientific bonanza' that would prove world leadership. Upon his election as President, a sizable number of people holding federal offices found that they had suddenly been replaced by supporters of Jackson who had worked to ensure his election. beat the U.S. Jackson is remembered for introducing the spoils system, or patronage, to American politics. When in April 1961 the U.S.S.R. (Though born in the Carolinas, Jackson spent virtually all his adult life in Tennessee.) This was the first election in which many states allowed people without land to vote, and they voted for Jackson. Johnson was crucially made chairman of the President's Ad Hoc Committee for Science.

He was also the first President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains. Kennedy gave Johnson control over all presidential appointments involving Texans. Jackson's election represented a significant break from that past. He also sat on Cabinet and National Security meetings, giving him an insight into the presidency. John Quincy Adams was the son of John Adams. During his tenure as Vice President, Johnson also took on some international missions, which gave him limited insights into foreign problems. James Monroe fought in the Revolutionary War. Upon swearing in, Kennedy appointed Johnson to head the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities, which led him to work with blacks and other minorities.

Constitution. The only state to have its results changed was Hawaii-which was ruled to have gone to Kennedy not Nixon. Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison were notable figures in the War of Independence and in the formation of the U.S. However, there were no criminal convictions. President to come from outside the original Revolutionary circle. Daley) and Johnson's home state of Texas. Jackson was the first U.S. There were serious accusations of voter fraud, especially in Illinois (home of the political machine run by Richard J.

He won a solid victory in his second attempt in 1828 as the first nominee of the Democratic Party. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., by a narrow margin. Jackson's defeat burnished his political credentials, however, since many voters believed the man of the people had been robbed by the corrupt aristocrats of the East. In November 1960 the Kennedy/Johnson duo beat out Richard M. Electoral College. Marvin Watson) say that the Kennedy campaign was desperate to get Johnson on the ticket to help carry Southern voters. Jackson himself favored reform of the electoral system afterwards, including abolishing the U.S. Others (such as W.

The election was considered dirty and, by many, stolen. Some later reports (such as Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.) say that Kennedy offered the position to Johnson as a courtesy, and did not expect him to accept. The election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose John Quincy Adams instead. During the convention, Kennedy designated Johnson as his choice for vice president. During his first run for the Presidency in 1824, Jackson received a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, but not a majority. Kennedy. Jackson was subsequently appointed territorial governor there. In 1960, Johnson received 409 votes on the first and only ballot at the Democratic convention which nominated John F.

a post of annoyance to them." Adams used Jackson's conquest and Spain's own weaknesses to convince the Spanish (in the Adams-Onís Treaty) to cede Florida to the United States. He was Texas' "favorite son" candidate at the party's national convention in 1956. or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains nothing but the nominal possession, but which is, in fact, .. Johnson's success in the Senate led to his name being widely mentioned as a possible Democratic presidential candidate. When the Spanish minister demanded a "suitable punishment" for Jackson, Adams wrote back "Spain must immediately [decide] either to place a force in Florida adequate at once to the protection of her territory, .. His duties were to schedule legislation and help pass measures favored by the Democrats. His actions were defended by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. In 1954, Johnson was re-elected to the Senate and since the Democrats won the majority in the Senate, Johnson became majority leader.

This also created an international incident, and many in the Monroe administration called for Jackson to be censured. One of his first actions was to eliminate the seniority system in committee selection. Jackson's action also struck fear into the Seminole tribes as his ruthlessness in battle spread. Thus, he became the youngest man ever named to the post by either major political party. He captured, tried, and executed two British subjects who had been supplying and advising the Indians. In 1953, he was chosen by his fellow Democrats to be the minority leader. He captured Pensacola with little more than some warning shots and deposed the Spanish governor. After only a few years in the Senate, Johnson was moving up in leadership power.

Jackson believed that the United States would not be secure as long as Spain and Great Britain encouraged American Indians to fight and argued that his actions were undertaken in self defense. However, Johnson's brilliant strategic leaks, his overall manipulation of the press, the incredible speed at which his committee issued new reports (less incredible considering the recycled content), and the fact that he ensured every report was endorsed unanimously by the committee all got him headlines and national attention. In his investigation, he found letters that indicated that the Spanish and British were secretly assisting the Indians. These investigations--couched in headline-grabbing phraseology but largely devoid of substance--tended to recycle old investigations and demand actions that were already being taken by the Truman admininstration. Jackson's Tennessee volunteers were attacked by Seminoles, but this left their villages vulnerable and Jackson burned them and their crops. With Russell's support, Johnson eventually was able to become its chairman and conducted a number of investigations of defense costs and efficiency. John Rhea [a mutual confidant]) that the possession of the Floridas would be desirable to the United States, and in sixty days it will be accomplished." Monroe gave Jackson orders that were purposely ambiguous, sufficient for international denials. Johnson was appointed to the Armed Services Committee, and later in 1950, he helped create the Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee.

Before going, Jackson wrote to Monroe, ""Let it be signified to me through any channel (say Mr. Johnson, always at his best when working one-on-one, proceeded to gain Russell's favor in the same way as he had "courted" Speaker Sam Rayburn and gained his crucial support in the House. It was later said that Jackson exceeded his orders in Florida actions, but Monroe and the public wanted Florida. Desperate to rise in power, Johnson was known among his colleagues for his highly successful "courtships" of older Senators, especially Senator Richard Russell, patrician leader of the Southern bloc and arguably the most powerful man in the Senate. Jackson saw military service again in what would become known as the First Seminole War when he was requested by James Monroe in December 1817 [3] to lead a campaign in Florida against the Seminole and Creek Indians and prevent Florida from being a refuge for runaway slaves. Once in the Senate, Johnson immediately began to work toward his ultimate goal: the presidency. [2]. Johnson went on to win the general election, but the Texas media sardonically nicknamed him "Landslide Lyndon" in reference to his bout with Stevenson.

The British had over 2,000 casualties to Jackson's 71 killed, wounded or missing. Supreme Court justice Hugo Black to dissolve the federal injunction nullifying Johnson's runoff victory. In the battle, he opposed 12,000 of the Duke of Wellington's finest troops, led by the Duke's brother-in-law Edward Pakenham, with 6,000 of his own. Through legal maneuvering, Fortas was able to convince U.S. The war, and particularly his command at the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815, made his national reputation and he advanced in rank to Major General. Stevenson contested the vote count, but Johnson hired Abe Fortas to represent him in federal court. He was a strict officer, but was popular with his troops and was said to have been "tough as old hickory" wood on the battlefield, which gave him his nickname. (His campaign manager, John Connally, was thought to be connected with 202 ballots in Jim Wells County that had curiously been cast in alphabetical order.[1][2]).

His service in the War of 1812 was conspicuous for its bravery and success. Johnson campaigned very hard and won by only 87 votes out of a million cast. Jackson upon both his Northern Creek enemy and Southern Creek allies wresting 20 million acres from all Creeks for white settlement. This election was highly controversial: a three-way Democratic Party primary left Johnson in a run-off with former governor Coke Stevenson. Following the victory Jackson imposed the Treaty of Ft. In 1948, Johnson again ran for the Senate and this time won. Sam Houston and David Crockett served under him at this time. He returned to his seat in the House of Representatives where he continued to serve through 1949.

Although 800 Northern Creek Band indians were killed in the battle, Jackson spared Weatherford's life from any acts of vengence. Shortly after this incident, President Roosevelt ordered members of Congress serving in the military to return to their offices, and Johnson was discharged forthwith. In the Creek War, a theatre of the War of 1812, he defeated the Red Stick Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend aided by allies from the Southern Creek Indian Band, who had requested Jackson's aid in putting down what they considered to be the rebellious Red Sticks, as well as Cherokee Indians. Lyndon Johnson's Silver Star citation is as follows:. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins. On NPR, in a narrative about medals and politicians, it was stated Johnson demanded the Silver Star from General Douglas MacArthur because he had been in an airplane that had been fired upon. In 1813, after a massacre of 400 men, women and children at Fort Mims (in what is now Alabama) by Northern Creek Band chieftain Peter McQueen, Jackson commanded in the campaign against the Northern Creek Band of Indians of Alabama and Georgia aka the "Red Sticks." Creek leaders such as William Weatherford (Red Eagle), Peter McQueen, and Menawa, who had been allies of the British during the War of 1812, violently clashed with other chiefs of the Creek Nation over white encroachment on Creek lands and the "civilizing" programs administered by U.S. It was speculated that the decoration was largely for political purposes.

He became a colonel in the Tennessee militia, which he led since 1801, the beginning of his military career. After World War II, some sources challenged the circumstances in which Johnson had been awarded his Silver Star. [1]. Awards and decorations included the Silver Star, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal. In 1798, he was appointed Judge on the Supreme Court of Tennessee. During World War II he served briefly in the United States Navy as a Lieutenant Commander. Senator in 1797, but quit within a year. entered World War II.

He was elected as Tennessee's first Congressman upon statehood in the late 1790s, and quickly became a U.S. During his last campaign, he promised that he would serve in the military should war break out; in December 1941, the U.S. In 1795, he fought a duel with an opposing counsel over a courtroom argument. Though Johnson was expected to win, he was defeated by controversial late returns in an election marked by massive fraud on the part of both campaigns. His courtroom demeanor was of his time. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel. Most of the actions grew out of disputed land-claims or assault and battery. Senate in a special election against the sitting governor of Texas, radio personality W.

Since he was not of a distinguished family, he had to make his career by his own merits, and soon he began to prosper in the rough-and-tumble world of frontier law. In 1941, Johnson ran for the U.S. He came to Tennessee by 1787, having barely read law, but finding it enough to become a young lawyer on the frontier. He also worked for rural electrification and other improvements for his district. Jackson admired Napoleon Bonaparte for his willingness to contest British military supremacy. Johnson was immediately appointed to the Naval Affairs Committee, a job that carried high importance for a freshman congressman. This anglophobia would be combined with a distrust and dislike of Eastern aristocrats stemming from his feeling that they were too inclined to favor and emulate their former colonial masters. President Roosevelt showed a personal interest in the young Texan from the time he entered Congress.

In addition, two of Jackson's brothers and his mother -- his entire remaining family -- died from wartime hardships that he also blamed on the British. He ran on a New Deal platform and was effectively aided by his wife, Lady Bird Johnson. When Jackson refused to clean the boots of a British officer, the irate redcoat slashed him with a sword, giving Jackson the scars (and intense hatred for the British) that he would carry all his life. In 1937, Johnson ran for Congress in a special election for the 10th Congressional District of Texas to represent Austin, Texas and the surrounding Hill Country. During the Revolution, after the surrender to the British at Charleston, he was taken as a prisoner to Camden and nearly starved. After receiving the degree he found that his congressional duties took so much time he was unable to pursue the masonic degrees. The war took the lives of Jackson's entire immediate family. Johnson received his first degree in Freemasonry on October 30, 1937.

President to have been a veteran of the American Revolution, and the only President to have been a prisoner of war. Johnson was a notoriously tough boss with his employees throughout his career, often demanding long workdays and work on weekends; he worked as much as they did, if not more. Jackson was the last U.S. He served as the head for two years, only resigning to run for Congress. He was captured and imprisoned by the British in the American Revolutionary War. The position in effect enabled him to build political pull with his constituents. At age thirteen he joined the Continental Army as a courier. His new post enabled him to use the powers of government to find educational and job opportunities for young people.

He received a sporadic education. In 1935, Johnson became the head of the Texas National Youth Administration. Jackson himself always stated he was born in South Carolina. His daughters' given names are examples, as was his dog later in life (Little Beagle Johnson). Both North Carolina and South Carolina have claimed him as a native son. It should be noted that Johnson loved to give everything his own initials. Jackson was born in a backwoods settlement in the Waxhaws area in the Carolinas on March 15, 1767. The couple later had two daughters, Lynda Bird, born in 1944, and Lucy Baines, born in 1947.

. After only a short period of dating, the two were married on November 17, 1934. A number of cities are named after him, notably Jacksonville, Florida and Jackson, Mississippi. During his tenure as secretary, Johnson met Claudia Alta Taylor (generally known as Lady Bird), a young woman who was also from Texas. Jackson became the symbol of an era in American history—known as the "Age of Jackson" or the "Jacksonian Era"—an era traditionally seen as dominating the years between the War of 1812 and the Civil War. Roosevelt, as well as fellow Texans such as Vice President John Nance Garner. He was the first president who had lived on the American frontier, and thus the first not primarily associated with one of the original thirteen colonies. Johnson's friends soon included some of the men who worked around President Franklin D.

Jackson was nicknamed "Old Hickory" and (by American Indians) "Sharp Knife". As secretary, Johnson became acquainted with people of influence, found out how they had reached their positions, and gained their respect for his abilities. Until his election, every President had either been from Massachusetts or a member of the Virginia plantation elite. Kleberg and was later rewarded for his work in the campaign with an appointment to be the newly elected congressman's secretary. Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767–June 8, 1845), one of the founders of the Democratic Party, was the seventh President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. In 1931 Johnson campaigned for Richard M. ISBN 0809015528 (paperback), ISBN 0809066319 (hardback). Johnson's father had served five terms in the Texas legislature and was a close friend to one of Texas's rising political figures, Congressman Sam Rayburn.

New York: Hill & Wang, 1993. However, he soon quit his job teaching and went into the field of politics. The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians. Soon after he graduated from college, Johnson taught public speaking and debate in a Houston high school. Wallace, Anthony F.C. Even though he participated in debate and campus politics, edited the school newspaper, and spent a year away from his studies teaching school, Johnson somehow managed to graduate in only 312 days. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History. In 1927 Johnson enrolled in Southwest Texas State Teachers' College.

ISBN 0316773441. Johnson attended public schools and graduated from Johnson City High School in 1924. Originally published Boston: Little, Brown, 1945, often reprinted. His parents, Samuel Ealy Johnson and Rebekah Baines, had four more children: his sisters Rebekah (1910-1978), Josefa (1912-1961) and Lucia (1916-1997) and his brother Sam Houston (1914-1978). The Age of Jackson. Johnson was born in Stonewall, Texas on August 27, 1908 in a small farmhouse in a poor area on the Pedernales River. Jr. .

Schlesinger, Arthur M.
. ISBN 0670910252. Kennedy (1961–1963) and later ascended to the presidency following Kennedy's assassination. New York: Viking, 2001. After serving a long career in the US Congress, Johnson became the Vice President under John F. Remini, Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars. Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the thirty-sixth President of the United States (1963–1969).

Robert V. The only American president to have ever visited Malaysia. Abridgment of Remini's 3-volume biography, originally published New York: Harper, 1998 (ISBN 0060159049); reprinted 2001 (ISBN 0060937351). Bush and Clinton in 1946). Remini, The Life of Andrew Jackson. Bush and Carter in 1924, and G.W. Robert V. All other American presidents born in the 20th century were all born after LBJ (Reagan in 1911, Nixon and Ford in 1913, Kennedy in 1917, G.H.W.

Combines two books: The Border Captain and Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Biography. Johnson, while using the White House bathroom, was known to call others in with him and use this forum for conversation. The Life of Andrew Jackson New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938. He had a soda tap installed in the Oval Office. James, Marquis. His favorite soft drink was Fresca, which he drank constantly. ISBN 0375414282. At his ranch in Texas, he was fond of taking visitors in the car while driving 90 miles an hour down country roads, drinking scotch from a paper cup.

New York: Knopf, 2003. All of these people, recorded for posterity in White House tapes, were overwhelmingly complimentary. The Passions of Andrew Jackson. After delivering a major speech on civil rights, he called 32 people, all of whom he knew would greatly approve of his speech, to ask what they thought. Brustein, Andrew. Johnson seemed to crave personal approval. 1986), ISBN 0940450356. Johnson's secretary revealed years later that he would wash and reuse styrofoam cups.

Henry Adams, History of the United States of America During the Administrations of James Madison (Library Classics of the United State, Inc. The White House press corps would make jokes at his expense regarding his habit of turning off all lights in the White House when the rooms were not in use. It must be preserved!". In fact Johnson was a multimillionaire, but he still received the photographic portraits without having to pay a cent. "Our federal union. Even as President, White House tapes recorded him asking a photographer to take his family portraits for free, saying he was a very poor man living on a weekly paycheck and had a very great deal of financial debt. I can command a body of men in a rough way, but I am not fit to be president.". Johnson was famously frugal.

"I know what I am fit for. Lyndon Johnson was 6 ft 3 1/2 in (192 cm) tall and weighed about 215 pounds, the second tallest president after Abraham Lincoln at 6 ft 4 in (193 cm) and 180 pounds (82 kg). "Any man worth his salt will stick up for what he believes right, but it takes a slightly better man to acknowledge instantly and without reservation that he is in error.". Marshall was the first African-American to be appointed to the Supreme Court. "There is no pleasure in having nothing to do; the fun is having lots to do and not doing it.". Thurgood Marshall - 1967